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Johne’s Control:An Atlantic Canada Success
StoryGreg Keefe DVM MSc MBA
Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island
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Overview of Disease Johne’s Disease (Yo-nees), Paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)
Chronic, Infectious Enteritis Milk production losses Premature culling Reduced fertility Diarrhea and emaciation
Photos courtesy of
www.johnes.org
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CalfHigh risk of
infection
Fecal oral infection
Colostrum risk
No outward signs
Infected cow
May shed
No overt signs
Lower production
Poor Reproductio
n
HeiferIncubating
Low risk of infection/she
d
No overt signs
Lower production
Clinical cow
Shedding
Chronic weight loss
Diarrhea
Lower production
Median age between infection and shedding is 5 years
Most animals get culled for low production before clinical
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All HerdsInfected Herds
Infected Cows
Infectious Cows
Affected Cows
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JD research in Atlantic Canada
15 years ago estimated that the prevalence was 17% of herds and about 2.5% of cows Blood test of 30 cows
in each of 90 herds Focus on diagnostic
test evaluation Determined the
limitations of blood or milk testing
20-40% of infectious cows
10-20% of infected cows
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Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative
December 2009 industry meeting
Economic Loss Decreased milk
production Culling and
reproduction Cattle Movement
Infection reservoir cows Movement = spread
Market Access Competitive advantage
for local genetics
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Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative
Program Pillars Education Infection control & prevalence
reduction Research
MQM lab is USDA proficiency tested for 5
Johne’s diagnostics
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Education
Website (www.atlanticjohnes.ca) Mailings and media 47 certified veterinarians
Delivering 1 on 1 farm specific management plan education to dairy producers
EconomicsAwareness Biosecurity Heifers
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Control ProgramHerd Categorization
Environmental Culture (EC)Voluntary
Fully funded
Risk Assessment & Management Plan (RAMP)
Required if herd tested Fully funded
Cow Testing
Voluntary - EC positive herds eligible Partial funding
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Herd categorization procedures
Environmental culture (USDA) Manure samples
from 6 sites on farm Cheaper than
testing every cow No immediate cow
data Interpretation of
cow data complex in low prevalence farms
No risk of “false positive”
Whole Herd Milk ELISA (Ontario) DHI milk samples Cow data to cull
very high titre animals
False positive results – culling unnecessarily
Risk that farmers rely on culling rather than “management”
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Simulating Johne’s control
Kudahl AB, Ostergaard S, Sørensen JT, Nielsen SS. A stochastic model simulating paratuberculosis in a dairy herd. Prev Vet Med. 2007 Feb 16;78(2):97-117.
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AJDI testing goals
Minimize false test results Motivate farmers to take
MANAGEMENT actions Ongoing herd and cow testing
project Focus on low within herd prevalence
herds Dr. Carrie Lavers (PhD)
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Herd-level testing
020
4060
8010
0Se
nsiti
vity
at t
he h
erd
leve
l (%
)
0 2 4 6 8 10Within-herd prevalence (%)
Sensitivity (Herd level) 95% Confidence interval
020
4060
8010
0S
ensi
tivity
of E
C
0 5 10 15Within Herd Test Prevalence (Fecal Culture)
Sensitivity CI_lowCI_high
Environmental CultureSensitivity 71.4%Specificity 98.6% (100%)
Milk ELISA (2% cutoff)Sensitivity 55.7%Specificity 95.8%
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Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative
NB NL NS PE Total0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
60.77%82.76%
71.91% 73.30% 69.28%
Program Launch: June 2011Enrolled 459 unique herds
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EC Herd PrevalenceRound 1Total Herds Tested
459Total Herds EC Positive88 (19.2%)1/6 EC Sites Positive23 (5.0%)
2/6 EC Sites Positive 13 (2.8%)
3/6 EC Sites Positive 4 (0.9%)
4/6 EC Sites Positive 7 (1.5%)
5/6 EC Sites Positive 4 (0.9%)
6/6 EC Sites Positive 37 (8.1%)
EC Herd Prevalence
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EC Herd PrevalenceRound 2Total Herds Tested
374Total Herds EC Positive84 (22.7%)1/6 EC Sites Positive23 (6.1%)
2/6 EC Sites Positive 9 (2.4%)
3/6 EC Sites Positive 10 (2.7%)
4/6 EC Sites Positive 8 (2.1%)
5/6 EC Sites Positive 6 (1.6%)
6/6 EC Sites Positive 29 (7.8%)
EC Herd Prevalence
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Predicting Within Herd Prevalence (Lavers research)
0.0
5.1
.15
With
in H
erd
Te
st P
reva
lenc
e (P
rop
ortio
n)
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Proportion Of Positive Environmental Cultures
prev plbpub
2/6 positive
6/6 positive
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Overall Prevalence
Total herds tested positive over 2 years = 118
Cumulative prevalence = 25.7%
Identified 75% of those in year 1 and 25% only after second round Very close to what would be predicted
from Lavers research !
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Benchmarking Atlantic Canada
USDA study 2006 68% of herds positive on single round
Alberta 26% positive in first round Higher rate in year 2
Different collection procedures
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Risk Assessment ScoringRisk Assessment Section
Proportion of Maximum Risk Score
EC (-) EC (+)
Section 1: General Johne’s and Biosecurity
0.54 (0.51-0.57) 0.69 (0.63-0.74)
Section 2: Calving Area 0.52 (0.50-0.54) 0.55 (0.51-0.60)
Section 3: Pre-weaned Heifers 0.35 (0.34-0.37) 0.39 (0.36-0.43)
Section 4: Weaned to First Calving Heifers
0.45 (0.42-0.47) 0.50 (0.45-0.54)
Section 5: Dry Cows 0.38 (0.36-0.40) 0.42 (0.39-0.46)
Section 6: Lactating Cows 0.39 (0.37-0.41) 0.44 (0.40-0.48)
Section 1: Management PracticesProportion of Maximum Risk Score
EC (-) EC (+)
Access visitors have to cattle on the farm
0.78 (0.75-0.84) 0.81 (0.72-0.91)
History of clinical Johne’s disease 0.25 (0.22-0.27) 0.63 (0.55-0.71)
History of animal purchases 0.61 (0.56-0.66) 0.78 (0.69-0.87)
Exposure to other farms, animals or manure
0.40 (0.35-0.45) 0.42 (0.34-0.53)
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Herd Management Plan
Maximum of 3 Best Management Practices Rank recommendations in order of
priority Agreement between producer and vet
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Recommendations for EC Negative Herds Freq. Rank 1
Animals are not purchased (closed herd)
51% 70%
>90% of calves removed <30 minutes
33% 38%
No visitors or require clean clothing 23% 42%
Colostrum and milk bottle/bucket fed cleaning
21% 36%
Non-saleable milk never fed to calves 16% 24%
Recommendations for EC Positive Herds Freq. Rank 1
Animals are not purchased (closed herd)
43% 65%
>90% of calves removed <30 minutes
31% 53%
No more than a single cow in calving area
21% 15%
Feed milk replacer/pasteurized milk 20% 42%
Feed pasteurized/artificial colostrum 18% 45%
Management Plan by EC Result
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Why “Success” Exceeded targets for participation
Highest of all voluntary programs Hats off to program vets/industry
steering group!!! Education/extension success
One on one Prevalence moderate
Lower than some regions (opportunity?)
9% of herds have substantial problem Can we build on this successful
model?
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Special Thanks Collaborators
Drs Shawn McKenna, Marcelo Chaffer, Carrie Lavers, Emilie Laurin, Karen MacDonald Phillips
AJDI & MQM Staff Art Gennis, Norman Wiebe, MariaVasquez, Natasha
Robinson and Theresa Andrews AJDI Steering Committee
Reint Jan Dykstra, Bloyce Thompson, Phillip Vroegh, Dr. Pauline Duivenrooden , Dr. Frank Schenkels, Richard Van Oord, Doug Thompson, Brian Cameron and Harry Burden
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Check out this video
bit.ly/HJhnjv Johne’s Disease in Canadian Dairy
Herds -What is means to farmers By the U of Guelph MAP team –
Steven Roche and Dave Kelton www.atlanticjohnes.ca