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Jean Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Popular sovereignty
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VoltaireAdvocated Free
Speech and Religious Toleration
“I may not agree with a word you say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”
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John Locke
Treaties on Civil Government
The role of government is to protect people’s natural rights to Life, Liberty and Property.
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The French Revolution Background, Reasons and Beginnings
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Unrest in France
Bad harvests High prices High taxes Disturbing questions raised by the
Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire.
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It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities
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FirstEstateClergy
1%
SecondEstate
Nobles2%
Third EstateBourgeoisie, Laborers, Artisans
Peasants97%
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FirstEstat
e
SecondEstate
ThirdEstate
TaxedOwned Land
Served in Govt.
Subject toMilitary
NO
YES
NO
NONO
YESYES
YESYES
YES
YES
NO
Inequity of the French Estates
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The Burden of the Third Estate
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Taxes 50%
PersonalIncome 28%
Tithes 10%
Feudal Dues 12%
Income Distribution of the Third Estate
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The French Urban Poor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
1787
1788
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2.Helping with the American Revolution. (Louis XVI.)3.The lavish life style of the King and his court.
1.The debts of Louis XIV. from prior wars.
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Benjamin Franklin at Court in France trying to gain support for the American Revolution
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The French Monarchy:1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI
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Marie Antoine
tte and the Royal
Children
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Marie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”
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Marie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”
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Let Them Eat Cake!
Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
Y “Madame Deficit”
Y “The Austrian Whore”
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Commoners3rd Estate (600 members)
Aristocracy (300
members)2nd
Estate
Clergy (300 members)1st Estate
The Suggested Voting Pattern:
Voting by Estates1
1
1
Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.
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“The Third Estate Awakens”
The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”
They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.
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“The Tennis Court Oath”
by Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789
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Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789
A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.
18 died.
73 wounded.
7 guards killed.
It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].
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The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt
(July 20, 1789)
Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the CitizenAugust 26, 1789
V Liberty!
V Property!
V Resistance to oppression!
V Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.
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The September Massacres, 1792
(The dark side of the Revolution!)
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.
Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed!
It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.
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The National Convention (1792-1795)
Replaced Legislative Assembly Leaders came from Jacobin Clubs Most violent phase of the
Revolution occurred during this period
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Make-up of the National Convention 1792-1795
Speaker
Jacobins
“The Mountain”Radicals Moderates“The Plain”
ConservativesGirondins
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The JacobinsJacobin Meeting House
They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.
Started as a debating society.
Membership mostly middle class.
Created a vast network of clubs.
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Jean Paul Marat (1743-1793)
Journalist who was an early Jacobin leader.
Outspoken critic of the Old Regime
Advocated death for opponents of the revolution
Because of a skin disease, he was forced to work out of his bathtub
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Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)“The Apostle of Terror”
Became the most
powerful leader of the Jacobin
Former judge who had opposed the death penalty
Most feared man in France Led the revolution to its most radical stage, the Reign of Terror
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Jacobin Takeover of the ConventionMay 31, 1793
On May 31, 1793, Jacobins began arresting and executing Girondins
Many Girondins escaped and became emigres
On July 31, 1793, a Girondin supporter, Charlotte Corday, assassinated Marat as he sat in his bathtub. He became a martyr.
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“The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,
1793
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The Reign of TerrorSept. 17, 1793-July 28,
1794 Devised to stop any opposition to the
revolution. Defendants were tried by the
Revolutionary Tribunal. Trials were quick and unfair.
Guillotines were installed throughout France
More than 40,000 citizens, mostly peasants, were executed in one year.
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The Reign of TerrorSept. 17, 1793-July 28, 1794
In May 1794, Danton called for an end to the terror. He and his followers were executed.
By July, moderates had turned against Robespierre. He was executed on July 28, 1794 ending the Reign of Terror.
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The Revolution Consumes
Its Own Children!
Danton Awaits Execution, 1793
Robespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary
Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.
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* On September 22, 1792, the convention established the First French Republic
* All adult male citizens were given the right to vote
* A new calendar with 10 day weeks was created. Nine work days and one day off
* 1792 became year 1 of the republic
* The monarchy was abolished and the royal family imprisoned
The First French Republic
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Seizure of the Royal Family (1792)
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Trial of Louis XVI Dec. 12, 1792 - Jan. 21, 1793
Louis was charged for conspiring against the revolution
Jacobins dominated the trial On Jan. 15, 1793, Louis was
found guilty by a 683 to 66 vote
The next day Louis was sentenced to execution by a 361 to 360 vote
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Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)
The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents.
They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention.
The National Convention voted387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.
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The First Coalition March 1793 France announced that it planned to export the
Revolution to all of Europe Several countries formed a coalition against
France. They were:
The NetherlandsAustriaPrussiaSpain
Great Britain
Became the first of four anti-French coalitions (1793-1815)
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The Constitution of 1793 The moderates who controlled the
Convention finished the new Constitution in the fall of 1795
A new government, The Directory, was created
The Directory consisted of an executive branch of 5 directors, and a weak legislature
Only property owning men could vote
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Moderate Control of the ConventionJuly 29, 1794 - October 26, 1795
Moderates regained control of the convention
All Jacobin clubs were closed
When the economy went bad mobs tried to break up the convention.
They were stopped by a young unknown general Napoleon Bonaparte
Execution of RobespierreJuly 28, 1794
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Peninsular War
In an effort to get Portugal to accept the Continental System, he sent an invasion force through Spain. Napoleon removed the Spanish king and put his own brother on the throne.
Guerrilla War starts.
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Napoleon’sarmy goes into Russiawith 600,000soldiers
And, returns with 10,000 !!
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Britain defeats Napoleon and destroys the French fleet.
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