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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Basic ecological principlesBasic ecological principles
Major components of ecosystemsMajor components of ecosystems
Matter cycles and energy flowMatter cycles and energy flow
Ecosystem studiesEcosystem studies
Ecological servicesEcological services
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The Nature of EcologyThe Nature of Ecology
Ecosystem organizationEcosystem organization
OrganismsOrganisms
PopulationsPopulations
CommunitiesCommunities
EcosystemsEcosystems
BiosphereBiosphere Fig. 4-2 p. 66Fig. 4-2 p. 66
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EcologyEcologyA. Ecology: study of interactions among organisms and their abiotic environments
1) organism: any form of life2) species: group of organisms with similar appearance (?) and ability to reproduce among themselves
a) estimated 5 to 100 million species (1.75 million known)3) population: group of individuals of a certain species in a given area4) habitat: where a population lives5) community: all populations in a given area6) ecosystem: all species and abiotic environment and their interactions7) biosphere: all ecosystems on earth8) ecotone: transition between ecosystems
a) edge effect:: an ecotone often has more biodiversity and higher population density
9) climate: long term weather10) biomes: all ecosystems of a certain type
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The Earth’s Life-Support SystemsThe Earth’s Life-Support Systems
TroposphereTroposphere
StratosphereStratosphere
HydrosphereHydrosphere
LithosphereLithosphere
BiosphereBiosphereFig. 4-6 p. 68Fig. 4-6 p. 68
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Sustaining Life of EarthSustaining Life of Earth
One-way flowof energy
One-way flowof energy
Cycling ofmatter
Cycling ofmatter
Fig. 4-7 p. 69Fig. 4-7 p. 69
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The Source of EnergyThe Source of Energy
Fig. 4-8 p. 69Fig. 4-8 p. 69
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The Sun
1) fusion (H = 72%; He = 28%)2) 93,000,000 miles, 8 minutes3) 4.2 million tons converted to energy every second4) of all incoming solar radiation (100%),
- 34% is reflected back by clouds, dust, oceans, land- 66% heats air, land, evaporates water- .023% is used in photosynthesis
5) most of the 72% leaves earth as IR (heat) - process of heat loss is slowed by natural greenhouse effect (H2O, CO2, CH4 etc)- without natural geenhouse effect life could not exist on earth
6) Geenhouse effect*If bond vibrational frequency is “in phase” with IR , bond absorbs energy, speeds up vibration and releases energy in all directions, some of which go back to surface.
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Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components
Biomes Biomes
Fig. 4-9 p. 70Fig. 4-9 p. 70
Role of climate
Role of climate
Aquatic life zones
Aquatic life zones
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Ecosystem Boundaries: EcotonesEcosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
Fig. 4-10 p. 71Fig. 4-10 p. 71
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Principles of Ecological FactorsPrinciples of Ecological Factors
Abiotic factorsAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsBiotic factors
Law of toleranceLaw of toleranceLimiting factorsLimiting factors
Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73
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Tolerance LimitsTolerance Limitsrange of tolerance
a) tolerance limits dam
b) organisms may acclimate to changing conditions but once they cross over the threshold (tolerance limit), they may suddenly diec) limiting factor: one factor that is more important than others in limiting population
coldlittle sunlightcold
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The Biotic Components of EcosystemsThe Biotic Components of Ecosystems
Producers(autotrophs)
Producers(autotrophs)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Aerobicrespiration
Aerobicrespiration
Decomposers Decomposers Fig. 4-16 p. 75Fig. 4-16 p. 75
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Primary consumer (herbivore)Primary consumer (herbivore)
Secondary consumer (carnivore)Secondary consumer (carnivore)
Tertiary consumerTertiary consumer
OmnivoreOmnivore
Detritivores and scavengersDetritivores and scavengers
DecomposersDecomposers
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
Genetic diversityGenetic diversity
Species diversitySpecies diversity
Ecological diversityEcological diversity
Functional diversityFunctional diversity
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Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in EcosystemsConnections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78
Food chainsFood chains Food websFood webs
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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Ecologicalefficiency
Ecologicalefficiency
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofnumbers
Pyramid ofnumbers
Fig. 4-20 p. 79
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Primary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of Ecosystems
Gross primary productivity (GPP)Gross primary productivity (GPP)
Net primary productivity (NPP)Net primary productivity (NPP)
Fig. 4-25 p. 81
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Connections: Matter Cycling in EcosystemsConnections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemical cycles
Hydrologic cycle (H2O)Hydrologic cycle (H2O)
Atmospheric cycles (C, N)Atmospheric cycles (C, N)
Sedimentary cycles (P, S)Sedimentary cycles (P, S)
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Hydrologic (Water) CycleHydrologic (Water) Cycle
Fig. 4-27 p. 83Fig. 4-27 p. 83
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The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)
Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85
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The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85
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The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen CycleFig. 4-29 p. 86Fig. 4-29 p. 86
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The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle
Fig. 4-30 p. 88Fig. 4-30 p. 88
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The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle
Fig. 4-31 p. 89Fig. 4-31 p. 89
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How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?
Field researchField research
Remote sensingRemote sensing
Geographic information systems (GIS)Geographic information systems (GIS)
Laboratory researchLaboratory research
Systems analysisSystems analysis
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GIS and Systems AnalysisGIS and Systems Analysis
Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91
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Ecosystem Servicesand SustainabilityEcosystem Servicesand Sustainability
Fig. 4-34 p. 92Fig. 4-34 p. 92