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John Ward, REDT Energy Ltd. Dublin.
REDT Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB)
‘Firming Up’ Wind Energy & The DECC Gigha Project in Scotland
Meitheal Na Gaoithe Conference, Kilkenny
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Agenda
• Background to the Technology Development
• VRFB – What is it ?
• Review of VRFB technology - performance at stack level and scale up to grid systems
• Applications in Brief & Progress to date
• Demonstration Project – Gigha
• Conclusion
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VRFB – What is it ?
Key features for reliability:
• Power and energy independent Scalable from 5kW to 10MW, with 3 to18 hours discharge duration
• Deep discharge capability Capable of 10,000 cycle life with minimal degradation >20 year life
Partial cycles have no effect on system life
• Safe operation Ambient temperature, non- flammable, environmentally sound – zero emissions.
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Vanadium – What is it ?The 23rd element in the periodic table
Vanadium is a silverish transition metal (the valence electrons exist in more than one shell). In normal states, vanadium atoms have 23 protons, 23 electrons, and 28 neutrons. Very High Columbic Efficiency -98%
23 P 28 N
Electron shells
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VRFB 5kW Stack – Building block
All polymer materials, high integrity sealed system
Low impedance membrane electrodestructure Charge/discharge ratio 1:1
5kWe nominal, 8.5kWe peak (15 mins)
Future target of 15kW
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Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Benefits
Low LCOE >20 year life– Lowest cost over life in class– Modular from 5kW to 5MW to
match loads, scale duration from hours to days
– Stack life > 10,000 cycles, electrolyte indefinite life, re-usable & recyclable
• Performance– Deep discharge cycles, uses
100% of available capacity– Charge retention, almost
indefinite in standby mode– 75-85% round trip efficiency– Partial cycles have 0 effect
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Battery Life Cycle based on Depth of Discharge
VRFBLithiumPolynomial (Lithium)Deep Cycle Lead AcidPolynomial (Deep Cycle Lead Acid)GEL Lead Acid
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Timeline of development
R&D phase
Demonstration phase
Low cost manufactured product launch phase
2014: 7 units 15-18010 demo unit facility launchTested quality process productionR&D cost down plan
2015-17: Volume productionAutomation Large volumeR&D cost down
2013:60kWhsystem in Portugal
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Original 30kWh VRFB pilot system – 2011
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Containerised modular VRFB system designs -standardised for volume production
5-3010-30
5-6010-60
15-18030-18045-18060-180
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ISO Standard 20’ container section – 60kW x 180kWh
• 12 x 5kW rated stacks per battery• Insulated air flow thermal control system• Argon blanketed electrolyte
• Safety – leakage, fire, hydrogen detection• 96,000 Litres of electrolyte per container• Excess electrolyte enables deep discharge
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The Isle of Gigha and the Application
• Community owned Wind• Population ~150• Tourism, Farming, Brewing • Renewables potential• Sub-sea cable• One of the longest 11 kV feeders to
mainland• Remote and wild
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Regional Context – The Western Isles
• Argyll generation severely constrained
• SSE cable upgrades scheduled for 2015
• Test site for VRFB selected by CES
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The Isle of Gigha and the Application
Current position:
• New (4th) wind turbine installed - exceeds T&D limits
• 330 kW constrained to 225 kW at 0.85 p.f. • Line capacity upgrades not yet available• Lose 3 GWh over asset life
Primary objective:• Constrained energy recovery with on- peak
dispatch• Enhanced FIT benefit• Opportunity to increase RE generation by
30%
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VRFB Applications – Grid balancing services
Typical Energy Storage application for grid peak shaving with baseload power
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Parker SSD EGT Control System
Parker SSD PCS working with the REDT VRFB has a system response time of less than 5m/s and can therefore perform multiple intra-cycle control functions. Electronics and cable inductance are limiting factors not the energy storage system itself.
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Firm Frequency Response (FFR) Profile Gigha 105kW rated system - RoCoF
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Short term operational reserve (STOR) Profile
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Arbitrage Profile
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Constrained Energy Profile – Typical day Gigha system 105kW x 1.26MWh
Blue = ESS kW, Charging when negative Red = Stored energy MWh start/finish @ zero SOC
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System Services Summary
Frequency Control
Voltage Control
Regulation of Curtailment
Arbitrage
Improvement of output prediction
Post demonstration stage the technology will be rolled out to other islands
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Conclusions
• Energy storage is entering the mainstream • The Technology is constantly evolving and becoming cheaper
– full suite of services and dispatch for c.5 euro/Mwh• REDT will be ready for large scale deployment supporting
wind energy & Solar in Q3 2015 • Within 5 years there will be large scale deployment of
distributed storage worldwide• Market for storage globally is $10Bn by 2017(19), 33% of this
is estimated to be flow batteries• Possibility of an entirely renewable power system…?
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Thank you for your attention – Questions ?
www.redtenergy.com