Updates(on(toxicology(of(urban(stormwater(runoff(to(salmon(
South(Sound(Science(Symposium(Sep(20,(2016(
Dr.(Jenifer(McIntyre(| (School(of(the(Environment (| (WSU(Puyallup(Research(Extension(Center(
2(
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Puget(Sound(Stormwater(Science(Team(
Nat(Scholz(Julann(Spromberg(David(Baldwin(John(Incardona(James(Cameron(Jessica(Lundin(Cathy(Laetz(Jana(Labenia(Barb(French(
Jay(Davis(Ken(King(
Jen(McIntyre(John(Stark(
Emma(Mudrock(Jill(Wetzel(
3(
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Research(PARTNERS(&(SUPPORTERS(
4(
Coho(preXspawn(mortality(is(widespread((( ( ( (&(recurrent(in(urban(creeks(
Longfellow)Creek,)2003) Des)Moines)Creek,)2004)
Longfellow)Creek,)2005) Longfellow)Creek,)2012)
63%
84%
67%
72%
Three studies, Three life stages
Adult coho pre-spawn mortality study 2015
• What(is(the(pathophysiology(of(coho(preXspawn(mortality?(• Hematology,(blood(chemistry(
• Are(other(salmon(spawners(as(sensi[ve(as(coho?(• Coho(vs(chum(
Goals(of(2015(Field(Season(
7(
Fewer(thrombocytes((coagula[on(response)(
More(immature(RBCs((hypoxia)(
More(WBCs((immune(response)(
NEW(DATA:(Blood(cells(in((coho(exposed(to(runoff(
8(
iSTAT(pointXofXcare(((blood(analyzer(
9(
Arterial(blood(gas(analysis (((
Diagnosis:(Metabolic(acidosis(
Arterial(blood(
10(
Arterial(blood(((chemistry(analysis( ( ((
Increased)blood)cells)and/or)decreased)plasma)
• Diuresis((• Heart(failure((• Kidney(failure(Hypoxia(Hypoxia(
Anaerobic)cellular)respiraBon)
Hyponatremia)
• Behavioural(• Increased(gilling(• Surface(gaping(
• Hematological(• !(HCT((Higher(RBC(counts(/(cell(swelling)(• Metabolic(acidosis((low(pH,(low(bicarb,(base(deficit)(• Lactate(produc[on((anaerobic(cellular(respira[on)(
Evidence for Hypoxia in Adult Coho
12(
Types(of(hypoxia(
Hypoxia)Type) Caused)by)Hypoxic( Insufficient(O2(in(environment(
e.g.,(low(dissolved(oxygen(Anemic( Insufficient(RBC(or(Hb(
e.g.,(nitrate(poisoning(X(methemoglobinemia(Stagnant( Insufficient(blood(flow(
e.g.,(cardiovascular(failure,(hypotension((Histotoxic( Tissues(cannot(access/use(O2(
e.g.,(metabolic(poisons(
2016((Field(Season(
Run(Timing:(OctXDec(
Adult(Coho(Salmon(
Run([ming:(NovXJan(
Adult(Chum(Salmon(
Are other salmon as sensitive as coho?
Coho and chum exposures 2015 coho
(coho
(chum
(chum
(
coho
(coho
(chum
(chum
(
coho
(coho
(chum
(chum
(
coho
(coho
(chum
(chum
(
Each(storm:(• 4(coho(control(• 4(coho(runoff(• 4(chum(control(• 4(chum(runoff(Total(of(5(storms(
SubXlethal(endpoints:(• Blood,([ssues((chemistry(+(qPCR)(• Monitored(temp,(DO,(pH,(conduc[vity(every(30(min(• Fish(behavior(assessed(every(30(min(star[ng(at(1(h(• Euthanized(if(showing(symptoms(• Control(sacrificed(for(every(runoff(fish(• Max(exposure(4(h(
10.30.2015 (Coho(salmon ( (Runoff(2(h(
Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?
10.30.2015 (Chum(salmon ( (Runoff(4(h(
Are other salmon as vulnerable as coho?
Are chum as vulnerable as coho?
0(
1(
2(
3(
4(
5(
Coho( Chum(
Control(
Runoff(
Chum(did(not(develop(preXspawn(mortality(behavioral(symptoms(
surfacing(
Symptom
)Severity
)(0K5))a
t)4)h)
immobile(
rolling(
normal(
mild(
medium(
lethargy(
Coho and chum in Pipers Creek (2006)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1 13
-Nov
15
-Nov
17
-Nov
19
-Nov
21
-Nov
23
-Nov
25
-Nov
27
-Nov
29
-Nov
1-
Dec
3-
Dec
5-
Dec
7-
Dec
9-
Dec
11
-Dec
13
-Dec
15
-Dec
17
-Dec
19
-Dec
21
-Dec
)))))Episodic)exposure)of)coho)embryos)
1 stack / treatment 3 trays / stack 9 cups / tray 100 eggs / cup
Control 50% 100% 100% Filtered
4 treatments Background: Flowing clean water Exposures: 48 h recirculated runoff
10%
Episodic exposure of coho embryos
Coho(Embryo(Sampling(Summary(
50%)Runoff)
100%)Runoff)
100%)Runoff)Filtered)
Control)
Storm(Events( 15( 15( 15( 0(
Degree(Days((C)( 511( 503( 503( 520(
DD(from(Control( X9( X17( X17( 0(
Study Duration: 64 days Sampling Events: 7 Cups sampled per event: 3 Individuals/cup sampled: 10
0"
2"
4"
6"
8"
10"
12"
11/23/15"
11/30/15"
12/7/15"
12/14/15"
12/21/15"
12/28/15"
1/4/16"
1/11/16"
1/18/16"
1/25/16"
R50"
R100"
F100"
Control"
Embryo(Exposure(Temperature(Profile(
Well(water(~10(C(
Tempe
rature((d
eg(C)(
Fer[lized(11/23/15(
Exposures(
• Low(mortality(prior(to(hatching(
• High(mortality(following(hatching(
• Bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevented(mortality(
Coho(Embryo(Survival(
• 1/21(storm(runoff(uniquely(toxic?(
• Chorion(protec[ng(embryo?(
• Developmental([ming(e.g.,(organ/enzyme(onXline(to(metabolize(to(more(toxic(waste?(
Coho(Embryos:(Episodic(Exposure(to(Runoff(
Bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevented(mortality(
Coho(Embryo(Sublethal(Effects(of(Runoff(Filtered Runoff Unfiltered Runoff
Embryo)Metric) 12/15) 12/22) 12/29) 1/5) 1/12) 1/19) 1/26)
Length( same( same( small( small( same( small( small(
Eye(Area( same( same( small( same( same( same( small(
Survival( same( same( same( same( same( same( LOW(
Embryo episodic exposure summary
50X100%(Runoff((• Smaller(eyes(and(developmental(delay(• High(mortality(for(exposures(postXhatch((100%(Filtered((• Some(indica[on(of(slight(eye(effect(• No(mortality(vs(controls(
Embryo episodic exposure
Why(were(sublethal(effects(not(more(severe?((• Missed(a(cri[cal(devo(window?(
• Episodic(exposure(to(high(strength(runoff(not(as(damaging(as(chronic(exposure(to(low(strength(runoff?(
(Why(the(intense(mortality(at(hatch?(
• Chorion(protec[ng(embryo?(
• Developmental([ming(e.g.,(organ/enzyme(onXline(to(metabolize(to(more(toxic(waste?(
28(
O.#kisutch#
Juvenile(coho(salmon(
SensiBvity)of)juvenile)salmon?)
Did(bioreten[on(filtra[on(prevent(toxicity?(
29(Juvenile(coho(very(sensi[ve(
SensiBvity)of)juvenile)coho?)
Embryo episodic exposure summary
Stage(4:(Loss(of(equilibrium(
31(
Juvenile(coho(vs(Chinook(salmon?( ((
Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(
32(Coho(are(by(far(more(sensi[ve(to(urban(runoff(
Juvenile(chum(vs(Chinook(vs(coho(salmon? (((
Juvenile salmon physiology Pooled(venous(blood(within(replicates(
As(with(adults,(blood(was(hyponatremic(and(concentrated(
Upcoming projects runoff impacts to salmon
Rela[ve(species(sensi[vity(• Tes[ng(addi[onal(species((O.#mykiss)(
Coho(preXspawn(mortality(• Uncover(primary(source(of(hypoxia(• Phenotypic(anchoring(of(physiology(to(behaviour(in(
coho(• Valida[ng(juvenile(salmon(as(a(model(of(adult(preX
spawn(mortality(