JEONG-KI KAM, Ph.D.JEONG-KI KAM, Ph.D.Prof., Kyungnam University, South KoreaProf., Kyungnam University, South KoreaVisiting Researcher, University of LeedsVisiting Researcher, University of Leeds
Disablism ?
Similar Concepts ?
Attributes of Discrimination
Process to Conceptualize AD
Implications
CONTENTS
Why Ambivalence ?
Where Was the Idea from ?
Constructs of Attitude
Conceptual Structure of AD
Discussion
- An abbreviated expression of 'discriminatory attitude against the people with disabilities'
cf. sexism, ageism, racism, ableism, etc.
- “Discriminatory, oppressive or abusive behavior arising from the belief that disabled people are inferior to others.” (Miller et al., 2004; Mark Deal, 2007)
Disablism ?
- complexity of attitudes
- possibility of distortion of attitudes toward disability or the disabled touchiness of disability issues legal prohibition of overt discriminatory behaviors improvement of general consciousness and morality
Why Ambivalence? : general background
Aversive Disablism (Mark Deal, 2007)
Covert, Subtle, or Unintentional Discrimination
Indirect Discrimination
Similar Concepts?
"Hostile sexism": involves negative feelings toward women.
"Benevolent sexism": a knight-in-shining armor ideology that offers protection and affection to women who conform to traditional gender roles. (e.g., cute girlfriend, obedient wife, etc.)
Where Was the Idea from?
Ambivalent Sexism
Origin: prejudice, bias, misunderstanding, etc.
Features: segregation, hate, contempt, less favorable treatment, ruling, etc.
Results: disadvantage, social exclusion, inequality, dehumanization, limitation of rights, etc.
Attributes of Discrimination
Cognitive Aspect: belief or perceptual reactions
Affective Aspect: feeling or psychological reactions
Behavioral Aspect: behavioral intention or concrete behavior
Constructs of Attitude
Literature review
Defining key concepts at the abstract level
Specialists’ review of the statements 105 statements
Process to Conceptualize AD - 1
Gathering general statements explaining attitudes toward the people with disabilities 305 statements
A priori categorization of disablism
Pretest 1 factor analysis and readjustment 64 statements
Main test factor analysis, reliability test, validity test 2 realms, 3 categories, 6 sub-concepts, 35 statements
Process to Conceptualize AD - 2
Pretest 2 factor analysis and readjustment 46 statements
Conceptual Structure of AD
CATEGORIES
REALMS
Degradation Segregation Dominance
Hostile
Discrim.despising
exclusive
segregation
necessitarian
dominance
Benevolent
Discrim.pity
protective
segregation
paternalistic
dominance
Category 1 - Degradation
DEFINITION
The attitude to consider
the people with disabilities
as inferior to those without disabilities
and to devaluate them.
Category 2 - Segregation
DEFINITION
The attitude to avoid, separate or
set apart the people with disabilities
from the mainstream society
on account that they are different
from those without disabilities
Category 3 - Dominance
DEFINITION
The attitude that rationalizes the superior The attitude that rationalizes the superior
or ruling status of the people without or ruling status of the people without
disabilities with the excuse that those with disabilities with the excuse that those with
disabilities, who have only limited ability, disabilities, who have only limited ability,
can hardly live independentlycan hardly live independently
Hostile Degradation - Despising
DEFINITION
The attitude to see the disabled as
humble, valueless, and even abnormal.
EXAMPLE
“Persons with disabilities are hard to please.”
“Persons with disabilities have poor judgment.”
Benevolent Degradation - Pity
DEFINITION
The attitude to account the disabled
to be the objects of compassion or mercy
not as equal people.
EXAMPLE“I cannot help feeling sore when I come in contact with a story of a poor disabled person's life.”
“I feel sorry for the persons with disabilities when I meet them by chance.”
Hos. Segregation – Exclusive Seg.
DEFINITION
The attitude to exclude the disabled
from the mainstream society or not to accept
them to be integrated into the society
EXAMPLE“I feel uncomfortable when I come across a person with disability. ”
“I come to be nervous when I am with a person with disability for a while.”
Ben. Segregation – Protective Seg.
DEFINITION The attitude to rationalize the segregation of the disabled by reason that they need to be protected from the harsh society.
EXAMPLE“The disabled persons might not feel easy when they are with the non-disabled ones. ”
“The disabled student might be placed at a disadvantaged position when he/she gets together with the non-disabled ones.”
Hos. Dominance – Necessitarian Dom.
DEFINITION: The attitude to justify disadvantaging the disabled considering them to be burdens rather than contributors to the society. According to this attitude, it is undesirable to provide for the disabled generously, because this may aggravate their dependency.
EXAMPLE "It is inevitable for the disabled with limited economic capacity to be poor."
“It is excessive for society to care for enhancing the living conditions of the disabled to details.”
Ben. Dominance – Paternalistic Dom.
DEFINITION: The attitude to see that the disabled, as inferior to the non-disabled, need warmhearted care by society. It contains covert expectation that this kind of care, as a result, might contribute to the interests of the non-disabled.
EXAMPLE“It's natural for a healthy person to do a favor for the disabled one. ”
“The disabled people deserve societal care, because they are fragile. ”
Theoretical implications
: The concept might broaden the horizon of understanding about the substance of disablism by providing us with more affluent insight
Implications
Practical implications
: The concept might contribute to removing disabilsm that cannot be dealt with legally by giving us more ideas about what should be changed
Is the idea/concept of Ambivalent Disablism acceptable and applicable?
Is it reasonable to acknowledge the sub-concepts of Benevolent Discrimination as discrimination?
Is there any other point which needs to be considered in addition?
Discussion
Is there any sub-concept which needs to be revised or renamed?