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Sensor applications with LEED and WELLHistory, Practice, Challenges, and Opportunities
Chris PykeUSGBC/ArcSkoru
July 2019
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1. What is green building?2. How does green building work today?3. How will green building work in the future?4. What can we do together?
Four Questions
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#1 What is green building?
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Theory of Change
Transparency
Differentiation
Incrementalism
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Benefits
Energy efficiency
Water conservation
Materials selection
Indoor environmental quality
Financial performance
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State of the IndustryMature languages to define high performance green buildings
Thousands of successful projects
Hundreds of thousands of accredited practitioners
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75,000 sf
What is a green school?
Clean & EfficientAccessibleHigh satisfaction208 mTCO2e/yr
Dirty & InefficientInaccessibleVariable satisfaction309 mTCO2e/yr
Green
Conventional
Performance
Source: www.arcskoru.com
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75,000 sf
What is a green school?
Green
Conventional
Performance
Source: www.arcskoru.com
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#2 How does green building work?
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LEED and WELL ● LEED is a holistic rating system based
on a multi-criteria definition of high performance design and operations
● WELL is a thematic rating system focused on health and well-being.
● LEED and WELL can be used together to define superior spaces and buildings.
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Motivations● Green building is based on the need to
differentiate spaces, buildings, and places.
● Emissions reduction and environmental protection are fundamental to green building
● Health and well-being have increased in relative importance over the last five years
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LEEDFamily of tools used in more than 100 countries for:
● Building Design & Construction
● Interior Design & Construction
● Operations & Maintenance
● Neighborhoods
● Cities & Communities
Project Type
Ownership
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LEED Goals & Categories
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WELLFamilies of tools for:
● Interior spaces
● Whole buildings
● Portfolios
● Communities
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“Code+”LEED frequently establishes “code+” criteria, such as:
● ASHRAE 90.1: exceeding ASHRAE requirements between 5% and >45%
● ASHRAE 55: meeting and exceeding thermal comfort requirements
● ASHRAE 62: exceeding code-required minimum ventilation rates to promote indoor air quality.
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WELL also uses “code+” criteria:
● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: demonstration of total VOC levels less than 500 μg/m³.
● LEED v4 BD&C EQ Credit: ventilation systems for outdoor air with particle filters to have a MERV of 13 or higher or Class F7 or higher (CEN Standard EN 779-2002) particle air filters.
● ASHRAE 62: enhanced ventilation rates beyond minimum code requirements.
“Code+”
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Drives market transformation for energy efficiency
Performance Above Code“Code+”
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#3 Future of Green Building
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Challenges1. Limits of codes: Complex relationships between intention,
expectations, and measurable outcomes
2. Business model evolution: Digital transformation from practice-based documentation to operational performance
3. The universal denominator: Occupancy and space utilization are used to measure the intensity of environmental impacts, space productivity, and more
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#1 Limits of Code● Building codes provide “cost effective”
recommendations based on standardized, modeled conditions
● Limits to “code+” rationale, especially at high levels
● Disconnection from operational performance measures
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Complex criteria and multiple objectives make it difficult to align code intent and measured outcomes.
Parameters
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Code emphasizes intention and real world experience varies significantly.
Experience
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A sample of office environments managed by the U.S. General Services Administration, analyzed by Carnegie Mellon University.
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Arlington, VA Vancouver, BC London, UK
Expectations - Energy
Decision makers want outcomes, not intentions.
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Expectations - Health
Health for…● Tenants● Staff● Neighbors● Supply chain● Society
Source: Kats (2010)
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#2 Business Model Evolution● After 25 years of green building practice, operational performance
is complementing and sometimes replacing documentation
● This evolution eliminates the “performance gap”
● Streamlines certification process
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29
Evolution of Practice2000 2009 2019
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30
2000 2009 2019
100%Documentation
50% Documentation50% Performance Data
90% Performance Data
Recertification
Certification
State of Practice Today
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ArcPerformanceScore
Powering LEED v4.1 O+M and LEED Recertification
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#3 Universal Denominator
● The shift to operational performance has increased attention to spatial and temporal dynamics of building operation
● Building occupancy is used to calculate energy use/occupant, commuting emissions/day, waste/occupant, water use/occupant....
● In these equations, the numerator is dynamic (energy, water, waste, transportation), but the denominator is often relatively static (e.g., average or design occupancy)
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Occupancy as a “Normalizer”
● Environmental impact intensity → impact per occupant
● Performance Scores for LEED v4.1 use GHG/occupant, water consumption/occupant, waste/occupant, more
● BUT occupancy is uncertain and highly dynamic
Source: JLL (2019)
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1. Linking metrics: connecting design and operations 2. Matching the grain: matching the spatial and temporal
resolution of energy and space utilization3. Smart recommendations: context-specific, timely calls
to action
Opportunities
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#1 Linking Metrics
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Lots of Data. Little Alignment.
Building Codes Peer Benchmarks Meters and Points
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Opportunity: Align design and operation metrics. Use measurable metrics in design. Use technology to make more design metrics measurable.
Challenge & Opportunity
Challenge: Design and operational metrics are fragmented and fundamentally difficult to compare. This makes performance evaluation slow and difficult.
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#2 Matching the Grain
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Monthly Energy & Emissions
Periodic Occupant Experience
Practice
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Dynamic Emissions Intensity Dynamic Occupancy & CO2
Reality
Left: California ISORight: Maastricht University/General Services Administration
Daily
Pea
k CO
2 (p
pm)
Occupied Hours
Daily
Pea
k CO
2 (p
pm)
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Opportunity: Express design expectations over measurable spatial and temporal scales. Design sampling and sensor deployments to connect measurements.
Challenge & Opportunity
Challenge: Energy, occupancy, and experience are closely connected. BUT, data are usually collected over incompatible spatial and temporal scales.
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#3 Actionable Insights
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Impressive DataMax hourly carbon dioxide level, in parts per million, from 402 spaces, 21 buildings, 4 countries, 2 years. Sp
aces
Time (in days, from 2014-2015)
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Actionable Insights
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Actionable Insights
Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure
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Actionable Insights
Open a window Replace the filter Check the pressure
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Calls to Action
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Green building has a mission: 1. Create better spaces,
buildings, and places.2. Better spaces, buildings and
places benefit people and the environment.
Where are we going?
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Partner with us to make it faster, easier, and cheaper to create and manage better spaces, buildings, and places with:
1. New technology to collect and manage real world data2. New ways to understand and score operational data3. New ways to generate place-based, context-specific recommendations
We can create global market opportunities for partners.
How can you help?
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Contact Chris Pyke, Ph.D.SVP, [email protected]
How can you learn more?Explore ArcSkoru.comUSGBC.orgGRESB.com
Follow @chrispyke@ArcSkoru@USGBC