KV Petrides
Lecture 5
Multiple intelligences and emotional intelligenceMultiple intelligences and emotional intelligence
Dr. KV PetridesDr. KV Petrides
www.psychometriclab.comwww.psychometriclab.com
KV Petrides
Multiple ‘intelligences’ I• Gardner (1983) placed emphasis on the idea that the
traditional understanding of intelligence that relies on IQ testing is too limited. Instead, he claimed that there exist eight different types of intelligence:
– Logical/Mathematical• logical thinking, detecting patterns, scientific reasoning and deduction; analyse problems, perform
mathematical calculations, understands relationship between cause and effect towards a tangible outcome or result
– Linguistic• words and language, written and spoken; retention, interpretation and explanation of ideas and
information via language, understands relationship between communication and meaning
– Musical• musical ability, awareness, appreciation and use of sound; recognition of tonal and rhythmic patterns,
understands relationship between sound and feeling
– Spatial• visual and spatial perception; interpretation and creation of visual images; pictorial imagination and
expression; understands relationship between images and meanings, and between space and effect
– Bodily-Kinaesthetic• body movement control, manual dexterity, physical agility and balance; eye and body coordination
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Multiple ‘intelligences’ II– Naturalistic
• recognize and distinguish between plants and animals; categorizing them; sensitivity to nature and one’s place within it
– Intrapersonal • self-awareness, personal cognisance, personal objectivity, the capability to understand oneself, one's
relationship to others and the world, and one's own need for, and reaction to change
– Interpersonal• perception of other people's feelings; ability to relate to others; interpretation of behaviour and
communications; understands the relationships between people and their situations, including other people
• The notion of MI has been influential in educational settings, but rejected from mainstream psychological science. Some important limitations include:– Arbitrary redefinition of talents and abilities as intelligences– Arbitrary criteria for including and excluding ‘intelligences’– Lack of empirical support (e.g., Visser, Ashton, & Vernon, 2008).– See also Chen (2004), Waterhouse (2006), and White (2008).
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Background & milestones• Thornike’s (1920) ‘social intelligence’.• Gardner’s (1983) ‘multiple intelligences’.
– Intrapersonal intelligence– Interpersonal intelligence
• ‘Emotional intelligence’ as a term appears in Greenspan (1989), Leuner (1966), Payne (1986).
• Salovey & Mayer (1990)• Goleman (1995)• Petrides and colleagues (2000-)
– Trait EI versus Ability EI– Trait emotional intelligence research programme
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Operationalization of EI
• Two crucial issues are involved in the operationalization of EI (and of any other construct):– What is the sampling domain of the construct?– How do we measure the various components of the
sampling domain?• Until recently – and even now – the first question was
resolved by having as many sampling domains and EI definitions as researchers in the field.
• Until recently – and even now – the second question was not even considered, with researchers assuming that the use of self-report or maximum-performance tests has no implications for operationalization.
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Trait EI vs ability EI I
• Ability EI (or ‘cognitive-emotional ability’) comprises actual emotion-related cognitive abilities and should be measured via maximum-performance tests.
• Trait EI (or ‘trait emotional self-efficacy’) comprises emotion-related self-perceptions and dispositions and should be measured via self-report questionnaires.
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Veridical scoring in IQ tests
Raven’s matricesNonverbal analogies
• The existence of single, invariant, and objectively derived correct response is a defining characteristic of intelligence testing.
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Operationalization of ability EI• If ability EI is a new cognitive ability, then items
or tasks with emotional content must be developed such that they can be scored according to truly veridical criteria.
• In other words, the construct in its entirety ought to be assessed through items that can be responded to correctly or incorrectly.
• Is it possible to develop EI items along cognitive ability lines? – NO: emotional experiences are inherently subjective
(Brody, 2004; Pérez, Petrides, & Furnham, 2005; Roberts, Zeidner, & Matthews, 2001; Emotion).
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MSCEIT II
• It should be obvious that items like the foregoing are not amenable to truly veridical scoring criteria (Brody, 2004; Davies, Stankov, & Roberts, 1998; Roberts, Zeidner, & Matthews, 2001; Petrides & Furnham, 2001).
• To identify correct and incorrect responses, Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey (1999) used two scoring methods previously employed to score items in failed social intelligence tests.
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Consensus scoring I
• Consensus scoring: Introduces ‘degrees of correctness,’ with each response weighted by the percentage of participants in the sample who have endorsed it. – E.g., if 55% of the sample believe that a given design
expresses ‘happiness,’ one gets .55 points for agreeing with them.
– If 13% of the sample believe that the same design expresses ‘sadness’, then the endorsement of the sadness option is considered less correct and earns only .13 points.
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Consensus scoring II
• Consensus scoring is problematic for the following reasons:– Likely to lead to noninvariant or sample-specific
‘correct’ responses.– Contradicts the foremost function of tests, which is
to discriminate between test-takers.– Impossible to incorporate difficult items in the test,
since the ‘correctness’ of a response is a function of the number of participants who will ultimately endorse it.
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Expert scoring
• Expert scoring: A group of experts examines the items/stimuli and decides which of the alternative responses should be deemed correct.
• Some limitations of expert scoring include:– In many cases (intrapersonal EI), it assumes that
experts have more insight into normal adults’ emotional states than the adults themselves.
– Who is an EI expert (therapists, researchers, psychiatrists, psychologists)?
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Validity of ability EI I
• Empirical evidence does not provide solid support for the construct validity of ability EI:– Consensus and expert scoring methods tend to produce
divergent findings (Davies et al., 1998; Roberts et al. 2001).
– Many ability EI subfactors do not correlate with IQ (Roberts et al., 2001). Ciarrochi, Chan, & Caputi (2001) found a zero correlation between ability EI and Raven’s matrices.
– Correlations with external criteria are frequently the result of severe confounding with crystallized IQ (esp. vocabulary size; Wilhelm, 2005).
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Validity of ability EI II
• Reliability problems. • Factor structure problems. • Inconsistent/nonreplicable results. • Frequent use of odd and atheoretical criteria
(number of self-help books read, academic performance marks from a quarterly term in a single year at high-school, etc.).
• Low correlations and low incremental validity.
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• Brody, N. (2004). What cognitive intelligence is and what emotional intelligence is not. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 234-238.
• Conte, J. M. (2005). A review and critique of emotional intelligence measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 433-440.
• Keele, S. M. & Bell, R. C. (2008). The factorial validity of emotional intelligence: An unresolved issue. Personality and individual differences, 44, 487-500.
• Ortony, A., Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. (2007). Why emotional intelligence needs a fluid component. In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), The science of emotional intelligence. Knowns and unknowns - Series in Affective Science (pp.288-304). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• O’Sullivan, M., & Ekman, P. (2005). Facial expression recognition and emotional intelligence. In G. Geher, (Ed.). Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishing.
• Rossen, E., Kranzler, J. H., & Algina, J. (2008). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test V2.0 (MSCEIT). Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1258-1269.
• Wilhelm, O. (2005). Measures of emotional intelligence: practice and standards. In R. Schulze, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), International handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 131-154). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
Validity of ability EI II
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Trait EI
• Trait emotional intelligence is defined as a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies (Petrides, Pita, & Kokkinaki, 2007).
• Trait emotional self-efficacy is an alternative label for the same construct.
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Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue , TEIQue-SF, TEIQue-ASF, TEIQue-CF,TEIQue 360o)
• 153 items, 15 subscales, 4 factors, global trait EI score.
• TEIQue translations– Greek
– French
– Spanish
– Chinese
– Portuguese
– Dutch
– Norwegian
– Croatian
– Serbian
– Italian
• TEIQue-SF– 30 items, global trait EI score
• Adolescent TEIQue-ASF
• TEIQue 360o
• Theory-based
• Research-based
• Peer-reviewed
• Open-access
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Trait EI factor structure
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Location of trait EI in personality factor spaceTEIQue Raw English data; N = 371 TEIQue Raw Spanish data; N = 538
Petrides, Pita, & Kokkinaki, 2007; BJP
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Gender differences in trait EI
TEIQue data; N = 351; p = ns
• Overall, small or non-existent gender differences in global trait EI scores.
Modified EQ-i data; N = 166; p < .01
TEIQue-SF data; N = 668; p < .01 Schutte et al. scale data; N = 260; p = ns
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Estimates of EI I• Typically, when males are asked to estimate their IQ, they provide
higher estimates than females .
• What is the case for EI estimates?
Petrides, Furnham, & Martin (2004); N = 224; JSP Furnham & Petrides (2004); N = 239; AJP
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Estimates of EI II• Typically, participants tend to estimate their father’s IQ as higher than
their mother’s.
• What is the case for EI estimates?
Petrides, Furnham, & Martin (2004); N = 224; JSP
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The trait emotional intelligence research programme
International linksUK, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain.
Current & past funding bodiesESRC
Nuffield Foundation
British Academy
University of London
wwwwww.psychometriclab.com
Google: trait EI
Research divisionsPsychometric
Educational
Industrial/Organizational
Child/Human Development
Behavioural Genetic
StudentsPhD: E. ColeBA, BSc, MA, MSc, MPhil