A. S. 20014/15 I.S.I.S.S. Piana di Lucca
Istituto Tecnico Economico e Tecnologico “A. Benedetti” Porcari Liceo Scientifico, Scienze Applicate e Linguistico ”E. Majorana” Capannori
Classi N° 33 - Docenti N° 85 Dirigente: Prof. Luigi Lippi
Classi coinvolte: 3 A-B-C-D-E e 4 A-B-C-del Liceo ScientificoDocenti: Albarosa Cagnoni (Lingua Inglese) Loretta Santori (Disegno e Storia dell’Arte) Leana Quilici (Storia e Filosofia) Lorenzo Cesana (I.R.C.)
PROGETTOLa risorsa acqua tra passato, presente e
futuro
WATER ON THE EARTH
SALTY WATER
ICE WATER
"GOOD WATER"
Our planet is called Earth, but in
fact it is a planet made of water,
covering as much as 71% of the
globe. 97% of this water is salty,
and the remaining 3% is divided
between a 2% of ice water and
only a small part is available to
man, to drink, to produce energy,
to survive and for agriculture.
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER
Nowaday a responsible use that avoids waste is increasingly important, whereas the
lifestyle of most developed countries requires more and more water at a rate that
seems to be increasingly unattainable. Fresh water is a precious resource, and we all
need to do as much as possible to preserve it. Here we have learned about why water
should be saved, how you can do so at home and at work, and the potential that
reclaimed water has to improve the condition of our environment.
Why save water?Learning how to save water is not difficult, and it can begin with teaching
good habits to children. All you have to do is think about how easy it is
to waste water in everyday activities; Remember, children learn fast and
change quickly as they grow and develop. The risks faced by infants and
toddlers are often very different from those of school-age children and
teens. But no matter how old your children are: here are some tips to
prevent wasting water.
What does water do for
us?
What percentage of water do we have in
our body?
2. The damp areas and the hydrological resources of our territory
1. Hydrogeological history of the municipality of Capannori and of the
Plain of Lucca
4. The use of drinking water, yesterday and today.5. The use of
underground and superficial waters by the paper industry.
6 . Identification of “good habits” that citizens and public administrations can apply to improve the use of water.
3. The hydrological risk and the activities of the “Consorzio 1 Toscana Nord”
water
With the collaboration of
- Dott.ssaa Mara Dell’Aringa, Geologo - Il Consorzio di Bonifica del Bientina
- l’Associazione di guide ambientaliste“Tuffetto”- Le classi 3A-B-C-D-E del Liceo Scientifico “E. Majorana”- La prof.ssa Albarosa Cagnoni, - La prof.ssa Loretta Santori Bibliografia- Autorità di Bacino, QUADRO GENERALE DELLA SUBSIDENZA NELLA PIANA DI LUCCA- Autorità di Bacino, Distretto del Fiume Serchio, DESCRIZIONE DEL DISTRETTO IDROGRAFICO
DEL FIUME SERCHIO, 25 settembre 2009 D- Bottari P. All’ombra della grande ciminiera – La Cucirini Cantoni Coats e la crescita economico
sociale lucchese, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore- Brugioni M., Menduni G., Montini G. Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno, Analisi dei fenomeni
di subsidenza nel bacino del fiume Arno tramite l’utilizzo della tecnica di interferometria satellitare PSI in SARTM
- Caciagli G. Il lagodi Bientina. Vicende storiche e idrogeologiche, Bandecchi e Vivaldi 1984.- Cardella R. Un’azienda, il suo territorio, il suo sviluppo – 1946-1996 – Cinquant’anni della “Cartiera Modesto Cardella, Maria Pacini Fazzi editore.- DichiarazioneAmbientale EMAS-Distretto Cartario di Capannori, Emissione 2014 (Dati 2012)- Morosi A. Sereni U. La città industriosa – Lucca alla fine dell’Ottocento- Ordine degli Ingegneri, Prov. Di Foggia, L’uso della modellistica idraulica nella difesa del suolo. Ing. Tricoli D. 21/11/2006- Provincia di Lucca Convegno Ambiente , 29 marzo 2001, Riduzione del consumo idrico, attraverso
l’applicazione del documento BREF per l’industria della carta e della asta carta, in cartiere campione–Fattibilità, misure ed implicazioni locali.
- University of Pisa, Earth Sciences Department, M. Dell’Aringa M.-Giannecchini R. Puccinelli A. Geologist, external collaborator, Small sinkhole-like features in alluvial plains: the example
of Paganico
Siti consultati:www.isprambiente.gov.it//Cartario/CartaeAmbiente.pdfwww.isprambiente.gov.it//sinkhole.pdf.www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/atti/sessione4-sinkhole.www.museodellacarta.orgwww.comune.porcari.itwww.comune.capannori.lu.it www.capannorieventi.it www.iltuffetto.itwww.lifepioneer.info/riservato/doc_pubblico/Dichiarazione%20Ambientale%20di%20Distretto%202014.Autorità di Bacino del fiume Serchiowww.autorita.bacinoserchio.it –
Pianodigestione Cartografie Bacino pilota fiume Serchio Carte e strati informativi relativi al rischio idraulico
Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico 1° Aggiornamento approvato L'impatto ambientale dalle attività cartarie in Provincia di Lucca — ARPAT - Agenzia regionale per la
protezioneambientale della Toscana www.arpat.toscana.itwww.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/14/41/2014/www.lucartgroup.comwww.dssmith.comwww.cartierapieretti.itwww.molinomenicone.itTrattamento Acque Reflue – Lenntech www.lenntech.itwww.zoneumidetoscane.itwww.scapackaging.itwww.luccavirtuale.it www.edison.itProvincia di Lucca - Ambientewww.provincia.lucca.itwww.arpat.toscana.it › Notizie › ARPATnews › www.clubdistretti.it
Lower Pleistocene
from1.700.000
To 700.000
Years ago
The hydrogeological history of the Territory
Late 120.000/10.000 years ago
An uplifting movement progressively
gave origin to the ridges of the Cerbaie,
a series of hills which divide the original
big lake in two smaller ones: Lucca-
Montecarlo-Vinci and Firenze-Prato-
Pistoia.
Water withdraws and
two lakes form: Lake
Bientina and Lake
Fucecchio
N
S
W E
Bientina
Montuolo
In the Middle age due to the formation of the flatlands the river Auser (Serchio) divides in two branches in San Pietro a Vico.
Lunata
Cartina della piana di Lucca (Natali, 1997)
The Auser ( the bigger ): Marlia, Lunata, Antraccoli, Pieve San Paolo where it went through a new ramification.
The Auserculus (small Auser) touched Lucca from the North and from Borgo Giannotti it reached Montuolo, than it flowed into the Arno near Pisa.
A branch, went to the sout-west of Lucca to reach and flow into the Auserculus near Montuolo.
Another branch continued its course to the east towards Bientina and flowed (when it could) into the river Arno near Calcinaia.
Lucca
Pisa
In 1905 some expansion cases of the Bottaccio di Massa Pisana were made, into which even today the southern streams of the city flow.
Can.Ozzeri
An important figure for the regimentation of waters wasthe Bishop of Lucca Frediano (561- 589) who, because of the continuous floods, had the waters of the main river deviated into the main Northern branch (Auserculus). The river was also redirected to Ripafratta, to the west of the «Monti Pisani», and made to flow directly into the sea close to Pisa instead of flowing into the river Arno.
Floods: an ancient problem
In 1800 the Ozzeri canal was built as an irrigating and reclaiming canal of the lower Plain of Lucca (Nottolini) merging into the River Serchio at Cerasomma.
Carta da acque e strade, 1563 n. 10
R e c l a i m i n g in the river-bed of the ancient lake Bientina
The lake was drained in 1859 «using the barrel»: this important work by Alessandro Manetti consisted in digging an outflowing
stream with a very clever underground gallery system, which is still under the river
Arno today.
In 1852 “The barrel” is built: it is a canal which gathers the waters of the Basin which flow under the river Arno and continue to Livorno
The water ducts
The water shed “The Barrel”
The Barrel
The terrace marks
the bottom of the
river Arno; the roof
of the water ducts is
protected by a
waterproof layer of
clay which stops
water from the river
Arno to penetrate.
The two water ducts
Doors that close at 120 degrees because of
the hydraulic pressure of the main water
stream. Automatism invented by Leonardo
da Vinci.
Vincian doors and cataracts
Vincian Doors: Invented by Leonardo Da
Vinci to prevent water from flowing back in
case of flooding. In this case they close with
opposing pressure.
Fosso Zero, Padule Bientina
The damp areas and the hydrological resources of
the territory
Da “Manon Lescaut” Intermezzo del III atto
Water has fascinated many artists.
The composer Giacomo Puccini inspired by the waters of Lake Massaciuccoli,
composed some of his best and most famous operas
Environmental resources of the Plain of Lucca
Forest areas in the North and South of the Plain, on the Mountains of Pisa and on the Pizzorne
The river Serchio
Hills cultivated with grape vines and olive trees.
Abundant underground layer water and surface water
The network of tributaries coming from the hills and flow down from the Pizzorne mountain into the Bientina marshlands.
Natural Oasis of Bottaccio
The Plain
The marshlands The river
The Bottaccio
What we have studied
Fountains of the aqueduct
The Nottolini aqueduct
The Bottaccio Oasis
The river Serchio and the public channel
The river bed of Lake Bientina
Public fountains in Capannori
Ozzeri
IN RED THE PUBLIC CHANNEL
The Public conduct built in
1380 has always been
important. Today it still takes
its water from the River San
Gemignano di Moriano and
after a course of 13 Km. it
crosses Lucca from the Norh
West to the South-East.
It generates the irrigation
network of the Plain whose
main canals, nearly all,
.
merge into the Rogio Canal
which also collects waters from
the area of Bientina.
The public conduct and some of
its canals flow into the Ozzeri
The river Serchio
It has an annual flow rate of (46 m³/s);
the rate is maintained high due to the
rainfalls of the mountain areas it goes
through and also because of the
permeability of the basin.
The hydroelectric
plant covers about
12% of the local
annual needs.
It is responsible of hydrological disasters such as the 1812 and 2012 floods.
The richest annual period is Autumn, in particular the month of November.
Lake Bientina
27
Lake Bientana was the vastest of
the Tuscan lakes and was also
known to the inhabitants of Lucca
with the name Sesto. It had as
main tributary the Auser and as
outflowing streams the Cirecchio
canal and the Serezza
The area is believed to have always been swampy as it is lower than the the river
The lake had an area of permanent water called «clear waters» and a swamp area which
dried in the Summer and even today continues to be swampy.
Aerial view of former Lake Bientina after abundant rainfalls
Lakes at “Isola Bassa” of Lammari
The area offers to the citizens new forms of aggregation thanks to sports and entertaining facilities which are didactically useful and help people become environmentally aware by coming in contact with recycled material while relaxing.
Today the area is threatened by the construction of an intense traffic road system from the North to the South which runs close to these lakes.
In Lucca Expansion frames are often called “Barrel” and
the Bottaccio Wood is in fact situated inside the expansion
frame of the Stream Visona of Castelvecchio di Compito.
31
Natural Oasis of Bottaccio
The municipality of Capannori, with city council By-laws ·N° 82 18.07.96 has instituted The
protected Natural Area of local interest (ANPIL) “The Bottaccio” which extends for 16.6 hectares.
The Italian WWF with the acquisition of government concessions, has been taking care of the Bottaccio
since 1991 and since then has inserted it in the National system of the Italian WWF Oasis.
The Municipality of
Bientina (Prov.
Pisa) With by-law
n.50/14.05.98
added to ANPLIN «The
Tanali Wood» on the
Northern side so as to
unite it with Bottaccio.
In this way the two
adjacent Protected areas
are inside the Marshlands
of Bientina.
33
The waters which flow from the Mountains of Pisa, without polluted elements, closed in by banks, remain
in the Bottaccio and so create watery and semi-watery environments in the wood .
The Bottaccio
completely
relies on the
expansion of the
Stream, Visona
of Castelvecchio,
which ends here.
The Environment
The hydrological risk and the problems and
activities of the
“Consorzio 1 Toscana
Nord”
Limited availability for water:
Meteorological phenomena
Irregular distribution
Pollution increase
Meteorological changes
Demographic growth
Changes in habits, customs and uses
Advent of different needs
Economical expansion
Excessive pumping and use
Subsidence
shrinkingl-swelling
sinkholes
Floods
Environmental problems of the
Territory , particularly of the Eastern
part of the Plain
Subsidence
This phenomenon is generally caused by
geological features, but in the last
decade it has been locally increased by
the work of man.
Subsidence consists in a slow sinking
process of a layer of soil, this can
involve areas of different sizes.
The phenomenon affects the locality of Pollino (Porcari and of the Cerbaie (Bientina.
The sinking of the water layer is progressive and gradual in time but irreversible because the annual
rain water is not enough to compensate the water loss. In this way the alluvial areas which before
were reached by the water layer during the year, always remain dry. They become compacted and
make the ground drop irreversibly, with damages to buildings that are no longer adequate to the new
context.
Evolution of the sinking of the
land in the Padule of Bientina
(Lucca) in the years 1992-2007.
Taken from the PS data and
elaborated according to the APSA
technique
Autorità di Bacino del fiume Arno
Pollino (Porcari) e Cerbaie (Bientina
The shrinkingl-swelling which takes place between summer and autumn has natural causes, but
sometimes it can be increased if water is pumped out.
This phenomenon is typical of clays (vertiche) comes out when the water layer seasonally sways
internally, the layers of clay get wet and increase in volume like “sponges”. In summer the opposite
takes place, so the clays shrink. This shrinking-swelling of the clays follows a seasonal swaying of
the water layer.
The ground goes through reversible seasonal sinkings which can damage inadequate building.
These damages expand and retreat in a cyclic way in the course of the seasons.
shrinking-swelling
Variations in the percentage of water can provoke
swelling or shrinking of the ground.
The houses affected by this instability often present
flaws in the foundations or design.
The shrinking-swelling has been taking place in the fractions of Paganico, Pieve San
Paolo, Santa Margherita (Capannori ) and Rughi (Porcari) since the ‘80s.
The existence of a water table
and/or of underground circulation
of water.
The shrinking-swelling is different form
subsidence because the permanent layer
does not undergo water loss, so even if it
undergoes pumping, it is able to increase
seasonally , sometimes even to ground
level.
Sinkholes
The sinkholes originate in complex hydrogeological contexts of the territory and come about for
various reasons: earthquake, draught-rain, the pumping of great quantities of water and the
flooding of canals. The causes can be a lot and complementary. They are holes in the ground
which form because of drainage phenomena between layers that are one on top of the other
and superficial layers and irrigating canals. It is a matter of water streams mixed between
elements with different water levels, The waters, by moving, erode the ground following an
evolutionary sequence which ends up in a hole.
The holes
concern the
fraction of
Paganico
(Capannori).
M. Dell’Aringa et al.: Small sinkhole-like features in alluvial plains
The digging of wells for the municipal acqueduct
MORE MAIN CAUSES
An absolute decrease in rainfall
A particular structure of the
ground
Birth of one of the vastest national industrial groups for the Production of Paper
A lot of private wells
Drought and rainfalls determine a lack of balance between the water table and the restrained one.
Demographic expansion
From recent studies it has emerged that the paper industries should take care of the sinkholes in Paganico so that:• The depression cones don’t reach the residential area.• The cones, deformed by the deep flow of the water layer are
deviated to the south. • The paper factories should be set in geological areas different
from that of Paganico. (areas without loam sands where these holes originate) . Because of this around the paper factories there can be local sinking or shrinking-swelling but not holes.
Ground cavities
EFFECTS
Strong lowering of the piezometric surface
Damages to buildings
Disapperance of numerous springs
Devaluation of estates and of building areas
An increase in the building costs in ugrading and
re-utilisation of old buildings
Migration to other parts of the territory
Fear among the residents
1. The firm Acque Spa will have to decrease by 15% the drainage from the aqueduct of Paganico
Summary of the by-law of the Mayer of Capannori to reduce the pumping of water from the
underground water table and reduce the fenomeni idrogeologici del 7/02/2008 e lows del
Regolamento Urbanistico, D.C. n. 13 del 12.03.2009, n. 14 del 13.03.2009 e n. 15 del 16.03.200
2. It is forbidden to take local water either from the aqueduct or from superficial water or pumped from the underground water tables and transport it outside the municipal territory.
3. The inhabitants are invited to adopt useful measures to rationalise water, by applying specific reductions on taps so as to use less water in everyday household activities.
- 15%
5. Within 120 days the productive activity will have to be decreased by 30%.
4. The filling of private swimming pools, fountains and pools with water from the aqueduct or with water pumped directly from the water table are prohibited.
6. The Provincial administration is asked to suspend permits to pump water from underground on the whole territory, with the exception of those for domestic use and to check on the permits already issued
The Provincial administration and the firm Consorzio di Bonifica Auser-Bientina are asked to restore superficial water circulation in canals and water ways so as to restore the underground water table.
- 30%
Interventions on the waterways
with the function of:
Prevention activites
Safekeeping and maintenance of the public works of reclaiming
Supervision of private activities in the area.
Hydraulic security (water pumps, reclaiming canals), the management of irrigation waters.
Participation in town planning
Safeguard of the agricultural and environmental assets
The Consorzio di Bonifica Auser–Bientina now Consorzio 1 Tuscany North
Water ways of the
hydrogrphic Basin under
the jurisdiction of the ex
Consorzio di Bonifica
And extra-ordinary
Some of the ordinary maintenance activities
Wooden or cement
harnesses are positioned
across the water bed to
retain the coarse material
transported by water
(trunks, wood and rocks)
Torrente Picigiana, Massa Carrara
Monitoring the water ways. Maintenance of ditches and waterways
Rio Sanetta
Deviation of the river: Fossa Nuova in the Padule (marshlands) of Porcari
Expansion frame in case of floods
Very expensive for the flow of the Rio
The bridge on Rio Casale
Strongly opposed and contested by residents
Dangerous for the lack of visibility
An impossible architectural barrier for those with special walkig needs, because of the steep slope and the
stairs which are the only walking access
why
Some of the activities of the Consorsio not approved by the residents and by the environmental associations:
Cementing the stream beds which increases the water flow in case of floods-.
The indiscriminate cutting of all the trees on the river banks which increases the risk of landslide
The indiscriminate cutting of the vegetation on the banks, in particular of swamp grasses , which help to maintain an environmental balance.
Omitting to gather the mowed grass on the road sides thus the blockage of the irrigation ditches which during the rainy seasons overflow.
Omitting to reactivate and take care of water and the environmental and the insufficient maintenance of the minor water network so as to guarantee the original output.
The lack of control on the maintenance of the minor ditches which makes irrigation of the land impossible with superficial water.
The lack of sensibility for all that is tradition and culture of the territory (people, cultivations, actions) which would contribute to a better environmental balance.
In the Northern part of Tuscany the Reclaiming Consorzi along with those of
Versilia Massaciuccoli and Auser Bientina were fused with the new authority called
«Toscana Nord 1».
New reclaiming projects
With the Consorzio Toscana Nord, the agricultural firms became the protagonists of the prevention activities due to hydraulic risks.
The guardian farmers can make their experience, competence and means available for everyone, in particular they can be a daily and constant presence in many areas of the district.
With the l.r. 79/2012 the Regional Government of Tuscany has started a reform for the field of
reclamation and defence of ground, it authorised the creation of 6 ReclamationConsorzi unite
structures and competences of the existing 13 Consorzi and of the 13 Municipal unions.
Acque SpA
Is the organ that controls the integrated public water service for the citizens and
the economic activities
The duties of this organ are to guarantee a qualitative standard of the aqueduct
service and to extend in all the serviced area the drainage and purification system
which safeguards the environment and the citizens.
It controls the quality of the waters along the whole hydric cycle: aqueduct,
drainage and purification.
The use of drinking water yesterday and today.
The Nottolini aqueduct and «The via dell’acqua»
In 1822, Maria Luisa di Borbone, Duchess
of Lucca, for hygienical motivations,
approved the construction of an aqueduct
and appointed a local engeneer, Lorenzo
Nottolini, to build it.
Between 1822 and 1832 the engineer Lorenzo Nottolini constructed the aqueduct to bring drinking and luxury water from the springs in Guamo to the city of Lucca. Luxury water was so called because it had different uses from drinking water.
Route of the aqueduct from Guamo to Lucca
The ducts developed for 3.2 km in a structure 12 meters
high sustained by buttresses and by 460 brick arches
which hold, on the top, two water canals
According to Nottolini’s project the waters collected from
about 18 springs of the «Serra Vespaiata» of Rio San
Quirico and Rio della Valle were routed to the Tempietto di
Guamo, a circular building in neoclassical Doric style.
From there the water was cleaned and made clear
by having it flow through rocks and gravel and
by having it go through further holes and
obstacles so that all the residual impurities would
deposit.
Water system from the filters to the arches
Buildings where the waters were checked
Vespaiata Dike: filter made of gravel and coal to make the water drinkable
Spring
The two water ductsBeginning of the arches:The Temple of Guamo
End of the arches: the Temple of San Concordio on the outskirts of Lucca.
The interred duct by the walls of
Lucca
The inside of the tunnel
The water from Guamo reaches Piazza
Antelminelli by the Cathedral of Lucca
Nottolini built two ducts: one, for spring waters that went to
the public and private fountains of Lucca. The second that
went to fountains destined to other uses.
Piazza Antelminelli
Nottolini’s will was not to waste any
drinking water
P.za della Misericordia
Via dei Fossi
The water from Guamo reaches Piazza Antelminelli
In front of the Cathedral of Lucca
Today many Important
aqueducts for drinking water
draw from the Plain: that of
Paganini and that of Lucca, the
subsidiary ones of Pisa and
Livorno, that of Capannori and
the so called “Pollino” which
serves Pescia and Montecatini
but also numerous other
municipalities of the
Valdinievole and that of the
Cerbaie for the area of
Bientina-Pontedera.
Water is a human right
The link between water and legality is very strong and very little is known among the public and especially young people. The care of the environment depends directly on the behavior and actions of the individual and the political choices of the community. Citizens are first called to the legality of water use by observing the rules that determine the proper use, protection from pollution and misuses.
Water and Legality
The consequences due to the abandoning of the rules and regulation of superficial water
Referendum 2011
In June 2011, around 27 millions of Italians voted in a referendum with 95% of the voters agreeing to the proposal they voted to have water as a common good denying the possibility of privatization.
Chiattino-Guamo
La Pollina - Ruota
Thanks to the project “The flow of good water”, financed by
the Municipality of Capannori and the Regional Government
Safeguarded “a common wealth” water
Improved the best spring waters of our territory by
making them accessible to residents and tourists.
Used new technologies to disinfect which do not alter the aspects
of taste and quality of water
we have:
thanks to water, we have established,
new social relationships among citizens
and communities on the territory,
thus continuing with the best cultural
traditions of our people.
Ravano - Castelvecchio di Compito
S. Pierino o S. Pietro – Sant’Andrea di Compito
Architectural solutions environmentally friendly
and able to improve our territory have been used
on the fountains and the water locations,
Capo di Vico - Sant'Andrea di Compito
Polla del cane- Camigliano
Al Marzocco - Matraia
Perfido - San Colombano
The project “The flow
of good water” involves
15 fountains on the
territory of Capannori.
The fountains have been
upgraded and furnished
with an ultraviolet
disinfection system and
the quality of water is
also guaranteed by
periodical controls.
To save on waste, leaving less plastic water bottles around
The “flow” winds through 14 fractions and represents an opportunity:
To reflect on water as a precious good and inalienable right,,
To admire the vast richness of history and architecture of our
municipality
Finetti - Gragnano
5. How the paper industries use layer and
superficial water and the problems that derive
from this.
Water promotes and determines the economy of our territory.
• You could count at least 40, and they were mills, textile and woollen industries.
• The most important were: the Textile industry “Oliva” at Piaggione the hessian jute factory “Balestrieri” in Ponte a Moriano, the thread factory Niemack (later Cucirini Cantoni &Coats) at Acquacalda.
• In the 1910s the first paper mills and factories were set up.
•
Jutificio «Balestrieri»
Cucirini Cantoni Coats
The bond between water and the
industries of Lucca has always been
decisive.
In the 1920s, along this course, there
were a lot of factories quite
important for the economy of the city.
Today a lot of the ancient mills have become museums ( The Menicone Mill), some big industries have closed (the hessian jute factory “Balestriere and the thread factory Cucirini Cantoni &Coats) others have been bought by international firms (Italcarta), very few are still owned by the original families of Lucca (Pasquini of the Paper factory Lucart and Stefani-Lazzereschi for Sofidel)
Molino Menconi
Lucart
Cardella
Water can be considered
one of the main resources
used in the paper process
Environmental impact of the paper factories
Use of water
Water sewers
Use of Energy (electrical, fuels)
Visual impact
Emergencies (fires, loss of liquids)
Use of chemical products
SmellsWaste
Contamination and use of soil
Emissions in the atmosphere
Noise
How the water layer of the Plain of Lucca has dropped in time
Measures adopted by the paper industry in
relation to pumping water from the
underground water tables
The firms have now started to study and test how
to manage in an efficient way this resource,
through the recycling of water in the phases of the
working process so as to limit the pumping of
water from the wells.
Water use in the paper industry
Today the province of Lucca remains the seat of one of the most important Italian paper groups for the
production of packaging and tissue paper. In addition to the paper factories there are also numerous
factories for the transformation of paper into finished products.
This aspect, as we have already seen in the
previous section, is particularly important for the
Plain of Lucca, which presents a drop in the layer
level.
The use of water in great quantities has caused
serious environmental damages which are now
unsustainable.
To reduce further the pumping
from the water layer an
industrial aqueduct called
“tubone” was built, it takes
water from the river Serchio
through a pre-existing canal
(fossa Nuova) that originates in
Ponte a Moriano and reaches
Camigliano.
Afterwards, with an interred
pipe, from Camigliano it should
take the water of the industrial
area of Capannori Porcari to
the purifying plant Casa del
Lupo.
Acquedotto delle Cerbaie
Pozzi di Paganico
Fossa Nuova
TUBONE
The present system of the new canal “tubone” which is used to
deviate the water of the river Serchio.
The recycling of water in the paper industry
Purification plant
Water which flows back from the
productive process
Rain water
Water which flows back from sewers
Chemical-physical treatment
Anaerobic treatment
Biological treatment
To the Purification
plant ACQUAPUR
Re-used for the productive process
The
biological/
anaerobic
phase
produces
biogas which
is sent to the
section of
energetic re
cycling for the
production of
electrical
Energy.
Results reached
and
some problems
5,95,6
5,3
4,24,4
Tissue Packaging
Results reached
in “the environmental declaration EMAS – the Paper district of Capannori” is praised as excellent , it
reports that :
“the performances reached in the use of water make the paper factories of the Plain of Lucca an
international excellence. Results like those indicated by the graph are hardly ever reached elsewhere.”
This has also been confirmed by the average values reported in Bref (Best Reference Document of the
European
Commission) which reports
the best techniques available
in the field of application
according to the IPPC
indications
– which can be seen in
this graph.
… some problems. Using less water means:
A biological increase
A higher concentration of pollutants
In addition the unsuccessful cleansing system, and
the irregular water supply have not permitted a
definite stop in the use of layer water.
The output of strong smells
Purifying plant - Casa del Lupo
Water and legalityThe good procedures that citizens and
public administrations can adopt for a better use of water
Laws about water in time
Code of health laws (RD 27/07/1934)
DPR 03/07/1982 n.515 DPR 3/07/1982 n.515
DPR 24/05/1988 n.236
Innovations during 60 years
Water treatments Chlorination
Code of health laws (RD 27/07/1934)
o It gave us a first definition of “drinking water”;
o But this definition was very questionable because it evaluated characteristics in a very coarse way
SIXTHIES
Dirty water in the aqueducts
We have to find a way to reduce the pollution in the water
DPR 3/07/1982 n.515
Surface waters were
divided into three categories
A1 simple physics treatment and disinfection
A2 normal physics and chemical treatment, disinfection and refining
A3 pushed physics and chemical treatment, disinfection and refining
DPR 24/05/1988 N.236
o Were defined the meaning of “ drinking water” through some parameters
Saving water at home means huge improvements
The most obvious place to start saving water is at home, here we have
some tips that will allow you to conserve fresh water by only changing
your habits slightly
In the kitchen…
1. Don't rinse your hands, clothes or vegetables under a running tap, do so in a bowl or sink.
2. Only run washing machines or dishwashers with a full load, and cut down the rinse cycle if possible.
3. Water plants with the same water used for washing food.
In the bathroom…
1. Turn off the tap while brushing teeth, soaping hands or shaving;
2. Take short showers instead of baths;
3. If you do have a bath, use the water left over to wash the floor;
4. Use water saving devices, e.g. water efficient showerhead, water tap, dual flush cistern for the toilet, and pay attention to water efficiency labels;
5. Avoid flushing unnecessarily.
And, at least…
1. Fix dripping taps and water mains quickly;
2. Teach children that water is not for games;
3. Control the flow from the tap, do not always turn it to the full.
4. Wash cars with a bucket of water and the towel instead of a hose.
A well planned urban
and industrial growth
Measures to apply as prevention for a correct
management of the water resources are:
Use materials and architectural
solutions environmentally friendly able
to improve our territory, the fountains
and the water locations
Upgrade, respecting the environment,
industrial areas and buildings.
Collecting rain water
The use of new technologies to disinfect and not alter
the aspects of taste and quality of water
Thus avoiding to rely excessively on drainage
from the water tables and a strict organisation of
the pumping activities
Draining water from lakes and
rivers
Thanks to water, we have established, new social
relationships among citizens and communities on
the territory.
The separation of gray and black waters and the
decentralisation of the treatment techniques for
local re-use
Promote and incentivate the use of tap water in private
and public structures
The lack of interest for some types of plants
which favour the oxygen production of the
territory and remove polluting elements.
The lack of sensibility for all that is
traditional and the territorial cultural
heritage (people, farming, the elders)
who and which would contribute to
improve the territorial environmental
balance.
Water reeds
Hemp
Further operations in the area of the Plain at high hydrogeological risk
Make the new “wells field”
in the river bed of the
Serchio at San Pietro a Vico
more efficient.
Decrease the water
drainage of the paper
mills.
Monitor the levels of the
layer and the percentage
of territory under the
authority of the Bacino
dell’Arno
Increase the pressure in
the restrained table
during rainy periods.
Eliminate the
private wells
Experiment techniques
of artificial refilling of
the water layer at Casa
del Lupo
Visita Liceo Scientifico E. Majorana8 Maggio 2015
Risorse idriche:rafforzare le conoscenze alla base
della presa di decisioni
Giovanni Bidoglio
Cosa pensano della loro acqua i cittadini europei?
FLASH EUROBAROMETER 344 (2012)
• Protecting all waters, surface and ground waters
• Covering all impacts on waters• Water quality defined in terms of
biology, chemistry and morphology
• Good ecological status to be achieved with the first RBMPs by 2015
• Second RBMPs end by 2021
HHIIGGHH
GGOOOODD
MMOODDEERRAATTEE
PPOOOORR
BBAADD
Ecological status
No or minimal {
Slight {
Moderate {
Major {
Severe {
No
-de
teri
ora
tio
n
Re
sto
rati
on
Courtesy Peter Pollard
Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque: dal controllo dell’inquinamento all’integrità degli ecosistemi
La risposta dell’Unione Europea
Un problema condiviso
• 11% della popolazione e 17% del territorio europeo hanno sperimentato condizioni di scarsità d’acqua
• 2012: Condizioni di stress idrico in 26 bacini idrografici tutto l’anno (43 durante l’estate)
• 2030: Condizioni di stress idrico in 47 bacini idrografici tutto l’anno (63 durante l’estate)
• Non solo un problema per il sud Europa: le attuali valutazioni parlano di 31 su 63 bacini idrografici nel nord Europa
• Aumento della competizione per l’acqua tra diversi settori economici e politiche
Piani di bacino della Direttiva Quadro sulle Acque e progetto ClimWatAdapt
Riferimenti :
Il Prodotto Interno Lordo dei 10 più popolosi bacini idrografici al mondo supererà quello delle economie combinate di USA, Giappone e Germania, ma solo se
verrà affrontato il problema della scarsità d’acqua
Frazi
one d
el G
DP g
lobale 2010
2050
June 2012
Acqua come opportunità di crescita
1013 miliardi €
4995 miliardi €
2313 miliardi €
232 miliardi €
Il Water Footprint della produzione agricola
Vanham et al. (JRC), 2014
Bacini esportatori netti di acqua virtuale
Bacini importatori netti di acqua virtuale
Analisi dell’impronta idrica del
consumo (WFcons) e della produzione
(WFprod) di prodotti agricoli e
risultante flusso virtuale d’acqua per 365 grandi bacini idrografici nell’Unione Europea
Scenari per il 2020 di carico di azoto ai mari europei (1000 ton/anno)
Business As Usual Change in diet Manure management
18493 17906 (-3 %) 8170 (- 55 %)
Agriculture as main contributor of nitrogen entering the European Seas
Agricoltura come principale responsabile del carico di nutrienti ai mari europei
Cooperazione CNR –CCR nel Mar Mediterraneo: 2007, 2008, 2012, 2014
BiOMaP Ships
AAOT
Monitoraggio di acque marine e costiere tramite osservazioni satellitari
Clorofilla-a Materiaorganica
109April 17, 2023
1
23
4 5
1. Battery 12 V
2. Flow-meter/Counter
3. Pump (Flow rate: 0.1-0.2 L/min)
4. Holder-SPE: adsorbent
5. Water Sampling line
6. Waste
6
Cost prototype: 1500 EuroExpected cost in production: 600 EuroPatent: pendingTarget volume: max. 10-20 L 10 to 20 fold increase of LoQ
30 cm
The Mariani Box
Unrestricted irrigationFarm applications
Restricted irrigation
Restricted irrigation Reuse of industrial effluent
Unrestricted irrigation
Industrial reuse
Urban reuse
Urban reuse
Indirect potable reuseSaline intrusion barrier
Indirect potable reuseSaline intrusion barrier
Greenfield siteIndirect potable reuse
Alcune conclusioni
• Un approccio economico puo aiutare il processo politico di policy:
• Valori economici possono essere scambiati con altri valori
• Le funzioni ambientali sono da considerare
• Scelte di priorità• L’acqua non è un bene
commerciale• Il suo valore economico non è il
suo valore totale
• Problemi e opportunità sono due facce della stessa medaglia
• Qualsiasi soluzione deve mirare al consenso
• Necessità di una continuità politica oltre schemi tradizionali
• È fondamentale coinvolgere tutti i cittadini – anche bambini ed anziani
17 aprile 2023 112
• Dimmi e dimenticherò
• Fammi vedere e mi ricorderò
• Coinvolgimi e apprenderò
Progetto Lago della Gherardesca
Intervista: è stato chiesto alla popolazione di Colle di compito e di Castelvecchio di Compito quale parere
avessero riguardo all'idea di poter far diventare la zona del lago un'area turistica.
La domanda posta:<<Se venisse portato a termine il progetto di far diventare la zona
del Lago della Gherardesca, quello che è il nostro ''padule'', lei sarebbe a favore o meno?>>
INTERVISTATO n°1<< Secondo me sarebbe una bella cosa perché almeno si creerebbe del movimento in paese, dato che è un po' smorto. >>
INTERVISTATO n°2 << Non sono a favore, quella è un'area da preservare e non da rendere luogo pubblico in modo '' eccessivo'' come potrebbe avvenire nel caso fosse messo in atto questo progetto. Questo luogo è perfetto per rilassarsi, trovare la bellezza della flora e della fauna e non è corretto distruggere l'equilibrio che vi si trova. >>
INTERVISTATO n°3
<< Il Palude è un luogo da conservare e non ci deve essere costruito o altro perché verrebbe rovinato, è un luogo tranquillo, in cui si sta bene. >>
INTERVISTATO n°4<< Non sono favorevole perché lì si trova un paesaggio naturale e deve essere protetto. >>
INTERVISTATO n°5<< Ma siee, è bellissimo così com'è e un dev'esse toccato da nimmo. >>
INTERVISTATO n°6<< Son d'accordo col facci la zona turistica, per guadagnà du sordi in questo paesin vi. >>
INTERVISTATO n°7
<< Va ben osì com'è, ma se un ci fossero le zanzare a datti noia. D'inverno po si riempe d'acqua, ma in du voglian andà a fa il posto turistico. >>
INTERVISTATO n°8<< Io son d'accordo co sta '' iniziativa'' almeno porterebbe un popò di turismo per in qua. >>
INTERVISTATO n°9
<< Son a favore perché potrebbe dà der lavoro a sti giovani vi, osì il posto lo terrebbero un popò più pulito anche se un si deve sta a stravolgge l'ambiente naturale. >>
Dalla sintesi delle posizioni riportate in questo stralcio di intervista, possiamo ben capire che la comunità di Colle di Compito e di Castelvecchio di Compito è nettamente divisa intorno a due posizioni prevalenti: chi risulta
a favore della realizzazione di un'area turistica nella zona del Lago della Gherardesca, chiamato dagli abitanti ''Il Padule'', per motivi puramente economici, e chi invece opta per una conservazione che garantisca la
bellezza e l’unicità della zona.
Ci siamo chiesti se e come sia possibile conciliare sviluppo economico e tutela del paesaggio, aprendo un confronto con la proprietà e gli
stakeholders.