Download - KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
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KINETICMOLECULAR
THEORY
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
A theory that explains the physical properties of gases by describing
the behavior of subatomic particles
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Physical Properties of Gases:
• Gases have mass• Gases are easily compressed• Gases completely fill their containers•Gases diffuse rapidly•Gases exert pressure
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KMT has 5postulates:
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#1A gas consists of very small particles that
have mass. (molecules or atoms)
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#2Gas particles are
very far apart from each other.
(therefore gases are easily compressed)
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#3Gas particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion.
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#4Collisions of gas
particles (with each other and with container) are perfectly elastic(no energy lost)
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#5The average energy of the gas particles
depends on the temperature of the
gas.
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We can measure gases in 4 ways:
Measurement UnitAmount of gas Moles
Volume (V) Liters (L)
Temperature (T) °C, °F, or K
Pressure (P) atm, kPa, Torr, mm Hg, or lb/in2
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Temperature (T)
A measurement of the average
kinetic energy of a substance
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Higher temperatures
cause gas particles to move
faster
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K = C + 273
14C = ? K14C + 273 = 287K
To solve gas problems, the temp must always be
in Kelvin (K) !!!
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Pressure (P)
The force per unit area on a
surface
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Pressure is caused by gas particles
slamming into the container’s walls.
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Units of Pressure:1) atmosphere (atm) 2) kilopascal (kPa)
3) millimeters of Mercury (mm Hg)4) Torr
5) Pounds per square inch (lb/in2)
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 14.7 lb/in2
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STOP…collaborate and listen
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Boyle’s Law
MUST BE AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE!!
P1V1 = P2V21 = before2 = after
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A gas occupies a volume of 0.458 L at a pressure of 1.01 kPa and temperature of 295 Kelvin. Although the temperature stays
the same, the volume is increased to 0.477 L. What is the new
pressure?
0.970 kPa
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Charles’ Law
MUST BE AT CONSTANT PRESSURE!!
V1T2 = V2T1
1 = before2 = after
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What will be the volume of a gas sample at 309 K if its
volume at 215 K is 3.42 L? Assume that pressure is
constant.
4.92 L
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Gay-Lussac’s Law
MUST BE AT CONSTANT VOLUME!!
1 = before2 = after
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
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A balloon with a pressure of 0.900 atm is heated from
105 K to 155 K. If volume is held constant, what is the new
pressure?
1.33 atm
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Confused yet???There’s an
easier way…
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Combined Gas Law
1 = before 2 = after2
22
1
11
T
VP
T
VP
JUST HOLD ONE QUANTITY CONSTANT!!(take it out of the equation)
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The gas in a 0.010 L container has a pressure of 1.39 atmospheres. When the gas is transferred to a
0.017 L container at the same temperature, what is the pressure
of the gas?
0.82 atm
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The gas inside a 70.8 mL piston has a temperature of
35.0°C. If the temperature is raised to 100.0°C, what is the
new volume of the gas?
85.7 mL
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An elastic container is inflated to a volume of 18.0 liters at a pressure of 1.26 atm. The
container then expands to a new volume at a pressure of 1.05 atm.
What is the new volume?
21.6 liters
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Avagadro’s LawEqual volumes of gas
(at same P and T) contain the same
amount of particles
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1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles
Only works at same P and T
1 mole = 22.4 L
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Ideal Gas LawThe mother of all gas
laws. It includes everything!
PV = nRT
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P = pressure (atm)V = volume (L)n = moles (mol)
R = Gas ConstantT = Temperature
(Kelvin)
PV = nRT
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KmolLatm0821.0R
MUST USE THESE UNITS!!!
PV = nRT
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If the pressure exerted by a gas at 0.00°C in a volume of
0.0010 L is 5.00 atm, how many moles of gas are
present?
2.2 x 10-4 moles
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Ideal gases don’t really exist…
…real gases do!
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Real Gas
All gases are real gases.
DUH!!
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Ideal Gas
A gas that is described by the KMT postulates.
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Ideal Gas Law works most of the
time.
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It does NOT work at very low
temperatures and very high pressures.
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The sum of the partial pressures
of the gases is equal to the total
pressure
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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …
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A balloon contains O2 and N2 gas. If the partial pressure of
the O2 is 0.75 atm and the partial pressure of the N2 is 0.55 atm, what is the total pressure of the balloon?
1.30 atm
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The gas inside a 70.8 mL can contains H2O(g) and CO2(g) and has a total pressure of 760 mm Hg. If the partial pressure of the H2O is 350 mm Hg, what is the partial
pressure of the CO2?
410 mm Hg
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Graham’s LawGases with smaller
masses move faster than gases with large masses
(like a kid in Walmart)
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H2 moves faster than N2. Which of the following gases
moves the fastest?
O2
CO2
NH3
Cl2
I2
H2O
Ar
N2
Br2
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STPStandard
Temperature and Pressure:
0C and 1 atm
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How many moles of N2 gas are in a 4.5 L balloon at STP?
0.20 moles
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A gas at STP is heated to 55°C. What is the new
pressure if volume is held constant?
1.2 atm
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A gas tank contains CO2 and O2 gas. What is the total pressure in the tank if the
partial pressure of CO2 is 0.45 atm and the partial pressure
of O2 is 0.55?
1.00 atm