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MIRANDA-GARCÍA, Marta. PhD
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-Western Sahara
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National Chengchi University-Taiwan
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Universidad de Santiago de Compostela-Western Sahara
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New School for Social Research-EUA
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Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Mexico
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Universidad Agraria la Molina-Peru
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Universidad Autónoma De Occidente, Colombia
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
ORDÓÑEZ - GUTIÉRREZ, Sergio Adrián. PhD
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Universidad de Guadalajara-Mexico
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Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo-Mexico
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Colegio de Postgraduados-Mexico
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Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Hidalgo-Mexico
Presentation
In Pro-Research, Teaching and Training of human resources committed to Science. The content of the
articles and reviews that appear in each issue are those of the authors and does not necessarily the opinion
of the editor in chief.
In Number 1st presented an article The Strategic management allied in the organizational
performance of the SMEs by LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César with adscription in the Instituto Tecnológico de
Sonora, in the next section an article Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning by
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria
with adscription in the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Universidad
Politécnica de García, Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, in the next section Application of Business
Intelligence in the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution
of goods to educational institutions of the State of Mexico by ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli,
HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO,
María de Lourdes with adscription in the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México to a small family
business in the industrial sector by NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María
Elvira, ESPERZA-GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia with adscription in
the Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora
Content
Article
Page
The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos Armando and
DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César
1-10
Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and REBILLAS-
LOREDO, Victoria
11-20
Application of Business Intelligence in the warehouse department as support to
improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods to educational
institutions of the State of Mexico
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-
PAREJA, Ana María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes
21-32
Diagnosis in the phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative
Process to a small family business in the industrial sector
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia
33-44
Instructions for Authors
Originality Format
Authorization Form
1
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia*† JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos Armando and DÁVILA-
AGUIRRE, Mario César
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora. 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro. Ciudad Obregón, Son. México.
Received July 28, 2017; Accepted December 20, 2017
Abstract
This paper provides information on the relationships between Strategic Management and Organizational
Performance of SMEs, which describes the intervention of the entrepreneur in the elaboration,
implementation and evaluation of the strategy and how they emphasize these aspects in the results of the
efficiency indicators in The Organizational Performance of SMEs. So also this research allows to know
which part of the strategic process has more influence to obtain a good performance. The objective of
this research is to analyze the impact of Strategic Management (in its process of formulating,
implementing and evaluating the strategy) in the Organizational Performance of SMEs in the commerce
sector. In order to obtain the required information from the research objective, 81 entrepreneurs with the
highest hierarchy in the company or decision makers were interviewed. As a result it is obtained that the
formulation of the strategy has no impact on organizational performance as it has the implementation
and evaluation of it.
Management Strategy, Organizational Performance, SMEs
Citation: LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario
César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs. Journal-Business administration and
business economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017. 1-1:1-10
† Researcher contributing first author.
© RINOE Journal - Western Sahara www.rinoe.org
2
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Introduction
The entrepreneur has always had as main
concern the permanence of his company in the
environment where it operates, so over the years
different solutions are sought through theories,
systems, resources, among others; what helps to
achieve the highest efficiency in all its
administrative and operational areas. Some of
the many issues that prevail for the solution of
problems of any company is Strategic
Management and its impact on the development
of them during their life cycle.
Currently, problems and turbulent
environments are forcing SMEs to adopt a
strategic approach, which allows them to
respond quickly and effectively to
environmental conditions. Research on
environment, strategy and performance show
that environmental changes force companies to
develop strategies with the purpose of creating
and defending their competitive advantage as
well as their performance. (Ynzunza and Izar,
2013).
Through several empirical works focused
on the success of large companies, it is obtained
that they rely on their strengths, which range
from better technological, financial, commercial
resources, development of their personnel,
among others. (Nightdress, 1997).
On the other hand, although there are
research works focused on SMEs, when we talk
about specific issues there are very few that we
can find focused on Strategic Management as a
tool to obtain success in them, much less find
SMEs that expose their cases of success in the
process of said topic. (Rubio and Aragón, 2007).
According to the importance of the SMEs
in any part of the world for what they represent
in the economy of each of the countries, it is
considered of the utmost importance to study
them to understand their situation and later
support them.
This work, therefore, has as a general
objective to analyze the influence of elaborating,
implementing and following up the strategy to
impact on the organizational performance of
commercial SMEs. For the scope of this research
work, a search of empirical studies that refer to
the theoretical model in this work is carried out,
in addition to the creation and verification of the
hypothesis in 81 commercial SMEs, this study
ends with the presentation of the results of
quantitative form.
Justification
The importance of the SMEs means that actions
are planned that help address their economic,
social and labor environment, as well as creating
the conditions that contribute to their
establishment, growth and consolidation
(ProMéxico, 2013).
The realization of this research is
considered justifiable, since through it it will be
possible to identify the relationships that have a
positive impact between the Strategic
Management process and the Organizational
Performance; this will help to guide the SME
entrepreneur specifically in this matter, as well
as identify new lines of research, all in favor of
efficient performance.
The purpose of this research is to cover
the little information related to the topic of
Strategic Management in the SMEs, in Mexico
and Sonora. In addition, a theoretical model is
elaborated with which the relations between the
variables that make up said model are measured.
It is also intended with this research to support
the business sector of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora,
pointing out the trade sector in which it is
intended to identify the current situation of the
guild to subsequently seek improvement in its
Strategic Management.
3
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Problem
The SMEs are the main source of formal
employment in 72% in the country, but young
companies make common mistakes, so the
concern is to avoid them so they do not stop
operating. (FORBES, 2015)
The Semario (2014) states that specialized
studies of the Condusef (National Commission
for the Protection and Defense of Users of
Financial Services) indicate that only half of the
existing SMEs in the country survive for
eighteen months, and Marker (2013) ), states that
75% of the new companies in the country fail
and should close their businesses only two years
after they started their activities, the most
common errors are: 1) low sales, 2) bad
leadership, 3) bad Administration, 4) lack of
strategy and analysis, 5) lack of financing, 6)
lack of trained personnel, among others.
El Financiero (2016) publishes that failure
to resolve the lack of productivity in SMEs in
Mexico is less likely to survive than in countries
such as Colombia, Brazil or the United States,
since 75% of entrepreneurs fail in Mexico.
One of the solutions to avoid a large
percentage of the closure of the SMEs, is to carry
out the process of Strategic Management in
which the culture is involved, various areas of
the organization, processes, resources, structure,
and leadership, among others. .
In Sonora, according to data from INEGI
(2012), the companies closed in (-4.1), this
figure represents that more companies left the
market than they start their operations in a period
of time. According to this exposition of the
problem in the SMEs, the follow-up research
question is elaborated:
Is the Strategic Management (in its process
of elaboration, implementation and evaluation of
the strategy) related to the improvement of
efficiency indicators in the Organizational
Performance of the SMEs of the commerce
sector in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora?
General Hypotesis
Strategic Management (in its process of
formulation, implementation and evaluation of
the strategy) has a positive impact on
Organizational Performance.
Specific Hypotheses
H1 = The formulation phase of the strategy has
a positive impact on the organizational
performance of the commercial SMEs of Ciudad
Obregón Sonora.
H2 = The implementation phase of the
strategy has a positive impact on the
organizational performance of the commercial
SMEs of Ciudad Obregón Sonora.
H3 = The evaluation phase of the strategy
has a positive impact on the organizational
performance of the commercial SMEs of Ciudad
Obregón Sonora.
Objectives
The objectives that allow the guide for the
realization of this study are presented below:
General objective
Analyze the impact of Strategic Management (in
the process of formulation, implementation and
evaluation of the strategy) in the Organizational
Performance of SMEs in the commerce sector.
Specific objectives
Analyze the background of Strategic
Management in the SMEs.
4
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Review Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework that allows obtaining
information on the variable Strategic
Management and its relationship in the
improvement of Organizational
Performance.
To elaborate an instrument that allows to
measure the variables of Strategic
Management and Organizational
Performance of the SMEs.
Obtain the study population to
subsequently obtain the sample.
Apply and validate the instrument.
Analyze the results to obtain conclusions
and recommendations of the study.
Theoretical framework
Below is the theoretical foundation that
supports the present research and the theoretical
model of it.
Strategic management
The importance of Strategic Management in the
companies from the point of view of Arano,
Espinoza and Arroyo (2011), is that it induces
the organization to reach its purposes, for which
it must understand them and avoid conflicts that
make the management lose direction. deal. For
David (2008), strategic management "is art and
science where the decisions that allow an
organization to achieve its objectives are
formulated, implemented and evaluated".
Phases of Strategic Management.
Proposals by: Terrazas (2004) cited by Murillo,
(2010) and David, (2008).
The Strategic Management consists of a
process to develop its task, which consists of
four important phases: a) Strategic diagnosis,
this phase includes the Internal Analysis
(Microenvironment) which considers the
resources, personnel, facilities, machinery, etc.,
and the External analysis (Macroeconomics) in
which the market, technology, economy,
competition, intermediaries, etc. are considered,
this analysis allows to identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the
company, b) The choice of strategy, in this phase
is carried out the formulation of the strategies
and the bases are defined to choose the most
appropriate, c) Implementation of the strategy,
has to do with the planning and execution of the
strategy, coordinating with the resources of the
company and responsible personnel to carry it
out, e) evaluation of the strategy, this phase is
responsible for the review and monitoring of the
ongoing strategy, with the purpose of rule in case
of error in time and form the course of the same.
Organizational Performance
For Lusthaus, Anderson, Carden & Montalván
(2002) the "performance in companies is
established through their capacity to survive".
Mondy and Noe, (2005) state that to achieve the
success of Organizational Performance, it is
because of the coordination between the
employee and the organization, since the
relationship between them is reflected first in a
good individual performance, which in turn
impacts on a good organizational performance.
Figure 1 Own Elaboration. Theoretical Model of the
Strategic Management Process (formulation,
implementation and Evaluation) and Performance.
5
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Some empirical considerations are
presented below:
Analoui and Karami (2003) expose with
the purpose of identifying and comparing the
characteristics of typical strategic management,
some of the strategic management models have
been revised. Despite the differences in the
details and variations in the wording, the three
models show three common characteristics: the
formulation of the strategy, implementation and
evaluation of the strategy.
According to Galbraith and Schendel
(1983), they comment that regardless of the
strategy used in companies, "there is a positive
relationship between strategy and performance".
Calderón, Álvarez and Naranjo (2010)
agree on "what is the most structured strategy
best results in organizational effectiveness", and
this can be replicated to companies in other
countries.
Ramírez, (2004) contributes that the
performance objectives are efficiency, in which
the efficiency in the use of the infrastructure and
the available resources in the company is
increased, and the efficiency, in which the full
accomplishment of the objectives is carried out
established.
Research Methodology
In this section the methodology to be used for the
development of this research is exposed. The
points that are part of this methodology are:
Type of research, Criteria for the inclusion of
participants, Research techniques, Population
and sample size, Sampling method, Instrument
for data collection, Validity, Reliability, and
Statistical method to check the hypothesis.
Type of Research
This study is based on empirical research or
scientific method, so it is quantitative, so it is
also considered a descriptive research, since it
describes, records, analyzes and interprets the
data of the composition of the phenomenon
which one is studied It is explanatory since it is
carried out the verification of a hypothesis, and
seeks to explain the why of things. It is
correlational because statistical relationships of
the variables studied are established, with a non-
experimental and transversal design since the
variables will be studied without manipulating
the subjects and data will be collected in a single
moment.
Criteria for the inclusion of participants
The informants required for the investigation are
the people with the highest hierarchy in the
company, or decision makers (Owner, Manager,
Administrator) of the SMEs of the commerce
sector of Ciudad Obregón, Sonora.
Population and Sample Size
The SMEs of the commerce sector of Ciudad
Obregón, Sonora, add up to a total of 349,
according to INEGI-DENUE (2012).
To determine the size of small and
medium-sized commercial enterprises, the
MiSMEs Classification was used, published in
the Official Gazette of the Federation (2013),
where it specifies that 11 to 30 employees are
considered small commercial companies and 31
to 100 employees. They are medium commercial
companies.
A total of 79 companies were surveyed
through the formula of finite populations.
6
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Instrument for data collection
The Instrument allows obtaining the data with
which the purpose of the research will be
achieved, said instrument was developed
according to the literature consulted with respect
to the study variables.
A structured questionnaire of 16 questions
was prepared, which is divided into:
First section. General Data of the
Interviewee.
Second section. Items
This series of questions allows us to
identify the relationships that exist between the
variables that are studied.
The Strategic Management section is
comprised of 16 questions, which are focused on
the formulation, implementation and evaluation
of the strategy and in the Performance section, it
is measured with 8 questions.
For the measurement of each question, the
six-level Likert scale will be used, since the
importance of this number of options lies in
eliminating centralism.
Validity and Reliability
The questionnaire was validated in its format,
writing questions, variables and dimensions with
experts in the research topic of this work. The
experts who participated have the degree of
Doctor, so they also have research referring to
one or two variables of this topic.
Likewise, a pilot test was applied to 30
companies of the SMES Commerce population,
in order to measure the reliability with
Cronbach's Alpha in the SPSS Statistical System
version 21.
Statistical method for checking hypotheses
In this study, the method of Multiple Linear
Regression will be used for hypothesis testing.
To develop this modeling the SPSS system
version 21 will be used.
Results
Out of 81 commercial SMEs located in Ciudad
Obregón, Sonora surveyed, 53% of the
informants are women with greater hierarchy in
the company (Owner, Manager, Chief,
Administrator), 52% have from 0 to 3 years in
positions of high responsibility business, time
that is considered relatively short which
indicates that most of them are newly opened,
the infomantes manifested in 43% against with
degree.
Cronbach's Alpha
First, the reliability of each item was determined
through the SPSS Statistics Basic System,
version 21. See table 1.
Variable Cronb
ach's
Alpha
Adjuste
d
Cronbac
h's
Alpha
Deleted
Items
Formulation of the
Strategy (5)
(Independent)
,888 ,903 2
Implementation of the
Strategy (5)
(Independent)
,885 - 0
Evaluation of the
Strategy
(Independent)
,880 - 0
Performance
(Dependent)
,860 ,892 2
Table 1 Cronbach's alpha. (Own Elaboration). Data
obtained from the SPSS Statistics Basic System, version
21.
The alphas of cronbach are all greater
than 7, which is considered that the items are
considered reliable in the construct since there is
no correlation between them.
7
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Factorial analysis
The next step was to carry out the factorial
analysis which helps to determine the minimum
number of dimensions capable of explaining the
maximum amount of information contained in
the data collected from 80 companies, the results
are presented in table 2.
Variable KMO Next Explained
variance
Formulation of
the Strategy
.793 ,000 66%
Strategy
implementation
,896 ,000 77%
Strategy
Evaluation
,773 ,000 90%
Performance ,843 ,000 65%
Table 2 Factor Analysis. (Own Elaboration). Data
obtained from the SPSS Statistics Basic System, version
21.
The results describe that the KMO are
within the range, since all the values per variable
are greater than 0.7, when they are low this
indicates that the correlations between the
variables can not be explained by other
variables. (Rositas, 2005)
Regarding the significance (sig.) It
should not be greater than 0.05, since then the
null hypothesis can not be rejected. The
variables in this study comply with the condition
since none of them exceed 0.05.
Finally, the Explained Variance shows
that the extracted components explain the% of
the variable under study. In this column it is
displayed that most of the components explain
above 50% of the variable. (Rositas, 2005)
Multiple Linear Regression
The multiple linear regression analysis is a
technique used to study the relationship between
variables, (Pardo, and Ruiz, 2009).
Results of Multiple Linear Regression in
table 3.
R R2 Statistic
F
Statistics
Sig change
in F
Durbin
Watson
.791 .625 42,863 .000 2.310
Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Summary (Own
Elaboration). Data obtained from the SPSS Statistics Basic
System, version 21.
It is observed that the regression R2
statistic is 0.625 considered acceptable in the
social sciences, because it means that the
dependent variable and its variance is explained
in 62% of the three independent variables.
The F statistic helps to determine if there
is a significant linear relationship between the
variable dependent and the set of independent
variables (Pardo and Ruiz, 2009). With F = 42,
863 and S = 0.000 indicates that there is a
significant linear relationship between the
dependent variable and the independent
variables of the model under study.
One of the basic assumptions of linear
regression analysis is that of independence
between residues; The Durbin Watson statistic
provides information on the degree of
independence and can assume independence
when it takes values between 1.5 and 2.5 (Pardo
Merino & Ruiz Díaz, 2009). As can be seen in
Table 4, the Durbin Watson indicator is of 2,310
which is within the range of acceptable and it is
considered that there is independence between
the residues.
Results of coefficients
Model β T Sig FIV
Constant 1,310 3,940 000
Formulation .120 1,474 .144 3,119
Implementation .383 3,277 .002 3,441
Evaluation .219 1,760 .082 3,821 Table 4 Summary Coefficients (Own Elaboration). Data
obtained from the SPSS Statistics Basic System, version
21.
8
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Table 4 shows the collinearity statistics,
FIV. According to De la Garza García, Morales
Serrano and González Cavazos (2003) the range
of values for this indicator should be between 1
and 10. The results obtained as presented in
Table 4 are less than 3.5 considered acceptable.
According to the significance of the
student T of table 4 and considering an estimated
error of less than 5%, we can conclude that the
variables that significantly impact the
performance variable are:
X2 = Implementation of the Strategy
X3 = Evaluation of the Strategy
The variable is left out:
X1 = Formulation of the Strategy.
Therefore the formula of this model would be:
Y Performance = 1,310 + .383
Implementation + .219 evaluation
Conclusions
First of all it can be assumed that the research
question and objective of this investigation was
carried out in a timely manner. So it is also
important to mention the result of the specific
hypotheses is:
Hypotesis
H1 = The formulation phase of the strategy has a positive
impact on the organizational
performance of the commercial SMEs of Ciudad
Obregón Sonora.
Reject
H2 = The implementation
phase of the strategy has a positive impact on the
organizational performance
of the commercial SMEs of Ciudad Obregón Sonora.
Accept
H3 = The evaluation phase
of the strategy has a positive impact on the organizational
performance of the
commercial SMEs of Ciudad Obregón Sonora.
Accept
Table 5 Hypothesis Check Result (Own Elaboration).
The results show that the phases of the
Strategic Management that impact the
performance in the SMEs, according to data
from the field work, are those of implementation
and evaluation. According to David (2013), he
explains that the most important phase in the
strategy is implementation since it directly enters
the work and support of those involved in the
execution of it, it is a very difficult combination
to carry out (personal, execution).
The preparation phase of the strategy
does not occur in this study because, according
to the data of the fieldwork, the entrepreneurs do
not carry out mostly research related to external
and internal factors to formulate the strategy of
their business, as well as some of them they do
not have the mission and vision of the company
as a basis to elaborate the strategy.
It is important to point out that there are
limitations within this study, since it can be
confirmed that the SME entrepreneur in Ciudad
Obregón, who is mostly undergraduate,
continues to administer his company
empirically. They do not know that the activities
they carry out are part of a complex Strategy
Management.
This research offers information on a
current situation of the entrepreneurs of Ciudad
Obregón, which can allow them to have a self-
evaluation of their role as managers and
responsible for the survival of a business, and
thus be interested in starting to exercise the
strategy process with the purpose of seeking
success and establishing the necessary actions to
carry it out, training, consultancies, etc.
As future research, it is suggested to
analyze the situation of SME companies of
industrial and service remittances, individually
(by turns), as well as include other factors of
more specific studies within the human
resources, culture and structure of the company.
, research effects were not included, as well as
studies focused on business leadership.
9
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
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Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 1-10
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ, Carlos
Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César. The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of the SMEs.
Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017
ISSN- 2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
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6002
11
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando*†, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria
Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Universidad Politécnica de García, Universidad Politécnica de
Cataluña
Received July 14, 2017; Accepted December 2, 2017
Abstract
In this article we consider the problem of generating personalized tourist routes. Considering a set of
preferences, a tourist can get a guide of places to visit in a particular tourist spot. These preferences are
regarding the time available to make your journey by visiting various points of interest or money that
you want and / or can spend. The problem of generating personalized routes can be expressed as a
problem of Artificial Intelligence Planning. For this, we designed a model based on the planning domain
definition language PDDL 2.1(Fox, 2003). A set of test instances was generated and the planning
algorithm LPG-td was used to obtain solutions from the planning model. Considering the results of the
experimentation, it is possible to generate these tourist routes according to the preferences established by
the user in a reasonable computing time. The resolution of this problem is expected to help tourists to
plan their trips.
Planning, Artificial Intelligence, PDDL, Routes, Tourism
Citation: ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation
of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing;
Accounting 2017. 1-1; 11-20
* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
© RINOE Journal - Western Sahara www.rinoe.org
12
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Introduction
In this work an application of the Artificial
Intelligence Planning is presented in the design
of a personalized tour. To generate these routes,
the points of greatest interest or with the highest
degree of recommendation for tourists are
evaluated. In addition to the above, the
preferences of the tourist regarding to the time or
money available are considered.
To solve the problem of generating
personalized tours, we designed a planning
model in the PDDL2.1 planning domain
definition language (Fox, 2003). In the instance
of the problem capture the public transport
network that connects all the tourist points
considered, as well as displacement (walking),
the transition functions that arise in the
generation of the plan, as well as the travel time
metrics, visit time and economic costs.
To personalize the route, in addition to
offering the tourist points to visit, the tourist is
offered to restrict their plan according to the
available time and the economic cost destined
for their stay. The tourist has as options to
minimize the duration of the trip or to minimize
the cost.
To solve the developed planning model,
the LPG-td planning algorithm was used
(Gerevini, 2003).
Justification
At present there is a great mobility of people who
visit different places to their place of origin.
Some of the reasons are the connectivity and the
reduction of the transfer costs. Therefore, the
application of this work would help a lot of
tourists, to be able to optimize their trips. The
plan obtained according to your preferences can
serve as a guide to visit the characteristic places
of the place you are visiting and know how to
move between these places.
In Figure 1 you can see the growing trend
of the number of tourists. In this case,
represented by the federative entity of the
Mexican Republic (SECTUR, DATATUR,
2017).
According to the data presented in the
Economist, the country is in eighth place as the
most visited country by foreigners worldwide.
(SECTUR, 2017).
Figure 1 Graphs by federal entity of the Mexican Republic
of arrival of foreign tourists, Secretary of Tourism
(SECTUR, DATATUR, 2017).
Problem
When a tourist wants to plan his trip to a certain
city, the first thing he asks himself is: Which
places to visit? In what order to visit the selected
places? In addition to the above, you have to
consider two important factors: the financial
issue and the available time to complete your
tour.
What we propose in this article is the use
of Artificial Intelligence Planning (AI) models
that automatically generate tourist itinerary
plans that are personalized to tourists. This
personalization is with respect to the factors
mentioned before.
13
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
These factors are metrics that can be used
as constraints or as variables to optimize when
obtaining a plan of the route that can be carried
out. The use of public transportation is
considered to be able to travel to the different
tourist points.
This problem is formally described
below.
Problem definition
The network of tourist points consists of a graph
where the nodes correspond to locations that
may or may not contain a place of interest to
visit, the arcs define the transportation means to
go from one place to another. These arcs have a
cost to be used (transfer time). The problem is to
travel from one origin to a set of destinations,
considering the use of public transport and a set
of preferences that we will call metrics.
This tourism network V is a 6-tuple:
𝑅𝑇 =< 𝑉, 𝐸, 𝑇, 𝑍, 𝑂, 𝐴, 𝑊 >
𝑉:It is the total set of network locations.
E: It is the set of arcs that connect two
locations of the network. An arc represents a
segment of the network where you can go
walking or on public transportation.
𝑣: It is the set of tourist sites. Each site
𝑡∈𝑇 is located at some geographical point 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉.
The mapping 𝑟: 𝑇 → 𝑉 defines the location of
the touristc place.
z: Set of existing transportation lines in
the network.
o: It is the set of transportation means
within the network. Each transport action o∈O is
described as a 3-tuple or = <z, u, v>, where z∈Z
is a transport line and (u, v) ∈V is an arc of the
network. Through this representation there are
several ways to go from one place to another
within the network.
a: Set of actions permissible to the user.
w: Set of metrics of the form 𝑤𝑜: O → R
for each transportation in the row, 𝑤𝑎: A → R
for each user action a∈A, these can be economic
cost and travel time. These includes both the
user's movement, as well as entering a site, since
some of them usually have an economic cost,
and demand a consumption of time.
The planning problem P, is to find a
tourist route plan in a public transport network,
and is defined as:
𝑃 =< 𝑁, 𝐶, 𝑖, 𝑔 >
𝑛: It is a public transportation network.
𝑐: It is the set of preferences in the
system. These preferences are usually treated as
restrictions of the problem that limits the
solution found in your search. Currently you
have, 𝐶 = {𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑘, 𝑊𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 , 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡}, where, Wwalk
refers to the maximum time allowed to walk
during the journey. For the total travel time we
have Wtime, this is used for when the user has a
limited time available and Wcost is limiting the
economic cost of the plan, this is a cumulative
between what was spent for using public
transportation and the costs acquired by entering
some tourist point.
𝑖: Place of origin of the walk,𝑖 ∈ 𝑉.
𝑔: Set of objectives to reach is the tourist
points to visit, g∈V.
It is worth mentioning that the model
allows the user to return to the place where he
left.
A solution for an instance of F can be a
journey for a day or several, since it is not limited
to one day. Plans that use several days may be
made.
Then a solution of P is a sequence of user
actions A and transportation movements of O
with objective function to minimize a cost
without violating any preference.
14
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Hypotesis
Is it possible to generate personalized plans of
tourist routes that consider the time and money
available to make them?. In addition to the
above, using the proposed methodology, which
uses planning algorithms to obtain solutions, are
the current planning algorithms vast to solve this
type of problem?
Objectives
General objective
Apply Artificial Intelligence planning in the
development of a model that represents the
problem of generating personalized tourist
routes. In addition to the above, evaluate the
performance of the planning algorithms used to
solve the test instances.
Specific objectives
To determine the topography of the
network and what elements make it up.
Represent the problem in a transition
graph.
Carry out the design of a planning model
that represents the problem of generating
tourist routes using PDDL2.1 (Fox,
2003).
Convert the transition graph and the
network into a planning domain.
Perform experimentation to generate the
tourist routes considering a proposed
site.
Evaluate the planner used.
Theoretical framework
Planning is the process of searching and
articulating a sequence of actions that allow
reaching an objective (Russell, 2004).
Which is adequate to generate tourist
routes, since what is intended is to obtain a set of
actions to be carried out that allow me to obtain
a plan of the places to visit (objective).
The planning uses a language of
definition of planning domains called PDDL is a
language centered in the actions inspired by the
formulations strips of planning problems
(Aeronautiques, 1998), this is a standardization
of the syntax to express actions using
preconditions and post-conditions to describe
the applicability and effects of actions (Stuart
Jonathan Russell, 2004).
Actions are operators that base their
logical descriptions on preconditions and effects,
generating complete descriptions of the resulting
states after their application. The actions are
made up of three parts: name of the action and
its list of parameters, preconditions and effects.
Preconditions are a conjunction of atoms
(positive literals) that says what must be true
before the operator can apply; and the effect of
an operator is a conjunction of literals (positive
or negative) that tells how the situation changes
when applying the operator (Stuart Jonathan
Russell, 2004).
That is, to be able to apply a certain
action it is necessary to comply with a set of
preconditions, which are a set of sentences that
must be met and, if they are met, the effects of
such action will be applied, which are also a set
of sentences, which can serve of precondition to
other actions. Sentences can be predicates or
metrics that form parts of the system. The
predicates are those properties of the objects that
are of our interest, these are logical statements.
The metrics in this planning language are called
functions and represent numerical values. It is
the relation of an abstract concept to a numerical
one.
15
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
In order to define the predicates, it is
necessary to use objects, which are the elements
or particles existing in the model, for example in
our problem, tourists and the topography of the
network, among others.
A solution in planning is a plan that an
agent can execute and guarantees the
achievement of the goal. To obtain a solution of
the planning models, planning algorithms are
used, called planners. A scheduler is a special-
purpose algorithm, which uses a formal planning
language with well-defined syntax, semantics,
and demonstration theory. The theory of the
demonstration specifies what can be inferred
from the results of the action sequences and,
therefore, what the legal plans are. The
algorithm allows us to find such plans.
Not all planners use the same solution
search method. However, they can be classified
with respect to the type of planning models that
it solves. For this article we use LPG-td which
was the winner in the International Planning
Competition and was awarded as the best
automated planner in 2003 and later in the IPC
2004.
LPG-td performs local searches greedy
randomized. This algorithm has the advantage of
obtaining more than one solution found.
Research Methodology
The problem of generating tourist routes is
modeled as a problem of Artificial Intelligence
Planning. To design the planning model, we use
the PDDL2.1 planning domain definition
language (Fox, 2003). And then we use the
planning algorithms to obtain solutions from
these planning models.
Type of Research
This research is an application of Artificial
Intelligence, using Planning models for the
generation of personalized tours.
Theoretical methods
Modeling of the problem
We have used the planning language to represent
the public transportation network of a city, as
well as the location of the various points of
interest for the tourist. PDDL (Aeronautiques,
1998) is a language centered on actions, for this
we have defined a transition diagram for all the
actions of the model, with this we aim to
facilitate the design of the planning model as
well as its translation into the PDDL2.1
language.
This transition diagram describes the
conditions necessary to carry out an action, as
well as the effects performed once the action has
been carried out. This diagram shows the
different preferences considered at the time of
the calculation of a plan. A similar model can be
seen in Elizalde Ramírez, 2017, which was taken
as a basis to be used in this problem.
For example to be able to carry out the
action Visit, which is the one tells us if to visit
a place or not, it is required as previous a
condition that the tourist is in the same place that
the place to visit. For this, the cost must be less
than the defined by the user. In the same way,
this is with the total time of the plan at the end of
the visit. In this action the economic costs
increase and temporary travel, allowing the user
to enter the place. This action can be seen in its
representation in PDDL in Figure 3.
Actions of the planning model
In the transition model, five actions are shown,
which allow the user to generate a travel plan to
get from a point of origin to any place of interest,
depending on various metrics used, either to
optimize or restrict the plan to generate
according to available resources, see Figure 2.
16
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Figure 2 Transition diagram of the tourist routes planning
model
Figure 3 Action Visit in the PDDL2.1 language
In this action, the duration to carry out
the action is the necessary time to allocate to the
place visited. And to take place, it is required that
the user? p and the tourist site? visit be in the
same place ?l1 These predicates are expressed as
(at ? p ? l) and (at_visit ?visit ?l1).
This ensures that the costs and travel time
comply with the rules established by the user.
This is reflected in the other two conditions. In
the effects of the action it is indicated that a
touristic place? visit has already been reached,
((point - tourist ?visit), to prevent it from being
visited again. In addition to carrying out an
increase in time and in the total cost of the
accumulated trip.
The walking action allows the user to
move from a source i to a destination g.
For this, it is required to know the current
location of the user and where to move, in
addition to no to violate the maximum time limit
to walk during the plan established by the user
and the available travel time for the entire trip.
The generated effect is a change in the
geographical position of the user, as well as an
increase in the accumulated time traveled. This
is represented in PDDL 2.1 in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Walk action in the PDDL2.1 language
Where (road?l1 ?l2) indicates to which
location the user? p can be moved, whose current
location is represented by (at? p?l1), the other
two conditions are those related to the
accumulated time walking and the entire route,
which should not violate its limitations. In the
effects, it is first indicated that the user is no
longer in the same starting location, followed by
an update of his current location, after which the
temporary metrics already described above are
increased.
So far, the modeling of the problem in
PDDL only works for a single trip (one day), but
this can be extended for several days. Because,
when you tend to take a walk, you usually have
several days and many places to visit. So the plan
is to make tours for days, where each of the
objectives is achieved per day, thus giving a
better tourist planning.
17
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
In order to extend the model to these
instances, the available time per day must be
added, and the variables that accumulate the
times which now accumulated will be per day
must be modified. In the end the plan will snow
tours to visit the various sites listed per day. This
plan can be seen as in Figure 5 where all the
routes leave and return to the same point, this is
the place of origin (for example place of
lodging), the routes are defined by colors and the
nodes are the touristic points.
Figure 5 Solution of a tourism problem where several
days are considered. Each route is represented by a
different color.
As can be seen in Figure 5, the problem
considering more than one day to realize the
tourist planing has the structure of a typical
Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) (Toth & Vigo,
2014). This entails certain modifications in the
model represented in PDDL-2.1, thus affecting
the actions described in this article.
Figure 6 Walk action for a model that makes plans for
more than one day.
As you can see in Figure 6, the Walk
action suffers changes in the functions used for
time, either those that accumulate as well as
those that limit (restrict). The first ones are
modified in the following way: (total-walking?
p) and (total-times?p), which unlike what is
presented in Figure 4, have been modified so that
it is able to find plans where more is required. of
a route (one per day) therefore it has been
added?p which refers to which day that route
belongs, consequently the first function carries
the accumulated per day of the plan and the
second the available time per day to carry out a
tour.
The action "Visitar" also suffers
modification in the functions over time, this is
seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Action to Visit for more than one day
Software Development Methodology
We translated the network topography to the
planning model in PDDL. Defining the actions
that are allowed, their preconditions and effects.
We developed a program in ANSI C
lenguage to generate automatically the planning
models.
A Shell script was used to call the
program that generates the planning models, and
once having said models, the LPG-td planner
(Gerevini, 2003) is called to obtain the solutions.
Afterwards, the results are read, that is, the
solutions thrown by the planner.
18
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Results
To evaluate our model we have considered the
transportation networks of four cities, this
information is taken from Google TransitFeed
and whose translation to PDDL 2.1 format
appears in Elizalde Ramírez, 2017. These
networks were randomly included in their
locations some points that will serve as sites of
interest to the user.
The size of the networks is shown in
Table 1. It should be mentioned that not all
locations are sites of interest to the user, but can
be used as starting points or final destination at
the time of finishing visiting the tourist sites.
City Routes Locations
Berkshire 7 72
Monroe County 6 285
Berkeley 4 35
IndianReservatio 13 74
Table 1 Copy features of the network.
Between sites, it is possible to arrive
walking or using public transportation.
By each city, we tested three diferent
configurations that are defined regarding to the
number of available touristic points to visit (five,
eight and ten).
In addition to these groups, and as has
been mentioned, users' preferences are used in
this case, the duration of the trip and the
permitted walking time, serving as restrictions
when wanting to compute a plan. Therefore,
there is experimentation only with preference of
duration of the plan, another one with the
previous preference and the one of time walking,
a third group with two days to complete the
routes, and finally make the journey in two days
and with time Limited duration of the plan and
walking.
The duration time of the plan go from ten
to twenty hours of availability, and the walking
times should not be beyond 50% of the total time
of the plan, it is necessary to consider that being
a tourist trip, on a considerable part of the routes
are walking.
To test our models we use the LPG-td
planner (Gerevini, 2003), the results obtained are
shown in the Tables [2,3]. The first of them
presents the average time for three requests in
each of the cases. As you can see the
computational time are quite impressive, with
the exception of Monroe County limited in both
times and with two days of duration of the plan,
where no result was obtained, this is due to the
large size of the graph, the time available to
reach all points of interest.
Tourist Points A B C D
Berkshire
Monroe country
Berkeley
5 2.7 2.6 11.7 2.5
8 2.6 6.4 43.7 32.3
10 26.5 36.8 255.0 91.1
Indian
Reservation
Berkshire
Monroe country
5 355.6 433.1 30.4 98.7
8 175.5 305.0 20.8 79.1
10 478.3 265.8 671.7 ***
Berkeley
Berkshire
5 1.1 10.2 25.7 10.5
8 2.6 14.9 12.6 96.5
10 1.7 9.6 9.0 72.0
Monroe country 5 426.9 693.3 11.4 298.5
8 134.1 140.1 45.8 82.7
10 433.9 172.5 13.6 398.9
Table 2 Processing time to find a plan *.
19
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
In the tables shown capital letters are
used in the columns, these are interpreted as
follows: A model without restriction of time
walking, B model with restriction of time
walking, C model with two days available,
finally D model with restriction of time to walk
per day, you have two days. For each of the
models, the duration of the plan is restricted.
The Table 3 shows the quality in the
tourist plan, where the aim is to minimize the
duration of the trip (expressed in hours). The
obtained results are quite reasonable to realize
the tour in each case, except in the case of
Monroe Contry.
Tourist
Points A B C D
Berkshire
Monroe country
Berkeley
5 2.6 2.4 1.5 2.6
8 4.8 3.2 3.2 4.4
10 4.6 3.2 3.7 3.9
Indian Reservation
Berkshire
Monroe country
5 14.4 12.4 12.7 10.3
8 18.4 13.8 21.6 13.7
10 17.7 16.4 21.5 ***
Berkeley
Berkshire
5 6.8 5.3 5.5 4.8
8 8.0 5.0 5.4 4.6
10 7.7 6.5 6.3 4.9
Monroe country 5 10.1 8.1 13.0 7.5
8 12.3 10.8 8.9 10.9
10 16.6 63.2 16.2 15.0
Table 3 Travel time, *.
One of the things observed in the
experimentation that when touring and
considering that much of the time is spent
walking, the restriction on this variable is loose,
which helps to solve these problems quickly, in
addition the algorithm gives priority to make use
of this action because it saves number of steps in
the generated plan, but this is up to a certain
point not so good, since the times are greater
than if a means of transport were used, since
when to optimize the time we would expect more
the use of the action drive, which is the transfer
in public transport.
Then, when the action is left open,
walking without restriction can lead to the whole
walking journey, for this purpose, it is
recommended even if the user does not indicate
it, to make use of restrictions in the time walking,
with an approximate of 50% of the total time of
plan travel.
Conclusions
The problem can be modeled satisfactorily using
Artificial Intelligence planning techniques.
On the other hand, regarding to the
selected planner to obtain solutions, LPG-td, it is
observed that it can solve the planning models
without problem.
One of the limitations that show the plans
thrown by the planner is that it uses the action of
walking a lot. This means that tourists will walk
a lot on their tourist route. Which could be
annoying for some tourists. As future work, you
can adjust the parameter that restricts the action
of walking in case the user does not enter it
directly.
Talking about this action of walking,
being a loose restriction in practical cases, it
helps to scale between the sizes of the network
and in the number of sites of interest. Then we
can say that our proposal is applicable to the
resolution of this type of problems.
20
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 11-20
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina and
REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria. Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
As part of the future work is to test with
larger networks and in certain tourist sites with
networks of these real sites. As well as the
inclusion of sites such as restaurants, cinemas,
etc.
References
Aeronautiques, C. H. (1998). PDDL—The
Planning Domain Definition Language Version
1.2.
Angotti, R. (2013). KinectMath. Obtenido de
Home Page KinectMath: http://kinectmath.org/
Elizalde Ramírez, F. (2017). Modelos para la
generación de rutas, y técnicasde reducción de
espacio de búsqueda en redes de transporte
público.San Nicolas de los Garza: UANL.
Fox, M. &. (2003). Pddl2. 1: An extension to
pddl for expressing. Journal of artificial
intelligence research.
Gerevini, A. S. (2003). Planning through
stochastic. Journal of Artificial Intelligence
Research, 20.
SECTUR. (2017). DATATUR. Obtenido de
http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/Ra
nkingOMT.aspx
SECTUR. (2017). DATATUR. Obtenido de
http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/Inf
TurxEdo.aspx
Stuart Jonathan Russell, P. N. (2004).
Inteligencia artificial: un enfoque moderno.
Pearson Educación.
Toth, P., & Vigo, D. (Eds.). (2014). Vehicle
routing: problems, methods, and applications.
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
21
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
Application of Business Intelligence in the warehouse department as support to
improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods to educational institutions
of the State of Mexico
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli*†, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Received July 12, 2017; Accepted December 15, 2017
Abstract
The companies regard information as a valuable asset, this has significance once they make a meaningful
and useful advantage out of the information, i.e. When you can consult information quickly, safely, at
the time and in the format that is required, so that the person who is responsible for decision making in
the organization will avoid uncertainty and intuition, and surely will take better and informed
determinations, for this purpose many organizations have resorted to the use of business intelligence.
Business Intelligence assists on having a better understanding of the organization, improving the
decision-making process, facilitates the way to access and share information, helps identifying 'junk' in
information systems and enables analysis in real time. In regards to the Department Store, the lack of
information of this type, does not allow the sufficient support in order to plan define the logistics and
distribution of goods to the Agency (administrative units and schools) in an informed manner, which
results in the bad distribution and misuse of resources, this problematic takes greater importance in the
context of the Educational Reform where one of the important principles is to improve the physical,
material and pedagogical conditions in schools.
Business Intelligence, Decision Making, Information Systems, Management of Projects
Citation: ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana María and
HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in the warehouse department as support to
improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business
administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017. 1-1;21-32
* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.
© RINOE Journal - Western Sahara www.rinoe.org
22
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Introduction
Have a general knowledge of the organization,
know the financial situation, visualize the degree
of progress of established programs and goals,
detect opportunities, analyze trends, propose
future scenarios, among other aspects, have
become a necessity of the company, obtain this
Information at the time and in the business
language that is required is paramount for the
decision-making process and even more in a
highly competitive environment framed by the
globalization of the market. This is the
environment of Business Intelligence (BI).
Curto Díaz, Conesa Caralt (2010) define
Business Intelligence as the set of
methodologies, applications, practices and
capabilities focused on the creation and
administration of information that allows better
decisions to the users of an organization.
This research focuses on the use of
Business Intelligence (BI) in public
administration, the Directorate of Material and
Financial Resources (DRMyF) has been chosen
as the organization object of study. The intention
of this investigation is to propose a project of
Business Intelligence in the DRMyF, developing
the case of the Warehouse Department.
Justification
The central theme of this research work is the
application of Business Intelligence in public
administration, particularly in the DRMyF, it is
important to mention that various IT projects
have been developed in the organization under
study, which have allowed to know the processes
DRMyF substantives as well as the development
environments used in the existing Information
Systems, which motivates to propose the
development of a Business Intelligence project
(focusing on the Warehouse Department) as an
adequate and viable alternative to support for the
decision-making process.
With regard to the Warehouse
Department, to be able to consult information
that serves as a support to plan the logistics and
distribution of the goods to the agency
(administrative units and schools), will directly
impact on the equitable use of resources, provide
the necessary goods to use in the school year
(chairs, tables, desks, blackboards, personal
computers, printers, stationery, etc.) as well as
material for maintenance (cleaning material,
waterproofing, paint, etc.).
It is significant to note that the approval
of a BI project depends on the formal
justification of the project, which is why the
administration of projects is used in order to
present a project plan that identifies the
requirements; address the diverse needs,
concerns and expectations of stakeholders,
maintain an active communication with
stakeholders, in addition to contemplate the
management of scope, quality, activities to be
carried out, budget, resources and risks.
In relation to the BI project in the
DRMyF it is appropriate to mention that there
are some factors that favor the realization of the
project, such as:
The technological platform and the
Information Technology personnel required for
the development of the project will be provided
by the Information Unit, which is represented by
the Department of Information Technology and
Telecommunications (DIT).
The DRMyF and the DIT are located in
the same line of Directorates that depend on the
Coordination of Material and Financial
Resources. For years, ICT services have been
provided and various IT projects have been
developed, which has fostered an appropriate
and collaborative working relationship.
23
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
The cost of a project has always been a
decisive factor in determining its viability,
because it involves making an investment in
financial, material, human and technological
resources, in relation to the cost of the BI project
is included in the allocation of financial
resources and authorized personnel in the budget
for fiscal year 2017, that is, no additional
expense would have to be incurred in the
purchase of equipment, software, personnel
hiring or training for the development of the
project.
Problem
A decentralized public body whose institutional
objective is to offer basic and normal quality
education throughout the entity, with the mission
of covering the educational needs at its different
levels, from initial, preschool, primary and
secondary education to upper secondary
education and superior.
The Warehouse Department depends on
the Subdirectorate of Material Resources and
Services, which in turn is part of the Directorate
of Material and Financial Resources (DRMyF),
and is the administrative unit in charge of
controlling the entry and exit of real estate they
enter the warehouse in addition to being the area
responsible for the logistics and distribution of
the goods to the agency (administrative units and
schools).
Through the development of Information
Systems (IS), it has been possible to automate
important and substantive processes in the
different areas of the organization, which has
been decisive to offer goods and services of
better quality, as is the case of the Warehouse
Department.
At the operational level, the DRMyF's SI
have fulfilled their purpose, but when it is
necessary to consult information that serves as
support for decision-making at the managerial
level, it simply can not be obtained immediately
or in the business language that is needed. . The
problem lies in the fact that the information
generated from the ISs is not used in a useful and
meaningful way by means of an IT alternative,
such as Business Intelligence (BI), which allows
consulting information (historical, ordered,
classified, purified and grouped) that serves as a
support for the decision-making process, which
causes misinformed decisions, based on intuition
and uncertainty. Regarding the Warehouse
Department, the lack of information of this kind,
does not allow planning and defining the
logistics and distribution of goods to the agency
(administrative units and schools) in an informed
manner, which has an impact on poor
distribution and inadequate use of resources. The
negative impact of this problem represents:
Not having the necessary goods to use in
the school year (chairs, tables, desks,
blackboards, personal computers,
printers, stationery, etc.).
Lack of maintenance material in schools
(cleaning material, waterproofing, paint)
Consequently, it means (in the cases that
correspond) to have facilities in
inadequate conditions for the correct
teaching of classes in the schools.
This problem also impacts on the
administrative units that share information with
the Warehouse Department (Acquisitions,
Budget, Accounting, Treasury and Inventories)
because the decision makers in these areas need
to consult information that is not available and
require other means to obtain it.
24
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Research Questions
Why is it important to analyze the technological
infrastructure and human capital to implement a
Business Intelligence project in the Directorate
of Material and Financial Resources?
What are the Business Intelligence tools
that could be used in the web application of the
BI project in the DRMyF?
In what way does the use of Business
Intelligence generate a benefit in the DRMyF?
Objectives
General objectives
Design a Business Intelligence project for the
Directorate of Material and Financial Resources.
Analyzing the case of the Warehouse
Department, in order to obtain information that
serves as support for the decision-making
process.
Specific objectives
• Analyze the technological infrastructure and
human capital for the development of the
Business Intelligence project.
• Determine the information that is required to
consult to develop the Business Intelligence
tools that will integrate the WEB application.
• Formalize the proposal through the BI project
plan based on the Guide to the Fundamentals for
Project Management (PMBOK Guide).
Theoretical framework
Only the concept of system has been the subject
of multiple studies, with different approaches
and points of view, in our days it is common to
have a relationship with some type of system
consciously or unconsciously, that is part of it or
that is interact with some, so it is not surprising
that research continue to be conducted and new
trends are developed on this concept, Bunge
(2012, p.325) comments that there are no
isolated things: that everything interacts with
other things, in such a way that all things concur
and form systems (a world of systems), also
establishes as a foundation that everything is a
system or a component of a system. Under this
approach it is interesting and fascinating at the
same time to study the principles applicable to
systems in all fields of research that make up the
General Systems Theory.
In the first instance it is pertinent to
conceptualize what a system is, Skyttner (2005,
p.58) refers to a definition expressed by Russell
Ackoff, which determines that a system is a set
of two or more elements that satisfy the
following conditions:
1. The behavior of each element has an
effect on the behavior of the whole
2. The behavior of the elements and
their effects on the whole are interdependent.
3. The subgroups of the elements
formed, have an effect on the behavior of the set,
but none has an independent effect on it.
Warehouse Department
Its objective is to organize, operate, evaluate and
control the actions of reception, storage,
conservation and supply of the acquired goods,
with the purpose of keeping them in optimal
conditions of use and provided to the
administrative units, for the development of their
assigned functions, in accordance with current
regulations on the subject.
25
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Functions
Plan, operate, manage and control the reception,
storage, conservation and supply of the acquired
goods, and provide them to the administrative
units of the agency in optimal conditions of use.
Prepare and submit to the Subdirectorate
of Material Resources and Services for
authorization, the program for the physical
inventory survey of the warehouse, verifying
that it complies with the current regulations in
the matter.
Propose and operate the mechanisms of
an administrative nature, which allow it to
improve and control the reception, storage,
conservation and supply of materials to the
administrative units.
Supply the goods and materials to the
administrative units of the agency, based on the
supply requests that they send.
Apply and keep updated the records for
the inventory control system, regarding the
inputs and outputs of warehouse materials.
Perform the physical inventory survey of
existing goods in the agency's warehouses, in
accordance with the previously authorized
program and other applicable regulations.
Prepare and present to the Subdirectorate
of Material Resources and Services, the reports
and reports regarding the storage and supply of
goods, and propose the mechanisms that allow
improving their administration.
Prepare and send to the Accounting
Department, for registration, the reports of
inputs and outputs of warehouse.
Research Methodology
This research begins with the concern to suggest
the use of Business Intelligence BI in public
administration, with the purpose of offering an
alternative that serves as a support for decision
making. Derived from the participation in the
development of various computer projects in the
organization under study for 25 years, it has been
possible to detect problems and visualize areas
of opportunity in the different administrative
units, which have allowed enriching and shaping
this research project.
By the means to use to obtain the data, it
is a mixed investigation, because it works with
secondary information sources (documentary
research) and primary sources of information
(field research), relying on data collection tools
such as interviews, Work meetings and
observation.
For the control and manipulation of the
variables is a non-experimental investigation,
the phenomenon is observed as it occurs in the
natural context, to later analyze it.
For the period in which the research is
carried out (May 2016 to December 2016), it is
of a transversal nature.
Hernández Sampieri et al. (2014)
indicates that by scope, the research may be:
exploratory, descriptive and explanatory.
Regarding this study, it is exploratory: because
it addresses the issue of business intelligence in
public administration; usually business
intelligence is associated with private
companies, so there have been few
investigations in this regard, descriptive: the
decision-making process is analyzed in the
Directorate of Material and Financial Resources,
taking as reference the case of the Warehouse
Department.
26
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Type of Research
Because of the scope, the research is
exploratory: because it addresses the issue of
business intelligence in public administration;
usually business intelligence is associated with
private companies, so there have been few
investigations in this regard, descriptive: the
decision-making process is analyzed in the
Directorate of Material and Financial Resources,
taking as reference the case of the Warehouse
Department .
The population selected for the
development of this research is the Directorate
of Material and Financial Resources.
With respect to the sample of the selected
population, it is represented by those responsible
for the following administrative units:
Warehouse Department Headquarters
Subdirección de Recursos Materiales y
Servicios
Directorate of Material and Financial
Resources
The measurement instrument that is used
in the development of research for the collection
of information are interviews, in their types
(semi-structured and open). The participants and
the points to be discussed are mentioned below:
Owner of the Warehouse Department.
Head of the Subdirectorate of Material
Resources and Services.
Owner of the Directorate of Material and
Financial Resources.
Staff of the Systems Development
Department.
Open interview
Decision making
Decision-making process
Information to be considered in a general
manner, to serve as a support for the decision-
making process (Information from the
Department of
Warehouse)
Information sources
Historic information
Level of detail of the information
Business Intelligence (BI)
Knowledge of Business Intelligence
Use of Business Intelligence
Semi-structured interview
Decision making
Decision-making process
Design of the departmental database (Data
Mart DM) of the
Warehouse Department (Department
Information)
Identify key department information
Analyze information
Information to load in the Data Mart (DM)
Format to use to show the information
Business Intelligence (BI)
BI tools
Design of Executive Boards, operational, with
use of different types of graphics (Dispersion,
Histograms, Pareto).
27
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Preset reports.
Propousal
Companies need information to understand their
operations, have knowledge of their customers,
competitors, suppliers, partners, shareholders
and employees. They need to learn about what
happens in the organization, analyze their
operations, have the capacity to respond to
internal and external pressures and make
decisions that help manage costs, increase
revenues and increase sales and profits.
The application of BI in public
administration has a different use perspective,
focuses on supporting the decision-making
process, which allows to follow up the strategic
plans of the organization and finally achieve the
institutional objectives, which are reflected in
offering better goods and services.
Under this context, the proposal for the
use of Business Intelligence is made as an
excellent option to support the decision process
in the organization under study, because it would
have a better knowledge of the company,
decisions based on Intuition and uncertainty and
you could consult information that is safe,
understandable and in the moment that is
required.
Once the existing BI alternatives for the
acquisition, contracting or development of BI
products have been analyzed, the own
development of the BI Tools that integrate the
WEB application as part of the BI project in the
DRMyF in the Department was opted for. of
Warehouse, derived from the research carried
out in the organization under study, it was
determined that there is sufficient technological
infrastructure and human resources for the
development of the project, in addition to a
specialized IT area, represented by the
Department of Information Technology and
Telecommunications .
The business intelligence project at the
DRMyF is based on the BI environment
proposed by Laudon et al. (2012) and considers
the following elements:
Elements of the
Business
environment
Type of element
considered by
Laudon et al.
(2012)
Elements to
consider in the BI
project in the
DRMyF
Intelligence Call centers
Website Mobile devices
Blogs
Shops Suppliers
Government
employees
Warehouse
Department Information
System
1 Business
environment data
Databases
Data warehouses
Data Market
Data Market
2 Business
intelligence
infrastructure
Statistical models
Data mining
OLAP
Production Reports
Identify the
information
required to
develop the BI tools
3 Business analysis toolset
Business strategy Performance
Management
Integral Scorecard Forecasts
Reference to the SI of Performance
Management
Regulations applied to the
administrative
units involved
4 Users and
management methods
MIS
DSS ESS
Web Application
5 Platforms Reports
Control boards
Command Pictures
Desk
Mobile Web Portal
Social media
Reports
Control boards
WEB application accessed by PC
and mobile
devices
Table 1 Elements of the BI environment, elements in the
BI project. Own elaboration based on diagram in Laudon
et al. (2012, p.464)
28
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
With regard to the information needs
resulting from the interviews held with the
owners of the administrative units involved in
the project, the required BI tools were proposed.
The proposal of the Business Intelligence
project, includes as a final result the
development of a WEB application that
integrates the required BI tools, which can be
executed by any computer or mobile device
connected to the corporate network or the
internet, to consult information of a graphic and
summarized way, in a simple language, that
serves as support for the decision-making
process.
Results
In relation to the research carried out in the
organization under study, it was concluded that
the use of BI Business Intelligence represents an
important alternative to obtain meaningful
information that will support the decision-
making process and focus its efforts, knowledge
and experience to achieve the institutional
objectives, which are ultimately reflected in
offering better goods and services.
With the intention of directing the
present study, the following considerations were
obtained:
It is important to analyze the
technological infrastructure and human
capital that is required for the
implementation of the BI project in
DRMyF because it allows knowing the
elements of the Business Intelligence
environment that interact with the
organization so that it can be decided
which integrates the Intelligence project
of business.
Analyzing these aspects is fundamental
for managing the integration of the
project to develop the business
intelligence project plan in the
Directorate of Material and Financial
Resources.
It was detected that the middle and upper
management of the DRMyF interviewed
require consulting information from the
Warehouse System that can not be
obtained immediately, which could serve
as support for the decision-making
process in their respective fields.
The Project of Business Intelligence
Project in the Directorate of Material and
Financial Resources. (Case Warehouse
Department), considers the management of the
following areas of knowledge according to the
PMBOK guide:
Project Integration Management.
Project Information (Context and
Analysis).
Project scope management.
Constitutive act of the project, Work
Breakdown Structure (WBS).
Management of the stakeholders of the
Project.
Identification of Interested.
Management of Project Human
Resources.
RACI matrix.
Management of Project
Communications.
Communications Matrix
Project Time Management.
29
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Activity Schedule, Critical Route, Gantt
Chart.
Management of Project Costs.
Estimation of Costs.
Quality Management and Project Risks.
Quality Plan and Risk Planning.
Project closure
Closure Acceptance Form.
Context for the development of the WEB
application (BI Business Intelligence Tools)
A decentralized public organization whose
institutional objective is to offer basic and
normal quality education throughout the entity,
with the mission of meeting the educational
needs at its different levels, from initial,
preschool, primary and secondary education to
upper secondary education and higher.
The department of Warehouse depends
on the Subdirección of Material Resources and
Services, that in turn forms part of the Direction
of Material and Financial Resources (DRMyF),
and is the area in charge of the control of the
entrances and exits of the real estate that enter to
the warehouse in addition to being responsible
for the logistics and distribution of goods to the
agency (administrative units and schools).
Through the development of Information
Systems (IS), important and substantive
processes have been automated in the different
areas of the organization, which has been
decisive to offer goods and services of better
quality, as is the case of the Warehouse
Department.
At the operational level, the DRMyF's SI
have fulfilled their purpose, but when it is
necessary to consult information that serves as
support for decision-making at the managerial
level, it simply can not be obtained immediately
or in the business language that is needed. . The
problem lies in the fact that Business
Intelligence (BI) is not used to consult
information (historical, ordered, classified,
purified and grouped) that the Information
Systems (SI) generate, therefore, in many cases
they take Misinformed decisions, based on
intuition and uncertainty. Regarding the
Warehouse Department, the lack of information
of this type, does not allow planning and
defining the logistics and distribution of goods
to the agency (administrative units and schools),
which affects the maldistribution and use of
resources. The negative impact of this problem
represents:
Not having the necessary goods to use in
the school year (chairs, tables, desks,
blackboards, personal computers, printers,
stationery, etc.).
Lack of material for maintenance in
schools (cleaning material, waterproofing,
painting).
Consequently, it means (in the cases that
correspond) to have facilities in inadequate
conditions for the correct teaching of classes in
the schools.
With the present Analysis, we intend to
make the proposal for the development of the
WEB application (BI Tools) as part of the
Business Intelligence project in the Materials
and Financial Resources Division (case
Warehouse Department).
Critical Success Factors (FCE)
With respect to the development of the WEB
application (BI Tools) as part of the Business
Intelligence project in the Department of
Warehouse Materials and Financial Resources,
the FCEs are mentioned below:
It has the support of the Directorate of
Material and Financial Resources.
30
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Sufficient human capital to develop the
Business Intelligence project.
Technological Infrastructure suitable for
the development in WEB environment.
(Servers, Internet connection, and the
corporate network).
Trained staff.
Computer equipment suitable for the
WEB environment.
Design and proper construction of the
Data Warehouse.
Continuity of the project in case of a
change of administration
Conclusions
Based on the research carried out, it was detected
that the middle and upper management of the
DRMyF interviewed required to consult
information from the Warehouse System that
can not be obtained immediately, which could
serve as support for the decision-making process
in their respective areas.
Using the information generated by the
Warehouse System, in a useful and meaningful
way through the use of Business Intelligence
(BI), represents an added value to the use of the
System.
The benefits that would be obtained with
the use of Business Intelligence, in the first
instance represent consulting information of the
Warehouse System that can not be obtained
immediately, that serves as a support to plan the
logistics and distribution of the goods to the
agency (units administrative and schools), which
could translate into allocate resources in an
equitable manner and where they are really
required, providing the necessary goods to
schools, and thus have facilities in suitable
conditions for teaching classes.
It is significant to mention that having the
possibility of consulting this type of information
could make the decision to supply materials and
furniture to the schools that require it in the short
term, according to the inventory reported by the
Warehouse Department.
The implementation of the Business
Intelligence (BI) project in the Warehouse
Department, contemplates the development of a
WEB application, which will be integrated by
the following BI tools:
A control panel integrated by reports and
graphics, with the option to carry out
specific searches.
Detailed views of the information
consulted, drill down.
Forecasts using standard statistical tools.
Developing a Business Intelligence
project is a feasible and adequate alternative
according to the study carried out. It has the
technological infrastructure, sufficient human
and financial resources, it was determined that
the BI Business Intelligence project in the
DRMyF is viable, there is no additional cost for
its realization because the ITL, as IT responsible
area, has the ability to develop the BI tools that
will integrate the WEB application.
The BI project has an inclusive
philosophy in the sense that it considers the use
of other BI tools that could be acquired or
developed in future stages, in order to make a
more robust project.
It is significant to mention that the true
potential of the use of Business Intelligence in
the DRMyF, will be able to be shown when it is
possible to integrate the information of the
existing IS in the Data Warehouse of the
Management.
31
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
It is important to point out that the
present investigation proposes the use of
Business Intelligence (BI) to respond to the
problems posed, however it is not the only
option because there are other alternatives that
could be useful for the support of decision
making.
One factor identified as a major threat to
the acceptance of the project is corruption, it is
well known that the lack of credibility and
honesty of some middle and top managers in
public positions could hinder the
implementation of BI projects, because it could
be consult historical information that you do not
want to disclose, but it is also true that you
should start using BI Business Intelligence to
give clarity to government efforts, in order to
improve the goods and services offered, in turn
to exercise the assigned resources efficiently and
transparently.
The implementation of the BI project
aims to be a trigger for its use in other areas. It
also aims to be a reference guide for the
implementation of BI projects in public
organizations.
Finally, it is important to indicate that
this study is only a starting point and that there
is the possibility of continuing with more in-
depth research that contributes ideas, concepts
and improvements to this project.
Recommendations
It is important to involve all the participants in
the project, clearly communicating the purpose
and purpose of the BI project in DRMyF, so that
it can work in a coordinated manner according to
the assigned activities in each phase of the
project.
The support and participation of the
sponsors is fundamental, because the
authorization and allocation of resources depend
on them, so it is crucial to keep them informed
of the activities that are being carried out
according to the established communication
matrix, in order to achieve a commitment to the
project from its initiation to the conclusion.
The project plan in the Warehouse
Department is a document that establishes the
initiation and planning criteria for the project in
a simple and understandable way, so only
aspects applicable in the present study, taken
from the guide of the Fundamentals for Project
Management (PMBOK), with the aim of
providing clarity and formality to the proposed
result of the research carried out.
References
Bunge, Mario Augusto (2012): Tratado de
filosofía. Un mundo de sistemas. 1a. ed.
Barcelona: Gedisa.
Curto Díaz, Josep; Conesa Caralt, Jordi (2010):
Introducción al Business Intelligence.
Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Hernández Sampieri, Roberto; Fernández
Collado, Carlos; Baptista Lucio, Pilar (2014):
Metodología de la investigación. 6a ed. México,
D.F.: McGraw-Hill Education.
Laudon, Kenneth C.; Laudon, Jane Price;
Romero Elizondo, Alfonso Vidal; Cerón
Project Management Institute (2013): Guía de
los fundamentos para la dirección de proyectos
(Guía del PMBOK). Quinta edición. Newtown
Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management
Institute.
Project Management Institute (2016): PMI
Capítulo México. Disponible en línea
http://www.pmichapters-mexico.org/,
consultado 2/3/2017.
32
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 21-32
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ, Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana
María and HERNÁNDEZ-PRIETO, María de Lourdes. Application of Business Intelligence in
the warehouse department as support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods
to educational institutions of the State of Mexico. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
SEIEM Programa de Desarrollo Institucional
(2013): PRODI 2012-2017.
Skyttner, Lars (2005): General systems theory.
Problems, perspectives, practice. 2nd ed.
Singapore, Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
33
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
Diagnosis in the phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process
to a small family business in the industrial sector
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam*†, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-GARCÍA, Irma
Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora. Calle 5 de Febrero 818, Centro, Urb. No. 1, 85000 Cd Obregón, Son.
Received July 14, 2017; Accepted December 5, 2017
Abstract
The present study is descriptive, non-experimental and qualitative, carried out at a small family business
in the industrial sector in Sonora, Mexico, trying to answer the question: How to improve the
organizational performance of a small family business in the region? To which an administrative
diagnosis was made in the planning and organization phases, with the objective of to implement
proposals for improvement through administrative diagnosis to improve the organizational performance
of a small family business in the region. Based on the results obtained in the diagnosis, an improvement
plan was proposed as well as its implementation process to start whit the plan. As conclusions, it is not
enough to have empirical knowledge to create a company, it must have administrative knowledge that
allows the formalization of activities and vital processes for the organization to function properly and
can has optimum growth. In addition, it is considered extremely important to support small companies
in the region to formalize activities and improve processes, leading to an improvement in their
organizational performance, reflected in better products and / or services offered to customers, leading
to greater permanence and market participation.
Administrative Diagnosis, Administrative Process, Small Family Business
Citation: NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and
CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small
family business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting
2017. 1-1; 33-44
* Correspondence to Author (email: [email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
© RINOE Journal - Western Sahara www.rinoe.org
34
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Introduction
Small and medium enterprises that have earned
in the economy of the countries, but despite this,
faces the diversity of problems that prevent them
from remaining and / or subsisting in the market.
Estrada, García & Sánchez (2009) state that due
to the structural characteristics of small
businesses, it is common that they present
disadvantages both in terms of resources and
capacities compared to large companies. In the
same way, the authors assure that the factors
related to the success or failure of a small
company are innovation, technology and
certification in quality, human resources and
strategic planning. Arroyo, Espinosa and Erazo
(2011) agree with what was stated by the
previous authors, assuring that in Mexico there
are structural problems that hinder the
development of SMEs, the situation in which
there are more countries in the world, they also
state that it is important study and research small
businesses, considering that it is an important
factor for the growth and development of the
country; and if to the above it is added that the
small business is familiar, there are several
authors who agree that it is a broad field of study,
since it is research in this field.
For the parties, operations, operations,
conditions, conditions, conditions and
requirements in the future; In addition, provide
services for people involved in the diagnosis and
implementation of improvement proposals,
acquire the knowledge to better face the change
and the situation that may arise; hence the
interest of conducting the present study.
Justification
Without considering the first organizations with
commercial and industrial activity it constitutes
an extension of the family, there has been very
little interest in its existence and economic
importance throughout history, according to
Soto (2013).
That is to say, the countries of South
America are interested in knowing and revaluing
the economic role of this type of companies that
began their study in the mid-80s, and in Mexico,
their study is even more conservative.
For its part, Lozano (2000) states that in
Latin America has not yet investigated the
origins and consequences of conflicts in family
businesses and the problems facing these
companies Try to collaborate with its extension,
which, generate an effect positive in the
economic dynamics.
According to data provided by the
National Survey on Productivity and
Competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (ENAPROCE) (2015) conducted in
Mexico, of the total number of companies
considered, which were 26,997, 2% are small
businesses, which have 13.5% of the employed
personnel. 55.8% of the small companies
allocated the time and resources for the solution
and 30.8% of the prevention measures before the
productive process and the productive process.
24.4% of the small companies
considered that their business did not grow due
to excess of governmental and high procedures,
9.2% of them affirm that it is due to the lack of
credits, 11.7% due to the low demand of their
products, 7.5% due to the problems of public
insecurity, 14.9% affirm that it is due to the
competition of informal companies, 15.5%
assure that it is due to other problems, where the
low quality of raw materials, labor and
infrastructure is mentioned, Difficulty in
calculating taxes, energy costs and
telecommunications and problems in locating
the right personnel, only 16.8% of small
businesses that have no problem growing
(ENAPROCE, 2015).
35
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Based on the above information, the
interest in carrying out this study, which is aimed
at SMEs in the region who are interested in
improving their performance through the
detection of areas of opportunity in the
administrative functions of Planning and
Organization, is increased. , with the purpose
that based on the results obtained, the elements
in these functions have been enabled, thus
elevating the quality of the products and services
offered to its customers, which will result in
greater participation and permanence in the
market.
Problem
There are several studies to identify the
problems of SMEs, which have used two types
of approaches to characterize them, and which
Palomo (2005) calls "internal and external
approach". The first refers to the problems that
arise from the management of the business and
the economic sector to which it belongs and
which must be solved and improved as a
responsibility of the SME. The second approach
is the macroeconomic problems and over which,
the SME has no influence for its solution.
As a result of Palomo's (2005) analysis of
these studies, the main problems faced by SMEs
in Mexico are: lack of organization, which
includes the lack of a formal structure, lack of
written policies, lack of supervision,
performance standards and a planning system,
lack of staff training, high turnover and lack of
safety and hygiene; technological delay, lack of
accounting records, lack of financial resources,
lack of access to credit, lack of links with the
academic sector, lack of culture of process
innovation and technological development,
among others.
Likewise, Palomo (2005) mentions that
the publications available on the areas of
opportunity of SMEs are the same as those
studied for large companies, so the proposed
solutions do not concede the particularities of
these.
In turn, Gon (2003) mentions in his study
that most of the companies he interviewed
present problems in matters of family strategic
planning, communication, human resource
management techniques and in the succession of
business administration, what causes that the
company loses efficiency and competitiveness in
comparison with other companies that do not
present these disadvantages.
On the other hand, in the research
conducted by Beltrán (2006) in small and
medium-sized Colombian companies, in order to
identify the main problems that directly affect
their competitive level, the twenty common
problems that occur to a greater or lesser degree
are indicated in them, such as the lack of a
strategic plan; the use of inadequate
methodologies for costing products or services
offered, lack of use of policies and instruments
to promote exports of programs created by the
government; ignorance of international trade
agreements; affected management due to non-
compliance of suppliers, use of low quality raw
materials, lack of technically skilled labor,
unfavorable labor legislation; lack of knowledge
of local and international potential markets,
entry barriers to these markets; accounting seen
as an instrument to fulfill a fiscal obligation, is
not used to make decisions; lack of medium and
long-term financial projections due to ignorance
of the tools to carry them out; high level of short-
term debt, little contribution of capital by the
partners, difficult access to credit; ignorance of
local and international competition; poor
selection of distribution channels used; low level
of technological development in production and
in the administrative team.
36
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
In addition, Beltrán (2006) points out that
together with the previous problems, due to the
fact that most of the companies studied are
family SMEs, there are also situations that cause
conflict, such as the distribution of profits
between members of the family. the family who
work as those who do not work in the company;
there is informality in the mechanisms for
decision making, and operational aspects such as
schedules, discipline, remuneration of family
members who work in the company, among
others; generational shock in the face of
technological, commercial and financial
difficulties; claim of labor participation quotas
by political relatives; succession in the
command, among others.
Most of the problems mentioned by this
author, despite having been detected in
Colombian companies, can be considered in the
same way for Mexican organizations, as
mentioned by Gon (2003) and considering what
was presented by Palomo (2005).
In spite of the above, Soto (2013) affirms
that the research on the family business in
Mexico is in the process of being developed, so
there are still many lines of research that are
unexplored.
Starting from the above, on which there
is little research involving small family
businesses, in addition to considering the
problems that arise in this type of business, the
question arises in this study: How to improve the
organizational performance of a company? small
family business in the region?
Objective
Implement improvement proposals through
administrative diagnosis in order to improve the
organizational performance of a small family
business in the region.
Theoretical framework
Part of this investigation consisted in the
analysis of the following concepts:
Administrative diagnosis. For Gallego
and Triana (2015), the administrative diagnosis
has as main objective to analyze the company
and design improvement plans in its different
areas, allowing the administration to design new
strategies based on the results obtained, so that
the organization can be more competitive and
That way you can survive and grow in the long
term.
Campos, L., Ribeiro, M., Santos, K.,
Azevedo, K. and Sant'Ana, T. (2008), cite Santos
(2002), who states that administrative diagnosis
is a method of quantitative analysis performed
through data, at a given moment, of the causes of
low productivity of performance, identifying
deficiencies and imbalances, in order to develop
a program of reorganization and facilitation of
decision making.
For its part, Carballo (2013), says it is a
study that seeks to determine how the
organization is, its organizational structure, its
plans and programs, the coordination that exists
in each of its areas as well as the decisions taken
by the directors. Similarly, the author cites
Martínez (1998) who states that when putting
into practice an administrative diagnosis, there
are two main purposes: a) to serve as a basis for
concrete actions and, b) to base the strategies that
will be implemented with based on the needs of
the interested parties.
37
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Therefore, considering the
conceptualization provided by the
aforementioned authors, it can be affirmed that
the administrative diagnosis is a study through
which the organization and each one of the areas
that compose it is thoroughly known, and is
carried out with the purpose to detect areas of
opportunity in which concrete strategies are
implemented so that the company is more
competitive and can have greater permanence in
the market.
Administrative process. According to
Luna (2014) it is the base of the administration,
formed by a set of continuous and interrelated
stages through which the administration is
applied. Likewise, he mentions that the
administrative process is divided into two
phases: a) mechanics, which is the theoretical
part of the administration where what is to be
done is defined; and b) the dynamics, where it is
established how to lead the organization.
Blandez and Editorial Digital UNID
(2016), conceptualize the administrative process
as the functions performed by administrators
within organizations and receives that name
because within the companies are systematized
important activities for the achievement of
objectives, which are: establishment of these
objectives, allocation of the necessary resources,
coordination of activities and verification of
compliance with the objectives.
On the other hand, Benavides (2014)
ensures that the administrative process is to plan,
organize, integrate, direct and control the
activities of the organization, using the resources
with which it has the purpose of reaching
previously established goals, adding that the
functions of the administrative process are
constant and interminable, as well as dynamic
and interrelated.
It broadens its conceptualization by
pointing out that the raison d'être of every
company is the needs generated in the market,
which become the main input for it based on
which its purpose is established, and it is here,
the author mentions, "where the art of
administration is shown "; affirming that the
tasks of the administration are not a continuous
series of steps, but are performed
simultaneously, that is, the administrators can be
directing activities and at the same time planning
and controlling, and then repeat the planning and
so on depending of the requirements of the
organization.
Therefore, analyzing what has been said
by these authors, it can be said that the
administrative process is the set of interrelated
functions that each administrator performs in
order to achieve the objectives established in the
organization.
Small family business. For Miller and Le-
Breton (2005), quoted by Romero (2006) family
business is "that organization owned by a family,
which is controlled and managed maintaining
the expectation that the company continues from
one generation to another." The same author
assures that there are great difficulties in
investigating this type of companies, because
they seek to protect their confidentiality; his
field of study is very recent, the most important
publication on this subject is made in March
1988: the Family Business Review.
Another conceptualization, provided by
Bastar (2013) is: "entity for the purpose of
generating profits that is owned by a family, and
whose management / operation is in the hands of
members of said family" The same author
assures that in Latin America, the majority of
micro and small companies are family owned,
and are those that generate the highest
percentage of employment.
38
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
On the other hand, Claver, Rienda and
Pertusa, E. (2004) affirm that there is no clear
and unique definition of this type of companies,
but there are three features that distinguish them
and must be present when it refers to them: a)
transfer of the business through the different
generations, b) ownership and management
mostly in the hands of a family, and c) the
involvement of said family in everything
concerning the firm. Based on this, the authors
conceptualize it as "any organization whose
ownership and direction is mostly in the hands
of a family and there is a desire for continuity
towards the following generations, inculcating
its members with a sense of identity through
family culture".
On the other hand, Tàpies (2011) mentions
that the European Group of Owner Managed and
Family Enterprises (GEEF), a European
association founded in 1997 by associations of
family businesses from different countries,
proposed a definition in 2009 that seems to be
accepted in a majority, ensuring that any
company, regardless of its size, is considered a
family business if: a) the majority of the shares
with voting rights belong to the individual who
founded the company, the person or individuals
who have acquired the company , or their
spouses, parents, children or descendants
thereof; b) the possession of the majority of the
shares with the right to vote may be directly or
indirectly; c) at least one representative of the
family is involved in the governance and
administration of the company; d) listed
companies are considered to be family members
if the person who founded or acquired the
company or their families or descendants owns
at least 25% of the voting rights conferred by
their percentage of share capital.
On the other hand, Geneva (2005)
provides as characteristics of the family business
the following variables: a) relationships of
affection, meaning that the ties that unite them
are the same that will procure reciprocal welfare;
b) enormous comprehension, they know each
other very well, so the formal communication is
very little; c) acceptance of the authority,
whether of the father, mother or older siblings;
and d) common purpose, to be a family there is
unity of its members, which makes them have an
end in common. Likewise, Rojo, Diéguez and
López (2011), cite Comblé et Colot (2006) who
argues that there are three elements that must be
present to classify a company as a family: 1) the
control of capital by the family, 2) the active
participation of the family in the management of
the company, and 3) the transmission or
willingness to transmit the company to the next
generation.
In addition to the above, there are several
criteria to classify the size of the company, the
one suggested by Luna (2014) is shown in Table
1, which is based on the number of employees,
according to Small Business Administration,
Financial Executives in Mexico and Nacional
Financiera, who also presents the classification
by economic sector:
National Financial Small
Business
Administ
ration
(USA)
Finan
ce
Execu
tives
(Mexi
co)
Sector
Magni
tude
Indus
trial
Comm
ercial
Serv
ices
Micro 1- 30 1-5 1-20 -- --
Little 31-
100
6-20 21-
50
1-250 1-25
Media
n
101-
500
21-100 51-
100
251-500 26-
250
Big +500 +100 +100 +500 +251
Source: Own elaboration with information from Luna
(2014)
Table 1 Classification of the company
39
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
Taking into consideration the
aforementioned, it can be added that the small
family business is any economic entity that,
according to the sector to which it belongs,
complies with the number of employees required
and the administration of the same is in the hands
of a member of the family who is considered the
owner of that company.
Research Methodology
The present investigation is descriptive, not
experimental and qualitative. Because it
describes the characteristics and current
situation of the small family business under
study, in addition to identifying areas of
opportunity, collecting data and obtaining
information without manipulation of variables.
Object of study. Small family business in
the industrial sector, which manufactures and
repairs hot-dog cars.
It was founded in 2010 when the owner of
the company buys the first hot-dog trolleys that
make up the group of this business, which, in the
beginning, were rented. Because the business
was growing rapidly, by 2012 it is necessary to
buy more cars not only to rent them, but also to
sell them, getting involved for this date in the
family business the owner's son. Currently there
are five family members involved in the
business.
In 2016 the founder of the company dies,
so his son takes charge, who expands the
business, besides renting and selling the hot-dog
cars, he bought machinery necessary to start with
the manufacture and repair thereof.
Instruments. To obtain the information
required in the present investigation, two
instruments were elaborated, with the purpose of
evaluating the functions of planning and
organization of the administrative process of the
small family business under study, which were
answered by the manager of the business.
The content of these instruments is
described below:
a) for the planning phase, the questionnaire
was composed of twenty items, focused on
knowing if the organization has mission, vision,
objectives, values, strategies, policies,
procedures, programs and rules, as well as
questioning who is involved in the preparation of
plans and in the decision making of the
organization. Some of the questions were open
and others were dichotomous. The questions
about the mission have as objective to know if
this one is designed in attachment to the turn of
the company, if it is clear and known by the
employees; The questions about the objectives
are intended to know if the company has them, if
they are written and if they have been made
known to employees. When asking about the
strategies, it is with the purpose of knowing if
they are related to the established goals and
objectives. Questions about policies, regulations
and procedures seek to identify if they have been
established for the organization and transmitted
to employees.
The purpose of the questions about
programs and decision making is to obtain
information about who participates in its
elaboration as well as the procedure that is
followed to apply them.
b) to obtain information in the
Organization phase, the instrument consists of
twenty-two questions related to organizational
charts, job descriptions, administrative manuals
and authority, seeking information on the
organizational structure and the appropriate use
of administrative tools. The questions about the
organization chart have the objective of knowing
if the company has this, if it is updated and
designed according to the current structure of the
organization. The questions regarding the job
description are intended to know first if you have
them, if so, if they were developed considering
all the activities carried out in each position that
makes up the organizational structure.
40
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
The rest of the questions are focused on
knowing if the organization has administrative
manuals, and if these are known and used by
employees. Finally, the authority is questioned,
if the employees know the lines of authority
contained in the organization chart, if there is
delegation of authority to said employees and if
this authority is clearly defined for each of the
positions.
Procedure. To carry out this investigation
the following procedure was developed:
1. Contact with the company under study.
First, a search was made of small family
businesses that agreed to participate in the
research project, resulting in the company that
manufactures and repairs hot-dog cars.
2. Familiarization with the company under
study. Through an interview with the owner of
the company the research project was presented,
explaining in detail the objective of the study,
the procedure to be followed and the benefits
that could be obtained by participating in the
research.
3. Characterization of the small family
business. Once the company was presented with
the research project, a characterization of it was
carried out, through a structured interview with
the owner of the company, obtaining
information about its background, turnover,
number of employees, products and / or services
offered to the market, types of customers, among
others.
4. Design and validation of the instrument
to obtain information. The instrument was
designed to perform the administrative diagnosis
of the planning and organization functions.
5. Application of the designed instrument.
Once the designed instrument was validated, it
was applied to the person in charge of the small
family business, since it is the person indicated
to answer the questions raised due to their
experience and seniority within the organization.
6. Analysis of the information obtained.
Based on the answers that were obtained when
applying the designed instrument, the
administrative diagnosis of the planning and
organization functions was elaborated, which
reflects the real situation presented by the small
family business in these areas.
7. Preparation of improvement proposals.
From the obtained diagnosis, the elaboration of
proposals of improvement for the areas of
opportunity detected in the small family
business, denro of the phases of planning and
organization was derived.
8. Development of improvement proposals
for the small family business. Based on the
improvement proposals elaborated, we
proceeded to the design and development of the
same, in order that the employer can implement
them in the short term.
9. Preparation of the final report. A report
of results was prepared to present the
entrepreneur, which contains the diagnosis
made, the proposed improvement proposals and
the development of the same, in addition a
process of implementation of said proposals is
suggested.
Results
The administrative diagnosis of the planning and
organization functions prepared based on the
information obtained by applying the designed
instrument is as follows:
The company under study is a small family
business where five members of the family are
part of the staff. This organization was formed
based on the empirical knowledge of the hot-dog
carts that its founder had, starting operations in
2010 when he bought the first trolleys which, at
that time, were for rent only.
41
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
For the year 2012, the business grows and
the purchase of more carts is made but not only
to rent, but also to sell them for what the owner
decides to involve his son, and to whom he
shares his knowledge about the business of the
dogs. At the beginning of 2016, the founder of
the small family business dies, leaving his son in
charge of the business, who in turn begins to
involve his son due to the increase in the
clientele and the flow of the activities of the
organization, who proposes to implement new
strategies to the business, venturing on this
occasion, in addition to the rent and sale, the
design and assembly of cars for hot-dog, so it
had to acquire the necessary machinery for the
assembly of this product. With the acquisition of
said machinery, it also began with the repair of
the units that had been operating the longest,
allowing the repair of units to individuals to be
added to their list of services. Therefore, the type
of customers to whom this business directs its
products and services are all those people
interested in starting a business selling hot dogs
and who do not want or can not buy the car, so it
is necessary to renten one; people who have the
economic capacity to appropriate the hot-dog car
to start or continue with this business, and people
who already have a car, but need to provide
maintenance and / or repair to continue with their
work.
As part of the diagnosis, despite the fact
that the family business grew rapidly, the people
who have been directing it lack theoretical
knowledge about administrative issues, which
has led to a lack of formal planning, therefore, it
does not They have a vision, mission, objectives,
values, regulations, or some other type of plan.
Currently, the only rules that apply are those
related to hours of operation and the use of
machinery, but these are not in writing and are
made known to employees only by word of
mouth. In the same way, the activities and
procedures executed and that are vital for the
functioning of the organization, are not
formalized either.
An advantage that the organization under
study presents is that the five members of the
family who are working in it contribute directly
to the decisions that are made, discussing the
alternatives and solution options that can be
taken; However, the measurement of the
achievement of objectives is lacking, since when
these are not found in writing, there is no basis
on which the degree of compliance is measured.
Although employees say they are clear
about their activities, there is evidence of
duplication of functions, as well as a lack of
clarity or knowledge about who they directly
depend on and who they have to report to, since
the small family business lacks a organization
chart where each of the posts that make up the
organizational structure and its hierarchical
levels are captured and there is no document
describing and detailing the activities that must
be carried out in each of the positions that make
up this organizational structure. Similarly, there
is no procedure manual, currently only one
document is used that is located on the wall of
the area where the hot-dog trolleys are
manufactured or repaired, in which the
measurements of each one of them are specified.
the parts of the cart, as well as the instructions to
assemble it. This document is based on the
employees of the production area both for the
manufacture of new cars and to reassemble those
to whom some type of repair or maintenance is
performed. Both the procedure and the measures
are the same as they have been since the
company started operations.
The improvement proposals developed
and developed for this organization, start from
the deficiencies detected through the
administrative diagnosis made and are the
following:
1) Design the mission, vision, objective
(s), values, regulations, procedures and any type
of plan that is considered vital for the
functioning of this organization.
42
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
2) Prepare the organization chart of the
small family business that contains the positions
that make up its organizational structure.
3) Design job descriptions for each of the
positions that are part of the structure of the
company, which details the activities to be
performed in each of them, as well as the
specifications of the same.
4) Formalize both administrative and
production processes that are carried out in the
small family business, through the detailed
description of these.
5) Design and implementation of an
organization manual.
6) Design and implementation of a
procedures manual, describing the processes of
production, repair, rent, and all those processes
vital for the proper functioning of the
organization.
7) Rearrangement of the facilities, which
will allow more space for new machinery or
simply have greater breadth and comfort for
workers.
8) Formalize the rental process of the units
through the design and implementation of a
contract, which is used at the time of renting
those units, thus avoiding losses, either by theft
or mistreatment of these.
In addition to the administrative diagnosis,
the design and development of improvement
proposals, an implementation plan for these
improvements was also presented to the
organization, in order to ensure a greater
proportion of the objective of the present
investigation, leaving the Following way:
1) Present the mission, vision, objective
(s), values and other types of plans designed to
the employees in an informative meeting, also
taking advantage of the presentation of the
organization chart and other documents that are
part of the company's formalization.
2) Review jointly the manuals of both
organization and procedures, because with the
design of the job description, the functions of
each position must vary, thus avoiding
duplication of functions that has been presented.
The above is important because in this way the
employer will ensure that each of its employees
knows in detail all these documents and can
perform their activities under this new scheme.
3) Place in a visible place within the
organization at least the mission, vision,
objective (s) and organization chart since it is
important that all workers can be constantly
consulting said documents.
4) Provide each employee with a copy of
both the organization manual and the procedures
manual, so that they are available to them
whenever they need to consult them.
5) Safeguard in a safe place the originals
of the documentation designed, to start from
these, make the relevant updates at the time that
is required.
Conclusions
Based on the results obtained in the study made
to this organization, it can be confirmed that the
creation of a company can be done based solely
on the empirical knowledge available to the
owner or founder of it; but these are not enough,
it is necessary to have administrative knowledge,
which will allow the formalization of activities
and vital processes for its proper functioning and
optimal growth process.
43
Article RINOE Journal December 2017 Vol.1 No.1 33-44
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María Elvira, ESPERZA-
GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-MENDÍVIL, Yesenia. Diagnosis in the
phases of Planning and Organization of the Administrative Process to a small family
business in the industrial sector. Journal-Business administration and business
economics; Marketing; Accounting 2017
ISSN-2531-3002
RINOE® All rights reserved
With the proposals for improvement and
the process of implementation of the same made
to the small family business under study, it is
concluded that it is of the utmost importance to
support small businesses in the region to
formalize their activities and improve their
processes, which will give origin to an
improvement in their organizational
performance, reflected in better products and / or
services to offer their customers, which in turn
will lead to greater permanence and participation
of the market.
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Should not be images-everything must be editable.
Each article shall present separately in 3 folders: a) Figures, b) Charts and c) Tables in .JPG
format, indicating the number and sequential Bold Title.
RINOE Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting
For the use of equations, noted as follows:
Yij = α + ∑ βhXhijrh=1 + uj + eij (1)
They must be editable and number aligned on the right side.
Methodology
Develop give the meaning of the variables in linear writing and important is the comparison of
the used criteria.
Results
The results shall be by section of the article.
Annexes
Tables and adequate sources thanks to indicate if they were funded by any institution, University
or company.
Conclusions
Explain clearly the results and possibilities of improvement.
References
Using APA system, should Not be numbered, either bulleted, however, if necessary, will be
because reference number or referred to in any of the article.
RINOE Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting
Data Sheet
Each article must submit your dates into a Word document (.docx):
Journal Name
Article title
Abstract
Keywords
Article sections, for example:
1. Introduction
2. Description of the method
3. Analysis from the regression demand curve
4. Results
5. Thanks
6. Conclusions
7. References
Author Name (s)
Email Correspondence to Author
References
RINOE Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting
Western Sahara ____, ____ 20_____
Originality Format
I understand and agree that the results are final dictamination so authors must sign before starting the
peer review process to claim originality of the next work.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Article
_____________________
Signature
_____________________
Name
RINOE Journal-Business administration and business economics; Marketing; Accounting
Western Sahara ____, ____ 20_____
Authorization Form
I understand and accept that the results of evaluation are inappealable. If my article is accepted for
publication, I authorize ECORFAN-Republic of Peru to reproduce it in electronic data bases, reprints,
anthologies or any other media in order to reach a wider audience.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Article
_____________________
Signature
_____________________
Name
Journal-Business administration and Business economics; Marketing; Accounting
The Strategic management allied in the organizational performance of
the SMEs
LEYVA-OSUNA, Beatriz, Alicia, JACOBO-HERNÁNDEZ,
Carlos Armando and DÁVILA-AGUIRRE, Mario César
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora
Generation of customized tourist routes using AI Planning
ELIZALDE-RAMÍREZ, Fernando, MAYA-PADRÓN, Cristina
and REBILLAS-LOREDO, Victoria
Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey,
Universidad Politécnica de García, Universidad Politécnica de
Cataluña
Application of Business Intelligence in the warehouse department as
support to improve the planning, logistics and distribution of goods to
educational institutions of the State of Mexico
ROMERO-ROMERO, Araceli, HERNÁNDEZ-SUAREZ,
Alejandro, RAMÍREZ-PAREJA, Ana María and HERNÁNDEZ-
PRIETO, María de Lourdes
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México
Diagnosis in the phases of Planning and Organization of the
Administrative Process to a small family business in the industrial
sector
NAVARRO-ARVIZU, Elba Myriam, LÓPEZ-PARRA, María
Elvira, ESPERZA-GARCÍA, Irma Guadalupe and CLARK-
MENDÍVIL, Yesenia
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora