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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 19
1. Lesson 19 Vocabulary2. The Concept of Voice
3. 1st & 2nd Conj., Pres. System, Passive Voice:a) Present Passive Indicative
b) Imperfect Passive Indicativec) Future Passive Indicative
d) Present Passive Imperative
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Lesson 19 Vocabulary
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aestās, aestātis, f.
summer
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hiems, hiemis, f.
winter
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lūx, lūcis, f.
light
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pāx, pācis, f.
peace
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salūs, salūtis, f.
safety, welfare
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vōx, vōcis, f.
voice
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The Concept of Voice
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Verb Characteristics
• All Latin verbs have FIVE characteristics; we have seen four so far:
1. Person: “who?” – 1st / 2nd / 3rd
2. Number: “how many?” – SG / PL
3. Tense: “when?” – pres. / impf. / fut. / perf. / plupf. / fut. pf.
4. Mood: “what kind of action?” – indic. / impv. / [subjunctive]
• the fifth characteristic of a Latin verb is VOICE
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The Concept of Voice• voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action
or the action is being done to the subject
• if the subject is doing the action, the verb is in the active voice (we have only seen active verbs)
– I was watching the lions in the arena.
– Leōnēs in arenā spectābam.
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The Concept of Voice• voice tells you whether the subject is doing the action
or the action is being done to the subject
• if the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice
– I was being watched by the lions in the arena.
– Spectābar ā leōnibus in arenā.
• In English, we tend to avoid using the passive voice, but Latin uses it very frequently
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1st-2nd ConjugationPresent System, Passive Voice
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r2nd
3rd
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r2nd -ris, -re3rd
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r2nd -ris, -re3rd -tur
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re3rd -tur
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re -minī3rd -tur
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The Passive Voice• in the present system, the passive is conjugated exactly
like the active voice (same rules), but with one major difference:
the passive voice uses its own set of personal endings!!!
Passive Personal Endings
SG PL1st -or, -r -mur2nd -ris, -re -minī3rd -tur -ntur
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A Note on Sum, Esse, Fuī, Futūrus• Passive forms DO NOT EXIST!
• The verb “to be” only exists in the active voice
• Active forms of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus are used in constructing the perfect passive system
• But the passive of “to be” itself does not exist
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Present Passive Indicative
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnā oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnā2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnātur oppugnā
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnā3rd oppugnātur oppugnā
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī3rd oppugnātur oppugnā
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnor* oppugnāmur2nd oppugnāris oppugnāminī3rd oppugnātur oppugnantur
* Remember that the –ā in the stem goes away before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenē tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenē tene
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenē2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenētur tene
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenē3rd tenētur tene
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenēminī3rd tenētur tene
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st teneor* tenēmur2nd tenēris tenēminī3rd tenētur tenentur
* Remember that the –ē in the stem stays but becomes short before –ō in the 1st SG form, just like in the active
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor
2nd SG oppugnāris
3rd SG oppugnātur
1st PL oppugnāmur
2nd PL oppugnāminī
3rd PL oppugnantur
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris
3rd SG oppugnātur
1st PL oppugnāmur
2nd PL oppugnāminī
3rd PL oppugnantur
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Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked
3rd SG oppugnātur
1st PL oppugnāmur
2nd PL oppugnāminī
3rd PL oppugnantur
![Page 43: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked
3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked
1st PL oppugnāmur
2nd PL oppugnāminī
3rd PL oppugnantur
![Page 44: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked
3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked
1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked
2nd PL oppugnāminī
3rd PL oppugnantur
![Page 45: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked
3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked
1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked
2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked
3rd PL oppugnantur
![Page 46: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnor I am attacked
2nd SG oppugnāris you are attacked
3rd SG oppugnātur s/he/it is attacked
1st PL oppugnāmur we are attacked
2nd PL oppugnāminī you (pl.) are attacked
3rd PL oppugnantur they are attacked
![Page 47: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
![Page 48: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG teneor
2nd SG tenēris
3rd SG tenētur
1st PL tenēmur
2nd PL tenēminī
3rd PL tenentur
![Page 49: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Present Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + pres. form of ‘to be’ + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG teneor I am held
2nd SG tenēris you are held
3rd SG tenētur s/he/it is held
1st PL tenēmur we are held
2nd PL tenēminī you (pl.) are held
3rd PL tenentur they are held
![Page 50: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Imperfect Passive Indicative
![Page 51: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
![Page 52: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnā oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā
![Page 53: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnābar oppugnābāmur2nd oppugnābāris oppugnābāminī3rd oppugnābātur oppugnābantur
![Page 54: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
![Page 55: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenē tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē
![Page 56: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenēba tenēbā2nd tenēbā tenēbā3rd tenēbā tenēba
![Page 57: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the impf. infix/marker –ba–
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenēbar tenēbāmur2nd tenēbāris tenēbāminī3rd tenēbātur tenēbantur
![Page 58: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
![Page 59: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar
2nd SG oppugnābāris
3rd SG oppugnābātur
1st PL oppugnābāmur
2nd PL oppugnābāminī
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 60: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris
3rd SG oppugnābātur
1st PL oppugnābāmur
2nd PL oppugnābāminī
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 61: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked
3rd SG oppugnābātur
1st PL oppugnābāmur
2nd PL oppugnābāminī
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 62: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked
3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked
1st PL oppugnābāmur
2nd PL oppugnābāminī
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 63: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked
3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked
1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked
2nd PL oppugnābāminī
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 64: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked
3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked
1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked
2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked
3rd PL oppugnābantur
![Page 65: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābar I was being attacked
2nd SG oppugnābāris you were being attacked
3rd SG oppugnābātur s/he/it was being attacked
1st PL oppugnābāmur we were being attacked
2nd PL oppugnābāminī you (pl.) were being attacked
3rd PL oppugnābantur they were being attacked
![Page 66: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
![Page 67: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG tenēbar
2nd SG tenēbāris
3rd SG tenēbātur
1st PL tenēbāmur
2nd PL tenēbāminī
3rd PL tenēbantur
![Page 68: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Imperf. Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + was/were being + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG tenēbar I was being held
2nd SG tenēbāris you were being held
3rd SG tenēbātur s/he/it was being held
1st PL tenēbāmur we were being held
2nd PL tenēbāminī you (pl.) were being held
3rd PL tenēbantur they were being held
![Page 69: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative
![Page 70: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
![Page 71: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnā oppugnā2nd oppugnā oppugnā3rd oppugnā oppugnā
![Page 72: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnābo oppugnābi2nd oppugnābe oppugnābi3rd oppugnābi oppugnābu
*just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i à –u
**N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris
![Page 73: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st Conj.
Forming:
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL1st oppugnābor oppugnābimur2nd oppugnāberis oppugnābiminī3rd oppugnābitur oppugnābuntur
*just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i à –u
**N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris
![Page 74: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st
2nd
3rd
![Page 75: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenē tenē2nd tenē tenē3rd tenē tenē
![Page 76: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenēbo tenēbi2nd tenēbe tenēbi3rd tenēbi tenēbu
*just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i à –u
**N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris
![Page 77: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 2nd Conj.
Forming (same as 1st conj.):
1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re)
2. Add the fut. infix/marker –bi–*
3. Add the passive personal endings
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
SG PL1st tenēbor tenēbimur2nd tenēberis tenēbiminī3rd tenēbitur tenēbuntur
*just like in the active: 1st SG drops the –i in –bi– before –o(r) | 3rd PL, –i à –u
**N.B.: in 2nd SG, –i changes to –e before –ris
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor
2nd SG oppugnāberis
3rd SG oppugnābitur
1st PL oppugnābimur
2nd PL oppugnābiminī
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis
3rd SG oppugnābitur
1st PL oppugnābimur
2nd PL oppugnābiminī
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked
3rd SG oppugnābitur
1st PL oppugnābimur
2nd PL oppugnābiminī
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked
3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked
1st PL oppugnābimur
2nd PL oppugnābiminī
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked
3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked
1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked
2nd PL oppugnābiminī
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked
3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked
1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked
2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked
3rd PL oppugnābuntur
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
Latin English1st SG oppugnābor I shall be attacked
2nd SG oppugnāberis you will be attacked
3rd SG oppugnābitur s/he/it will be attacked
1st PL oppugnābimur we shall be attacked
2nd PL oppugnābiminī you (pl.) will be attacked
3rd PL oppugnābuntur they will be attacked
![Page 86: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG
2nd SG
3rd SG
1st PL
2nd PL
3rd PL
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Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG tenēbor
2nd SG tenēberis
3rd SG tenēbitur
1st PL tenēbimur
2nd PL tenēbiminī
3rd PL tenēbuntur
![Page 88: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Future Passive Indicative – 1st/2nd Conj. Translating:1. subj. pronoun + shall/will be + ________ed
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus: to hold
Latin English1st SG tenēbor I shall be held
2nd SG tenēberis you will be held
3rd SG tenēbitur s/he/it will be held
1st PL tenēbimur we shall be held
2nd PL tenēbiminī you (pl.) will be held
3rd PL tenēbuntur they will be held
![Page 89: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Present Passive Imperative
![Page 90: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 19Lesson 19 1.Lesson 19 Vocabulary 2.The Concept of Voice 3.1st& 2ndConj., Pres. System, Passive Voice: a)Present Passive Indicative b)Imperfect](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022070819/5f19c5668de74f32d652ff23/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL2nd
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Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg/pl passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
SG PL2nd oppugnā oppugnā
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Present Passive ImperativeForming:1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – -re) 2. Add the 2nd person sg*/pl passive personal endings
oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus: to attack
* 2nd SG Pres. Pass. Impv. uses the –re ending, NOT –ris
N.B.: • the 2nd SG pres. act. impv. and the pres. act. infin. are the same• the 2nd PL pres. pass. indic. & 2nd PL pres. pass. impv. are the same• These impv. forms are rare, and will usually be at the beginning of the
sentence and/or have a vocative form with them if they are impv.
SG PL2nd oppugnāre* oppugnāminī