The
Ref
orm
atio
n b
rou
ght
ligh
t ou
t of
dar
knes
s. T
hat
ligh
t m
ust
shi
ne
anew
to
diss
ipat
e th
e da
rkn
ess
that
en
croa
ches
on
the
gos
pel
in o
ur
age.
I h
ope
this
boo
k w
ill
help
aw
aken
you
th i
n
Am
eric
a an
d th
rou
ghou
t th
e E
ngl
ish-
spea
kin
g w
orld
to
the
vita
l tr
uth
s se
t fo
rth
so c
lear
ly a
nd
bold
ly b
y th
e hi
stor
ic h
eroe
s of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n.
— D
r. R
.C. S
pro
ul,
Pre
sid
ent,
Lig
on
ier
Min
istr
ies,
Orl
and
o, F
lori
da
q
In a
day
whe
n t
here
are
idol
s in
abu
nda
nce
, bu
t fe
w h
eroe
s, t
his
beau
tifu
lly
wri
tten
an
d il
lust
rate
d bo
ok w
ill d
o m
uch
to
stir
qu
esti
onin
g yo
un
g m
inds
to
prob
e th
e pu
rpos
e of
the
ir o
wn
live
s. D
ian
a K
leyn
an
d Jo
el B
eeke
hav
e on
ce a
gain
fou
nd
a w
ay t
o m
ake
hist
ory
both
in
tere
stin
g an
d ch
alle
ngi
ng.
By
grac
e, R
efo
rmat
ion
Her
oes
is
a bo
ok t
hat
wil
l he
lp c
aptu
re y
oun
g m
inds
an
d he
arts
for
Chr
ist.
— D
r. S
incl
air
Fer
gu
son
, Pas
tor
of
the
Fir
st P
resb
yte
rian
Ch
urc
h,
Co
lum
bia
, So
uth
Car
oli
na
q
Ref
orm
atio
n H
ero
es is
a v
alu
able
intr
odu
ctio
n to
impo
rtan
t figu
res
in th
e R
efor
mat
ion
. T
he s
tori
es t
old
are
insp
irin
g an
d en
cou
ragi
ng
—an
d sh
ould
be
rem
embe
red
amon
g u
s as
ev
iden
ces
of t
he g
race
of
God
at
wor
k.—
Dr.
W. R
ob
ert
Go
dfr
ey, P
resi
den
t, W
estm
inst
er S
emin
ary
in
Cal
ifo
rnia
Thi
s be
auti
full
y w
ritt
en a
nd
illu
stra
ted
volu
me,
co-
auth
ored
by
Dia
na
Kle
yn a
nd
Joel
Bee
ke, i
s a
joy
to r
ead
and
dese
rves
a p
lace
in
an
y ho
me
whe
re t
he t
riu
mph
s of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n a
re h
eld
dear
. It
pro
vide
s a
sure
res
ourc
e fo
r in
quir
ing
you
ng
min
ds t
o ca
ptu
re t
he t
hril
l of
God
’s w
ork
in t
he l
ives
of
men
an
d w
omen
pri
mar
ily
in t
he
sixt
een
th c
entu
ry. R
efo
rmat
ion
Her
oes
is
a m
agn
ifice
nt
achi
evem
ent.
— D
r. D
erek
Th
om
as, J
oh
n E
. Ric
har
ds
Pro
fess
or
of
Th
eolo
gy,
R
efo
rmed
Th
eolo
gic
al S
emin
ary,
Jac
kso
n, M
issi
ssip
pi
q
Liv
ing
as w
e do
in
a g
ener
atio
n s
o w
rapp
ed u
p in
the
pre
sen
t, w
e n
eed
tool
s, w
isdo
m,
and
skil
l to
im
pres
s u
pon
the
you
ng
of o
ur
day
and
in o
ur
chu
rche
s—fo
r ou
r ch
urc
h yo
uth
are
not
im
mu
ne
to t
he f
olli
es o
f th
e ag
e—th
at s
tudy
of
the
Chr
isti
an p
ast
is w
orth
whi
le a
nd
deep
ly r
ewar
din
g. H
ere
is o
ne
such
too
l.
The
au
thor
s ar
e to
be
war
mly
com
men
ded
for
givi
ng
our
you
ng
peop
le f
resh
acc
ess
to t
he r
iche
s of
the
R
efor
mat
ion
, n
amel
y, G
od’s
sai
nts
who
did
su
ch g
reat
exp
loit
s fo
r th
e ki
ngd
om o
f th
e L
ord
Chr
ist.
The
se
men
an
d w
omen
wer
e n
ot p
erfe
ct—
and
thei
r fl
aws
are
not
ove
rloo
ked
—bu
t th
ey w
ere
“sol
d ou
t” fo
r C
hris
t an
d S
crip
ture
-tru
th.
An
d in
ou
r de
gen
erat
e da
y, w
e n
eed
such
mod
els
held
bef
ore
our
you
ng
peop
le—
just
as
wha
t is
don
e w
ith
the
sain
ts o
f Heb
rew
s 11
—to
en
cou
rage
the
m t
o ru
n t
he C
hris
tian
rac
e an
d fi
nd
at t
he
very
en
d th
e L
ord
Jesu
s—th
e su
m a
nd
subs
tan
ce o
f al
l th
at i
s be
st i
n t
he h
isto
ry o
f th
e R
efor
mat
ion
.
— D
r. M
ich
ael
Hay
kin
, Pro
fess
or
of
Ch
urc
h H
isto
ry,
So
uth
ern
Bap
tist
Th
eolo
gic
al S
emin
ary,
L
ou
isv
ille
, Ken
tuck
y
Refo
rmati
on
H
ER
OE
S
Refo
rmati
on
H
ER
OE
SA
Sim
ple
, Ill
ust
rate
d O
ver
vie
w o
f P
eop
le
Wh
o A
ssis
ted
in
th
e G
reat
Wo
rk o
f th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
by
Dia
na
Kle
yn
wit
h J
oel
R. B
eek
e
Illu
stra
ted
by C
affy
Whi
tney
an
d ot
hers
Bas
ed o
n R
ich
ard
New
ton
’s T
he R
efor
mat
ion
an
d It
s H
eroe
s
Re
form
atio
n H
eri
tag
e B
oo
ks
Gra
nd
Rap
ids,
Mic
hig
an
© 2
007
by
Dia
na
Kle
yn
an
d J
oel
R. B
eek
e
Pu
bli
shed
by
Re
form
atio
n H
eri
tag
e B
oo
ks
2965
Leo
nar
d S
t., N
EG
ran
d R
apid
s, M
I 49
525
616-
977-
0599
/ F
ax 6
16-2
85-3
246
e-m
ail:
ord
ers@
her
itag
ebo
ok
s.o
rgw
ebsi
te:
ww
w.h
erit
ageb
oo
ks.
org
Lib
rary
of
Co
ng
ress
Cat
alo
gin
g-i
n-P
ub
lica
tio
n D
ata
Kle
yn
, D. M
. (D
ian
a M
.) R
efo
rmat
ion
her
oes
: a
sim
ple
, ill
ust
rate
d o
ver
vie
w o
f p
eop
le w
ho
assi
sted
in
th
e g
reat
wo
rk o
f th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
/ b
y D
ian
a K
ley
n w
ith
Jo
elR
. Bee
ke;
bas
ed o
n R
ich
ard
New
ton
’s T
he
Ref
orm
atio
n a
nd
its
her
oes
.
p
. cm
. I
ncl
ud
es b
ibli
og
rap
hic
al r
efer
ence
s an
d i
nd
ex.
IS
BN
978
-1-6
0178
-028
-7 (
har
dco
ver
: a
lk. p
aper
) 1
. R
efo
rmat
ion
—B
iog
rap
hy.
I. B
eek
e, J
oel
R.,
1952
- II
. New
ton
,R
ich
ard
, 181
3-18
87. R
efo
rmat
ion
an
d i
ts h
ero
es. I
II. T
itle
. B
R31
5.K
54 2
007
270
.609
2’2-
-dc2
2 [
B]
2007
0396
71
C
ov
er a
rtw
ork
by
Caf
fy W
hit
ney
: H
ug
h L
atim
er a
nd
Nic
ho
las
Rid
ley
bei
ng
bu
rned
at
the
stak
e.
Fo
r ad
dit
ion
al a
rtw
ork
by
Caf
fy W
hit
ney
, see
pag
es 5
2, 6
2, 8
7, 1
06, 1
08, 1
16, 1
30, 1
34, 1
51, 1
60, 1
68, 1
71, 1
83, 1
87.
For
addi
tion
al R
efor
med
lit
erat
ure
, bot
h n
ew a
nd
use
d, r
equ
est
a fr
eebo
ok l
ist
from
Ref
orm
atio
n H
erit
age
Boo
ks a
t th
e ab
ove
addr
ess.
To m
y p
aren
ts,
Liz
an
d M
urr
ay S
om
me
r,
wh
o t
aug
ht
me
to v
alu
e th
e sc
rip
tura
l d
oct
rin
esre
dis
cov
ered
du
rin
g t
he
Ref
orm
atio
n
— D
K
q
Wit
h h
eart
felt
ap
pre
ciat
ion
to
G
ary
an
d L
ind
a d
en
Ho
llan
de
r,
qu
alit
y a
nd
fai
thfu
l fr
ien
ds
for
twen
ty-fi
ve
yea
rs,
qu
iet
and
eff
ecti
ve
wo
rker
s in
Go
d’s
kin
gd
om
,a
qu
ick
an
d m
etic
ulo
us
typ
eset
tin
g/p
roo
frea
din
g t
eam
—
JR
B
Chap
ter
1:
Pet
er W
aldo (
c. 1
140
–c.
1217)
..................
1
Chap
ter
2:
John W
ycl
iffe
(c.
1324
–1384)
..................
7
Chap
ter
3: A
nne
of
Bohem
ia, Q
uee
n o
f R
ichar
d I
I (1
366
–1394)
1
6
Chap
ter
4:
John H
uss
(1372
–1415)
....
...................
1
9
Chap
ter
5:
Mar
tin L
uth
er (
1483
–1546)
....................
2
5
Chap
ter
6:
Phil
ip M
elan
chth
on (
1497
–1560)
...............
4
0
Chap
ter
7:
The
Pro
test
at
Spey
er (
1529) .
...................
4
6
Chap
ter
8:
Mar
tin B
uce
r (1
491
–1551)
.....................
5
1
Chap
ter
9:
Ulr
ich Z
win
gli
(1484
–1531)
...................
5
4
Chap
ter
10:
Hei
nri
ch B
ull
inger
(1504
–1575)
...............
6
0
Chap
ter
11:
Wil
liam
Tyndal
e (c
. 1494
–1536)
...............
6
3
Chap
ter
12:
Edw
ard V
I (1
537
–1553)
......................
7
2
Chap
ter
13:
Thom
as C
ranm
er (
1489
–1556) .
................
7
5
Chap
ter
14:
Hugh L
atim
er a
nd N
ichola
s R
idle
y .
.............
8
0
Par
t O
ne:
Hugh L
atim
er (
c. 1
485
–1555)
Par
t T
wo:
Nic
hola
s R
idle
y (
1500
–1555)
Chap
ter
15:
John F
oxe
(1517
–1587) .
......................
8
8
Chap
ter
16:
John K
nox (
c. 1
514
–1572)
...................
9
2
Chap
ter
17:
Guid
o d
e B
rès
(1522
–1567)
...................
100
Chap
ter
18:
The
Hei
del
ber
g C
atec
his
m .
...................
105
Par
t O
ne:
Cas
par
Ole
via
nus
(1536
–1587)
Par
t T
wo:
Zac
har
ias
Urs
inus
(1534
–1583)
Par
t T
hre
e: F
reder
ick I
II (
1516
–1576)
Par
t F
our:
The
Hei
del
ber
g C
atec
his
m (
1563)
Chap
ter
19:
Pet
er M
arty
r V
erm
igli
(1499
–1562)
...
...
...
..
..
114
Chap
ter
20:
John C
alvin
(1509
–1564)
..
...
..
...
..
...
...
..
. 1
18
Chap
ter
21:
Theo
dore
Bez
a (1
519
–1605)
..
..
..
...
...
..
...
. 1
28
Chap
ter
22:
Jan Ł
aski
(1499
–1560)
...
...
...
..
...
...
..
...
. 1
33
Chap
ter
23:
The
Duke
of
Alv
a an
d W
illi
am, P
rince
of
Ora
nge
..
136
Par
t O
ne:
The
Duke
of
Alv
a (1
507
–1582)
Par
t T
wo:
Wil
liam
, P
rince
of
Ora
nge
(1533
–1584)
Chap
ter
24:
Pet
rus
Dat
hen
us
(1531
–1588)
..
..
..
....
..
..
...
141
Chap
ter
25:
Quee
n M
arguer
ite
of
Nav
arre
(1492
–1548)
..
..
..
. 1
46
Chap
ter
26:
Quee
n J
eanne
d’A
lbre
t of
Nav
arre
(1528
–1572)
...
150
Chap
ter
27: A
dm
iral
Coli
gny (
1519
–1572)
and t
he
T
raged
y o
f S
t. B
arth
olo
mew
’s D
ay (
August
24, 1572)
..
..
..
156
Chap
ter
28:
Char
lott
e, t
he
Nun o
f Jo
uar
re (
c. 1
550
–1582)
..
..
. 1
62
Chap
ter
29:
Wil
liam
Per
kin
s (1
558
–1602)
..
..
..
....
..
..
...
167
Chap
ter
30:
Wil
liam
Am
es (
1576
–1633)
..
..
...
..
...
..
...
..
170
Chap
ter
31:
Wil
liam
Tee
llin
ck (
1579
–1629)
...
...
...
..
...
..
174
Chap
ter
32:
The
Anab
apti
sts
..
..
..
...
...
..
...
..
...
...
..
. 1
77
Konra
d G
rebel
(1498
–1526),
Fel
ix M
anz
(c. 1500
–1527),
L
udw
ig H
ätze
r (c
. 1500
–1529)
Geo
rg B
lauro
ck (
c. 1
492
–1529)
Thom
as M
üntz
er (
c. 1
489
–1525)
Jan M
atti
js (
d. 1534),
Jan
Beu
kel
ssen
(d. 1535)
Mel
chio
r H
off
man
n (
1498
–1543)
Jako
b H
utt
er (
d. 1536)
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts
Bal
thas
ar H
ubm
aier
(c.
1485
–1528)
Men
no S
imons
(1496
–1561)
Chap
ter
33:
The
Counte
r R
eform
atio
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Chap
ter
34:
The
Infl
uen
ce o
f th
e R
eform
atio
n
..............
192
Concl
usi
on .
....
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
...
..................
199
Appen
dix
A:
Countr
ies
and A
reas
Im
pac
ted b
y t
he
Ref
orm
atio
n 2
03
Appen
dix
B:
Kin
gs
and Q
uee
ns
of
Engla
nd a
nd S
cotl
and .
..
..
206
Appen
dix
C:
Cam
bri
dge
Univ
ersi
ty .
..
..
...
..
...
...
...
..
..
208
Appen
dix
D:
Oxfo
rd U
niv
ersi
ty .
..
..
...
..
...
...
..
....
..
..
210
Appen
dix
E:
Glo
ssar
y .
..
..
...
...
..
...
..
...
...
..
....
..
..
212
Bib
liogra
phy .
...
..
...
...
..
...
..
...
...
..
...
...
..
...
. 2
21
Sin
ce t
he
clo
se o
f th
e N
ew T
esta
men
t h
isto
ry a
nd
th
e fo
un
d-
ing
of
the
Ch
rist
ian
ch
urc
h,
no
mo
re-i
mp
ort
ant
even
t h
as t
aken
pla
ce t
han
th
e g
reat
Ref
orm
atio
n o
f th
e si
xtee
nth
cen
tury
. Mar
tin
Lu
ther
wro
te h
is n
inet
y-fi
ve
thes
es a
lmo
st fi
ve
hu
nd
red
yea
rs
ago
. Th
is c
ause
d t
he
Ref
orm
atio
n t
o t
ake
firm
ro
ot.
Th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
did
no
t h
app
en a
ll a
t o
nce
. A
s y
ou
rea
d
this
bo
ok
, y
ou
wil
l le
arn
th
at t
he
Lo
rd u
sed
so
me
peo
ple
to
pla
nt
the
seed
s o
f ch
urc
h r
efo
rm (
see
chap
ters
1–
4) l
on
g b
efo
re
Mar
tin
Lu
ther
po
sted
th
e n
inet
y-fi
ve
thes
es o
n t
he
chu
rch
do
ors
of
Wit
ten
ber
g o
n O
cto
ber
31,
151
7. T
he
sto
ry o
f L
uth
er a
nd
th
e
nin
ety
-fiv
e th
eses
is
wel
l k
no
wn
(se
e ch
apte
r 5)
. W
e tr
ust
yo
u
wil
l fi
nd
it
inte
rest
ing
an
d i
nst
ruct
ive
to r
ead
ab
ou
t o
ther
ev
ents
and
peo
ple
co
ntr
ibu
tin
g t
o t
he
Ref
orm
atio
n—
som
e w
ell-
kn
ow
n
and
oth
ers
no
t so
wel
l-k
no
wn
—m
ost
of
wh
om
are
Ref
orm
atio
n
her
oes
. T
hey
fo
rm t
he
bu
lk o
f th
is b
oo
k (
see
chap
ters
6–
31).
To
pro
vid
e a
full
er p
ictu
re o
f th
e m
any
-sid
ed R
efo
rmat
ion
, ch
apte
rs
are
also
in
clu
ded
on
th
e A
nab
apti
st a
nd
Co
un
ter
Ref
orm
atio
n
mo
vem
ents
(se
e ch
apte
rs 3
2–
33).
Fin
ally
, th
e b
oo
k c
on
clu
des
wit
h
a b
rief
su
mm
ary
of
the
infl
uen
ce o
f th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
in
dif
fere
nt
area
s o
f li
fe.
Bec
ause
th
is b
oo
k i
s w
ritt
en f
or
old
er c
hil
dre
n a
nd
tee
ns,
a
glo
ssar
y is
incl
ud
ed w
hic
h c
an b
e fo
un
d in
Ap
pen
dix
E. A
ny
tim
e
yo
u a
re n
ot
sure
of
the
mea
nin
g o
f a
wo
rd,
chec
k t
he
glo
ssar
y i
n
the
bac
k o
f th
e b
oo
k. T
his
wil
l giv
e y
ou
the
mea
nin
g o
f th
e w
ord
in
the
con
text
of
the
chap
ter
yo
u a
re r
ead
ing
. A
lso
, m
ost
qu
ota
tio
ns
hav
e b
een
sim
pli
fied
so
th
at y
ou
can
un
der
stan
d w
hat
was
sai
d,
sin
ce m
uch
of
the
lan
gu
age
of
lon
g a
go
was
flo
wer
y a
nd
co
nsi
sted
of
lon
g s
ente
nce
s. T
he
sou
rces
hav
e b
een
giv
en, h
ow
ever
, in
cas
e
yo
u w
ou
ld l
ike
to fi
nd
th
e o
rig
inal
qu
ote
s.
Th
is b
oo
k s
erv
es a
s an
up
dat
e, r
ewri
te,
and
exp
ansi
on
of
Ric
har
d N
ewto
n’s
The
Ref
orm
atio
n a
nd
Its
Her
oes
(189
7).
We
hav
e
also
rel
ied
fai
rly
ext
ensi
vel
y o
n t
he
Oxf
ord
Dic
tion
ary
of N
atio
nal
Bio
grap
hy (2
004)
for o
ur fi
nal
au
tho
rity
on
var
iou
s is
sues
co
nce
rnin
g
fact
s an
d d
ates
. Ad
dit
ion
al s
ou
rces
are
no
ted
in t
he
text
an
d in
th
e
bib
lio
gra
ph
y.
Th
e p
urp
ose
of
this
bo
ok
is t
hre
efo
ld: fi
rst,
to
tea
ch a
gen
eral
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n a
nd
th
e ev
ents
lea
din
g u
p t
o i
t.
Sec
on
d,
bec
ause
yo
un
g p
eop
le o
ften
lac
k h
elp
ful
men
tors
an
d
role
mo
del
s, w
e w
ish
to
set
fo
rth
acc
ura
te li
fe s
tori
es o
f R
efo
rmer
s
wh
o a
re s
till
gen
uin
e h
ero
es a
nd
hel
pfu
l m
ento
rs f
or
us
tod
ay.
Th
ird
, we
ho
pe
yo
u a
lso
gai
n a
dee
per
res
pec
t fo
r th
e d
oct
rin
es o
f
the
Ref
orm
atio
n,
as w
ell
as f
or
the
free
do
m w
e en
joy
to
wo
rsh
ip
Go
d
acco
rdin
g
to
Scr
iptu
re.
Man
y
peo
ple
su
ffer
ed
and
ev
en
gav
e th
eir
liv
es s
o t
hat
th
e g
osp
el w
ou
ld b
e p
rocl
aim
ed a
nd
rea
d
ever
yw
her
e. W
e h
ave
a ri
ch h
erit
age
and
mu
ch t
o b
e th
ank
ful
for.
Let
us
pra
y t
hat
th
e G
od
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n m
ay o
nce
ag
ain
refo
rm a
nd
rev
ive
His
ch
urc
h t
hro
ug
h t
he
liv
es o
f g
od
ly m
en a
nd
wo
men
wh
o li
ve
for
His
glo
ry. M
ay y
ou
, dea
r ch
ild
ren
an
d y
ou
ng
peo
ple
, be
amo
ng
th
em.
Fin
ally
, we
wis
h t
o t
han
k s
emin
aria
n M
aart
en K
uiv
enh
ov
en
for
his
val
uab
le e
dit
ing
of
this
bo
ok
an
d h
is w
ork
on
th
e th
oro
ug
h
bib
lio
gra
ph
y w
hic
h i
s d
esig
ned
als
o f
or
adu
lts
wh
o w
ish
to
stu
dy
the
Ref
orm
atio
n in
gre
ater
dep
th; S
har
la K
atte
nb
erg
, Kat
e D
eVri
es,
Gar
y d
en H
oll
and
er,
and
Mar
tha
Fis
her
fo
r th
eir
pro
ofr
ead
ing
;
Lin
da
den
H
oll
and
er
for
her
ty
pes
etti
ng
; C
affy
W
hit
ney
fo
r
her
art
wo
rk o
n t
he
cov
er a
nd
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e b
oo
k;
and
Am
y
Zev
enb
erg
en f
or
her
co
ver
des
ign
an
d w
ork
on
th
e il
lust
rati
on
s.
We
also
th
ank
ou
r sp
ou
ses,
Ch
ris
Kle
yn
an
d M
ary
Bee
ke,
fo
r th
eir
lov
e an
d p
atie
nce
as
this
bo
ok
mo
ved
rat
her
lab
ori
ou
sly
th
rou
gh
sev
eral
dra
fts.
May
Go
d g
raci
ou
sly
ble
ss t
hem
fo
r th
eir
serv
ant
hea
rts
and
kin
dn
ess.
— D
K/J
RB
Intr
od
uct
ion
~ 1
~
Pete
r Wald
o q (c
. 114
0 –
c. 1
217)
Th
e ci
ty o
f L
yon
s, F
ran
ce
In t
he
mid
dle
of
the
twel
fth
cen
tury
, a
wea
lth
y m
erch
ant
by
th
e n
ame
of
Pet
er W
ald
o (
or
Pet
er V
ald
es)
liv
ed i
n L
yo
ns
(L ē
-ŏn),
Fra
nce
. H
is h
ou
se s
too
d
on
a p
iece
of
lan
d n
ear
the
pla
ce w
her
e th
e R
ho
ne1 a
nd
th
e S
aon
e2 Riv
ers
mee
t.
Th
e w
alls
of
the
city
wer
e o
ld a
nd
gra
y, t
he
stre
ets
nar
row
an
d s
had
ow
ed
by
tal
l h
ou
ses
on
eit
her
sid
e. T
he
city
of
Ly
on
s w
as f
amo
us
for
its
com
mer
ce
(bu
yin
g a
nd
sel
lin
g),
so
th
e w
har
ves
on
bo
th r
iver
s w
ere
alw
ays
bu
sy.
Ly
on
s w
as m
ost
fam
ou
s fo
r it
s si
lk.
In m
any
ho
mes
, th
e cl
ick
ing
so
un
d o
f th
e lo
om
w
as h
eard
. Nu
mer
ou
s tr
ees
had
bee
n p
lan
ted
ou
tsid
e th
e ci
ty w
alls
. On
th
ese
tree
s, s
ilk
wo
rms
wer
e b
red
, an
d t
he
coco
on
s w
ere
use
d f
or
mak
ing
sil
k.
Wa
ldo
is a
wa
ken
ed t
o sp
irit
ua
l li
fe
Pet
er W
ald
o h
ad b
een
ver
y s
ucc
essf
ul
in h
is b
usi
nes
s, b
ut
he
was
no
t se
lfish
or
gre
edy.
He
was
kn
ow
n i
n L
yo
ns
for
his
kin
dn
ess
and
gen
ero
sity
. O
ne
day
, so
met
hin
g h
app
ened
th
at m
ade
him
fee
l co
nce
rned
no
t o
nly
fo
r th
e p
hy
sica
l w
ell-
bei
ng
of
the
peo
ple
in
his
cit
y, b
ut
also
fo
r th
eir
spir
itu
al w
ell-
bei
ng
. W
ald
o w
as v
isit
ing
so
me
of
his
fri
end
s. A
fter
su
pp
er,
on
e o
f th
e m
en
sud
den
ly f
ell
do
wn
an
d d
ied
. Th
is m
ade
a tr
emen
do
us
imp
ress
ion
on
Wal
do
.
1. T
he
Rh
on
e R
iver
is
a m
ajo
r E
uro
pea
n r
iver
ab
ou
t 50
0 m
iles
lo
ng
. It
beg
ins
at t
he
Rh
on
e G
laci
er i
n t
he
Sw
iss
Alp
s an
d fl
ow
s th
rou
gh
Lak
e G
enev
a, t
hen
so
uth
war
d t
hro
ug
h F
ran
ce t
o
the
Med
iter
ran
ean
Sea
.
2. T
he
Sao
ne
Riv
er is
ab
ou
t 27
0 m
iles
lon
g. I
t b
egin
s in
eas
tern
Fra
nce
an
d jo
ins
the
Rh
on
e R
iver
at
Ly
on
s.
“How
can
I b
ecom
e ri
ghte
ous
befo
re G
od?”
— 1
——
1 —
— 2
—
He
beg
an t
o s
eek
fo
r tr
uth
. He
saw
peo
ple
liv
ing
sin
ful l
ives
. H
e n
oti
ced
oth
ers
try
ing
to
eas
e th
eir
gu
ilty
co
nsc
ien
ces
by
d
oin
g p
enan
ce.
Wal
do
als
o d
id p
enan
ce f
or
his
sin
s, b
ut
it
did
no
t g
ive
him
an
y p
eace
. He
ask
ed t
he
pri
ests
, “H
ow
can
I
bec
om
e ri
gh
teo
us
bef
ore
Go
d?”
Th
e p
ries
ts, h
ow
ever
, co
uld
n
ot
answ
er t
his
qu
esti
on
. W
ald
o k
new
he
was
a s
inn
er;
his
co
nsc
ien
ce t
old
him
so
. He
kn
ew h
e w
as n
ot
read
y t
o d
ie, b
ut
wh
en h
e as
ked
th
e p
ries
ts w
hat
he
had
to
do
to
be
sav
ed, h
e w
as n
ot
sati
sfied
wit
h t
hei
r an
swer
s.
He
dis
cov
ers
the
Bib
le
Th
e B
ible
hel
d t
he
answ
ers
to W
ald
o’s
qu
esti
on
s, b
ut
he
did
no
t o
wn
a B
ible
. R
ich
as
he
was
, h
e d
id n
ot
hav
e th
e g
reat
est
of
trea
sure
s. T
he
few
co
pie
s o
f th
e B
ible
wh
ich
did
ex
ist i
n th
ose
day
s w
ere
kep
t in
lib
rari
es th
at c
om
mo
n p
eop
le
wer
e n
ot a
llo
wed
to v
isit
. Bes
ides
, th
ey w
ere
wri
tten
in L
atin
, an
d f
ew p
eop
le c
ou
ld r
ead
ev
en t
hei
r o
wn
lan
gu
age,
let
al
on
e L
atin
. E
ven
if
a p
erso
n c
ou
ld r
ead
Lat
in,
Bib
les
wer
e v
ery
rar
e.S
oo
n a
fter
war
d,
Wal
do
rea
d s
om
e b
oo
ks
wri
tten
by
so
meo
ne
wh
o l
ived
sh
ort
ly a
fter
th
e ti
me
of
the
apo
stle
s. I
n
thes
e b
oo
ks,
he
fou
nd
man
y p
assa
ges
th
at q
uo
ted
th
e N
ew
Test
amen
t. T
his
bro
ug
ht
him
co
mfo
rt,
and
he
real
ized
th
at
the
answ
ers
to a
ll h
is q
ues
tio
ns
wer
e to
be
fou
nd
in
Go
d’s
W
ord
. R
ead
ing
th
ese
pas
sag
es o
f S
crip
ture
mad
e h
im e
ager
to
bu
y t
he
enti
re B
ible
.A
fter
so
me
tim
e, W
ald
o w
as fi
nal
ly a
ble
to
bu
y a
Bib
le. I
t co
st h
im a
lo
t o
f m
on
ey,
bu
t h
e d
idn
’t m
ind
, fo
r in
its
pag
es
he
fou
nd
th
e w
ay o
f sa
lvat
ion
. He
lear
ned
th
at h
e co
uld
on
ly
app
roac
h G
od
th
rou
gh
th
e M
edia
tor,
Jes
us
Ch
rist
, an
d t
hat
G
od
req
uir
es a
hu
mb
le, c
on
trit
e h
eart
, as
wel
l as
ob
edie
nce
. T
he
Lo
rd g
raci
ou
sly
mo
ved
Wal
do
to
rec
eiv
e sa
lvat
ion
on
His
ter
ms.
Bef
ore
, h
e w
as c
on
fuse
d a
nd
tro
ub
led
; n
ow
he
was
pea
cefu
l an
d g
lad
. H
e fe
lt l
ike
a n
ew m
an.
Th
e b
urd
en
had
bee
n l
ifte
d f
rom
his
so
ul.
He
had
lig
ht
and
co
mfo
rt,
for
he
had
fo
un
d m
ercy
th
rou
gh
fai
th in
Jes
us
Ch
rist
, th
e S
avio
r
of
sin
ner
s.
Pov
erty
Wal
do
hea
rd a
bo
ut
a y
ou
ng
man
nam
ed A
lexi
s. T
his
yo
un
g m
an h
ad b
een
ver
y r
ich
, b
ut
he
had
giv
en a
ll h
is
rich
es t
o t
he
po
or.
Th
is y
ou
ng
man
had
do
ne
wh
at J
esu
s to
ld
the
rich
yo
un
g r
ule
r to
do
in M
atth
ew 1
9:21
: “If
th
ou
wil
t b
e
per
fect
, go
an
d s
ell
that
th
ou
has
t, a
nd
giv
e to
th
e p
oo
r, a
nd
tho
u s
hal
t h
ave
trea
sure
in
hea
ven
: an
d c
om
e an
d f
oll
ow
me.
” W
ald
o b
elie
ved
th
at G
od
wan
ted
him
to
do
th
e sa
me
thin
g, s
o h
e g
ave
his
mo
ney
an
d p
oss
essi
on
s to
th
e p
oo
r an
d
liv
ed a
sim
ple
lif
e.
Con
cern
for
oth
ers
Wal
do
had
bee
n k
no
wn
fo
r h
is k
ind
nes
s to
all
, bu
t n
ow
he
bec
ame
mo
re c
on
cern
ed a
bo
ut
the
sou
ls o
f th
e p
eop
le.
Th
e B
ible
had
tau
gh
t h
im h
ow
he
mu
st b
e sa
ved
, an
d n
ow
he
lon
ged
to
tel
l o
ther
s th
is g
oo
d n
ews.
He
ob
serv
ed t
he
peo
ple
, w
ho
wer
e d
ecei
ved
by
th
e p
ries
ts,
try
ing
to
pay
fo
r
thei
r si
ns
wit
ho
ut
the
Lo
rd J
esu
s C
hri
st.
See
ing
th
is m
ade
him
wee
p. H
e b
egan
to
vis
it p
eop
le, t
elli
ng
th
em w
hat
Go
d
say
s in
His
Wo
rd.
He
told
th
em t
hat
Go
d r
equ
ires
on
ly
rep
enta
nce
an
d f
aith
in
His
So
n;
thei
r g
oo
d w
ork
s co
uld
no
t sa
ve
them
. He
urg
ed t
hem
to
co
me
to J
esu
s b
y f
aith
an
d
hav
e th
eir
sin
s w
ash
ed a
way
in
His
blo
od
.
Wal
do
h
eld
m
any
m
eeti
ng
s w
ith
th
e p
oo
r in
th
eir
cott
ages
. H
e v
isit
ed
the
sick
an
d
the
dy
ing
, an
d
hel
d
— 3
—
mee
tin
gs
in t
he
wo
od
s w
ith
peo
ple
wh
o w
ere
as c
on
fuse
d
as h
e h
ad b
een
. In
his
ser
mo
ns,
Wal
do
tau
gh
t th
em t
he
tru
th a
nd
sp
ok
e o
ut
agai
nst
th
e w
orl
dli
nes
s o
f th
e R
om
an
Cat
ho
lic
pri
ests
. H
e p
ray
ed w
ith
th
e p
eop
le a
nd
gav
e th
em
foo
d a
nd
clo
thin
g if
th
ey n
eed
ed it
. He
was
so
co
nce
rned
fo
r th
eir
sou
ls a
s w
ell a
s th
eir
ph
ysi
cal n
eed
s, it
is n
o w
on
der
th
e p
eop
le l
ov
ed h
im.
Th
e B
ible
tra
nsl
ate
d i
nto
Fre
nch
Sti
ll,
ther
e w
as s
om
eth
ing
th
at W
ald
o
lon
ged
fo
r. H
e w
ish
ed t
hat
th
e B
ible
wo
uld
b
e tr
ansl
ated
into
the
lan
gu
age
of t
he
peo
ple
. V
ery
few
peo
ple
in
Fra
nce
co
uld
rea
d o
r u
nd
erst
and
Lat
in,
wh
ich
was
th
e la
ng
uag
e o
f th
e B
ible
as
wel
l as
all
ch
urc
h s
erv
ices
. T
he
chu
rch
did
no
t w
ant
the
Bib
le t
o b
e w
ritt
en in
th
e la
ng
uag
e o
f th
e p
eop
le. T
hey
to
ld t
he
peo
ple
th
at o
nly
th
e p
ries
ts w
ere
wis
e en
ou
gh
to
un
der
stan
d t
he
Bib
le a
nd
th
at t
he
com
mo
n p
eop
le w
ou
ldn
’t b
e ab
le
to u
nd
erst
and
it
any
way
. W
ald
o d
isag
reed
. H
e b
elie
ved
th
at t
he
peo
ple
sh
ou
ld b
e ab
le
to r
ead
th
e B
ible
an
d t
hat
as
man
y p
eop
le
as p
oss
ible
sh
ou
ld h
ave
thei
r o
wn
Bib
les.
W
e ar
e n
ot
sure
if
Wal
do
him
self
tra
nsl
ated
th
e B
ible
in
to F
ren
ch,
or
if h
e h
ired
peo
ple
to
do
it
for
him
. M
ost
lik
ely,
he
and
so
me
oth
ers
wo
rked
on
it
to
get
her
.It
was
a h
ug
e u
nd
erta
kin
g,
bu
t af
ter
hav
ing
rea
d t
he
Bib
le h
imse
lf,
Wal
do
was
co
nv
ince
d t
hat
it
was
nec
essa
ry.
Fin
ally
, it
was
fin
ish
ed.
Th
is w
as t
he
firs
t tr
ansl
atio
n o
f th
e B
ible
in
to a
mo
der
n l
ang
uag
e. W
hat
a b
less
ed g
ift
this
was
to t
he
peo
ple
of
Fra
nce
! S
till
, it
co
uld
no
t b
e d
istr
ibu
ted
to
v
ery
man
y p
eop
le,
bec
ause
th
e p
rin
tin
g p
ress
had
no
t y
et
bee
n i
nv
ente
d. E
ach
co
py
had
to
be
han
dw
ritt
en!
Th
is t
oo
k
man
y l
on
g h
ou
rs,
and
th
at m
ean
t th
at a
co
mp
lete
co
py
of
the
Bib
le w
as v
ery
exp
ensi
ve.
Mo
st p
eop
le c
ou
ld n
ot
affo
rd
this
, bu
t W
ald
o w
as s
o e
ager
to
tea
ch t
he
peo
ple
th
e w
ay o
f sa
lvat
ion
th
at h
e fr
eely
gav
e aw
ay m
any
co
pie
s o
f th
e N
ew
Test
amen
t an
d s
epar
ate
bo
ok
s o
f th
e B
ible
. M
any
peo
ple
re
ad t
he
Bib
le f
or
the
firs
t ti
me
in t
hei
r li
ves
b
ecau
se o
f h
is e
ffo
rts.
Th
e p
oor
men
of
Ly
ons
Wal
do
no
t on
ly h
ad th
e B
ible
tran
slat
ed,
bu
t h
e al
so f
orm
ed a
mis
sio
nar
y s
oci
ety.
M
any
peo
ple
wh
o h
ad b
een
bro
ug
ht t
o lo
ve
the
Sav
ior
thro
ug
h t
he
wo
rk o
f th
e H
oly
S
pir
it w
ere
sen
t o
ut,
tw
o b
y t
wo
, in
to t
he
area
all
aro
un
d L
yo
ns.
Th
ey c
arri
ed t
hei
r b
oo
ks
wit
h t
hem
, ev
en v
entu
rin
g in
to o
ther
co
un
trie
s. M
any
wer
e le
d t
o a
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
tru
th t
hro
ug
h t
he
hu
mb
le w
ork
of
thes
e “p
oo
r m
en o
f L
yo
ns,
” as
th
ey w
ere
call
ed. T
hes
e p
oo
r m
en o
f L
yo
ns
too
k a
vo
w
of
po
ver
ty. W
ald
o b
elie
ved
it w
as b
enefi
cial
to
be
po
or,
as
Jesu
s H
imse
lf w
as w
hen
He
liv
ed o
n e
arth
.T
hes
e m
en v
isit
ed a
ll k
ind
s o
f p
eop
le.
Th
ey w
ou
ld
trav
el a
s p
edd
lers
, ca
rry
ing
a b
ox
of
thin
gs
to s
ell.
Ped
dle
rs
wer
e p
eop
le w
ho
tra
vel
ed t
he
cou
ntr
ysi
de
wit
h v
ario
us
item
s th
ey h
ad f
or
sale
. Wh
en t
hey
en
tere
d p
eop
le’s
ho
mes
, es
pec
iall
y t
ho
se o
f th
e ri
ch,
they
wo
uld
tel
l th
em t
hey
had
so
met
hin
g f
or
sale
th
at w
as m
ore
val
uab
le t
han
an
yth
ing
Pet
er W
aldo
tea
chin
g
— 4
—
else
. Of
cou
rse,
peo
ple
wo
uld
wan
t to
kn
ow
wh
at it
was
, an
d
the
ped
dle
r w
ou
ld s
ho
w t
hem
a B
ible
or
a N
ew T
esta
men
t,
or
even
ju
st o
ne
bo
ok
of
the
Bib
le. T
hen
th
ey w
ou
ld e
xpla
in
wh
y t
his
bo
ok
was
so
val
uab
le.
In t
his
way
, th
e B
ible
fo
un
d
a p
lace
in
th
e h
om
es a
nd
hea
rts
of
man
y p
eop
le.
Th
e ch
urc
h o
pp
oses
Wa
ldo
Yo
u m
ust
no
t th
ink
that
the
po
pe
and
the
pri
ests
tho
ug
ht
Wal
do
an
d t
he
po
or
men
of
Ly
on
s w
ere
do
ing
a g
oo
d d
eed
. In
117
9, W
ald
o s
ent
som
e o
f h
is p
oo
r m
en t
o t
he
po
pe
to a
sk
for
per
mis
sio
n to
pre
ach
. Th
e p
op
e g
ran
ted
them
per
mis
sio
n
to p
reac
h i
f th
e ar
chb
ish
op
als
o a
gre
ed.
Wh
en W
ald
o a
sked
th
e ar
chb
ish
op
fo
r p
erm
issi
on
to
co
nti
nu
e p
reac
hin
g,
the
arch
bis
ho
p r
esp
on
ded
, “I
f y
ou
co
nti
nu
e to
pre
ach
, I
wil
l h
ave
yo
u c
on
dem
ned
as
a h
eret
ic a
nd
bu
rned
at
the
stak
e.”
“Ho
w c
an I
be
sile
nt
in a
mat
ter
that
co
nce
rns
the
sou
ls
of
men
?” r
epli
ed W
ald
o b
old
ly. T
he
arch
bis
ho
p r
epea
ted
his
st
ern
war
nin
g a
nd
let
him
go
.W
hen
th
e ar
chb
ish
op
hea
rd t
hat
Wal
do
co
nti
nu
ed t
o
teac
h t
he
peo
ple
, h
e se
nt
som
e o
f h
is m
en t
o a
rres
t h
im.
Th
ese
men
wer
e af
raid
of
the
citi
zen
s o
f L
yo
ns,
ho
wev
er, f
or
they
kn
ew h
ow
mu
ch t
hey
lov
ed W
ald
o. F
or
thre
e y
ears
, th
e p
eop
le o
f L
yo
ns
hid
him
. In
118
4, P
op
e L
uci
us
III
anat
hem
ized
Pet
er W
ald
o a
nd
th
e p
oo
r m
en o
f L
yo
ns,
wh
ich
mea
ns
he
pro
clai
med
th
at
they
wer
e ac
curs
ed.
He
ord
ered
th
e ar
chb
ish
op
of
Ly
on
s to
sto
p W
ald
o f
rom
pre
ach
ing
an
d g
ivin
g o
ut
Bib
les
to t
he
peo
ple
. T
he
arch
bis
ho
p w
as e
ager
to
ob
ey.
Wal
do
fled
fro
m
the
city
bec
ause
it w
as n
o lo
ng
er s
afe
for
him
. He
wen
t fr
om
p
lace
to
pla
ce,
and
ev
ery
wh
ere
he
wen
t, h
e ta
ug
ht
peo
ple
ab
ou
t th
e B
ible
. G
od
ble
ssed
his
eff
ort
s, a
nd
man
y p
eop
le
wer
e sa
ved
.
Wal
do
an
d
his
fr
ien
ds
wer
e tr
eate
d
bad
ly
by
th
eir
enem
ies.
In
th
ose
day
s, p
eop
le w
ere
esp
ecia
lly
su
per
stit
iou
s,
and
they
did
no
t tru
st th
ese
men
wh
o ta
ug
ht t
hat
the
Ro
man
C
ath
oli
c C
hu
rch
was
wro
ng
. So
th
ey c
alle
d t
hem
“so
rcer
ers”
(w
izar
ds)
or
“tu
r-lu
pin
es”
(peo
ple
wh
o l
ive
wit
h w
olv
es).
T
he
term
“p
oo
r m
en o
f L
yo
ns”
cam
e to
mea
n s
om
eth
ing
b
ad. O
ften
Wal
do
an
d h
is m
en c
ou
ld fi
nd
no
pla
ce t
o s
pen
d
the
nig
ht
and
had
to
sle
ep i
n t
he
fore
st.
Wh
at t
he
auth
or
of
the
lett
er t
o t
he
Heb
rew
s w
rote
ab
ou
t th
e p
rop
het
s ca
n a
lso
b
e sa
id o
f th
em:
“Th
ey w
and
ered
ab
ou
t in
sh
eep
skin
s an
d
go
atsk
ins;
bei
ng
des
titu
te,
affl
icte
d,
torm
ente
d;
(of
wh
om
th
e w
orl
d w
as n
ot
wo
rth
y:)
th
ey w
and
ered
in
des
erts
, an
d
in m
ou
nta
ins,
an
d in
den
s an
d c
aves
of
the
eart
h”
(Heb
rew
s 11
:37b
–38
).In
119
4, a
no
ther
po
pe,
Alf
on
so I
I, m
ade
a p
rocl
amat
ion
th
at a
ny
on
e w
ho
pro
tect
ed, f
ed, o
r ev
en l
iste
ned
to
Wal
do
’s
foll
ow
ers
wo
uld
b
e p
un
ish
ed.
So
me
of
thes
e C
hri
stia
ns
wer
e b
urn
ed a
t th
e st
ake,
bu
t ev
en w
hil
e th
ey w
ere
bei
ng
b
urn
ed,
they
pra
ised
Go
d f
or
the
pri
vil
ege
of
wo
rkin
g a
nd
su
ffer
ing
fo
r H
im w
ho
had
su
ffer
ed a
nd
die
d o
n t
he
cro
ss
for
them
. O
nce
, th
irty
-fiv
e C
hri
stia
n m
en a
nd
wo
men
wer
e b
urn
ed in
on
e fi
re, a
nd
, an
oth
er t
ime,
eig
hte
en w
ere
bu
rned
at
th
e st
ake.
Hu
nd
red
s o
f C
hri
stia
ns
wer
e k
ille
d f
or
thei
r fa
ith
. Go
d’s
tru
th, h
ow
ever
, can
no
t b
e b
urn
ed o
r d
estr
oy
ed.
Go
d H
imse
lf m
akes
su
re o
f th
at.
In s
pit
e o
f th
e an
ger
of
thei
r en
emie
s, W
ald
o a
nd
his
mis
sio
nar
ies
spre
ad G
od
’s
Wo
rd.
Peo
ple
wer
e co
nv
erte
d,
and
man
y B
ible
s an
d N
ew
Test
amen
ts w
ere
sold
.
Th
e W
ald
ensi
an
s
Bec
ause
of
fier
ce p
erse
cuti
on
, m
any
of
the
po
or
men
o
f L
yo
ns
fled
to
oth
er c
ou
ntr
ies,
an
d s
o t
he
go
spel
sp
read
, ju
st a
s it
had
wh
en t
he
apo
stle
s w
ere
scat
tere
d d
uri
ng
th
e p
erse
cuti
on
in
Je
rusa
lem
. Tr
yin
g
to
fin
d
safe
ty,
som
e o
f W
ald
o’s
fo
llo
wer
s la
ter
join
ed w
ith
a g
rou
p o
f p
eop
le w
ho
h
ad n
ever
ag
reed
wit
h t
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h.
Th
ey
shar
ed
Wal
do
’s
bel
iefs
an
d
wer
e w
illi
ng
to
w
ork
to
get
her
in
sp
read
ing
th
e g
osp
el d
uri
ng
th
is t
ime
of
per
secu
tio
n.
Th
is
gro
up
o
f fo
llo
wer
s w
as
alm
ost
un
kn
ow
n t
o t
he
wo
rld
, a
“lit
tle
flo
ck”
dw
elli
ng
alo
ne
in t
he
lov
ely,
qu
iet
val
ley
s o
f P
ied
mo
nt.
So
met
imes
per
secu
tors
wo
uld
se
ek t
hem
ou
t to
im
pri
son
or
kil
l so
me
of
them
, b
ut
ther
e w
as a
lway
s a
“rem
nan
t”
that
co
nti
nu
ed t
o b
e fa
ith
ful
to t
he
tru
th.
Th
is
rem
nan
t b
egan
to
b
e ca
lled
“t
he
Wal
den
sian
s”
(or
“th
e V
aud
ois
”)
afte
r P
eter
Wal
do
(V
ald
es).
In s
pit
e o
f b
ein
g p
urs
ued
, W
ald
o’s
en
emie
s d
id
no
t su
ccee
d
in
kil
lin
g
him
. G
od
pro
tect
ed h
im s
o t
hat
he
was
ab
le t
o
trav
el t
o s
ever
al c
ou
ntr
ies
to p
reac
h t
he
go
spel
. H
e fi
nal
ly w
ent
to l
ive
in B
oh
emia
, w
her
e h
e d
ied
pea
cefu
lly
aro
un
d t
he
yea
r 12
17.
Aft
er
Wal
do
’s
dea
th,
the
Wal
den
sian
s in
crea
sin
gly
org
aniz
ed t
hem
selv
es a
par
t fr
om
th
e R
om
an
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h b
y m
ean
s o
f in
form
al m
eeti
ng
s in
dif
fere
nt
area
s. T
hey
ign
ore
d th
e ch
urc
h’s
dec
rees
an
d a
pp
oin
ted
thei
r o
wn
min
iste
rs.
Th
ey t
aug
ht
that
sac
ram
ents
ad
min
iste
red
b
y p
ries
ts w
ho
liv
ed in
sin
wer
e n
ot
val
id. T
hey
als
o r
efu
sed
to
pra
y f
or
the
dea
d a
nd
to
wo
rsh
ip s
ain
ts a
nd
rel
ics.
An
d
they
ref
use
d t
o t
ake
oat
hs
or
to fi
gh
t in
war
s. I
n t
hes
e w
ays,
th
ey d
ista
nce
d t
hem
selv
es f
rom
bo
th c
hu
rch
an
d s
oci
ety.
Th
e W
ald
ensi
ans
gre
w r
apid
ly,
esp
ecia
lly
am
on
g t
he
po
or.
Th
ey s
pre
ad fi
rst
thro
ug
ho
ut
sou
ther
n F
ran
ce a
nd
S
pai
n, a
nd
then
into
Ger
man
y. P
erse
cuti
on
in th
ese
cou
ntr
ies,
h
ow
ever
, fo
rced
th
em i
nto
th
e m
ou
nta
ino
us
val
ley
s o
f It
aly.
T
ho
ug
h
thei
r n
um
ber
s d
win
dle
d
in
Fra
nce
an
d
Sp
ain
, th
ey s
oo
n s
pre
ad f
rom
Ger
man
y i
nto
Bo
hem
ia,
Po
lan
d,
and
Hu
ng
ary.
In
Bo
hem
ia,
Wal
den
sian
pre
ach
ers
late
r b
ecam
e as
soci
ated
wit
h t
he
foll
ow
ers
of
Joh
n
Hu
ss,
call
ed
the
Hu
ssit
es.
Th
e m
ajo
r d
iffe
ren
ce b
etw
een
th
e tw
o m
ov
emen
ts i
s th
at t
he
Wal
den
sian
s re
ject
ed t
he
chu
rch
’s
auth
ori
ty w
her
eas
the
Hu
ssit
es a
ccep
ted
th
at a
uth
ori
ty i
n p
rin
cip
le t
ho
ug
h t
hey
d
isag
reed
wit
h m
uch
of
wh
at t
he
chu
rch
sa
id a
nd
did
.T
he
effo
rts
of W
ald
o a
nd
his
foll
ow
ers
wer
e th
e se
eds
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n.
Fiv
e y
ears
af
ter
the
Ref
orm
atio
n
was
b
orn
in
15
17,
the
Wal
den
sian
s m
ade
con
tact
w
ith
M
arti
n
Lu
ther
. A
li
ttle
la
ter
they
ap
pro
ach
ed t
he
sou
ther
n G
erm
an a
nd
Sw
iss
Ref
orm
ers.
In
153
2, t
hey
inv
ited
so
me
Pro
test
ant
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es,
incl
ud
ing
W
illi
am
Far
el
and
A
nth
on
y S
aun
ier,
to
att
end
on
e o
f th
eir
mo
re
offi
cial
gat
her
ing
s, s
imil
ar to
wh
at w
e w
ou
ld c
all a
sy
no
d o
r an
as
sem
bly
. At
that
gat
her
ing
, th
ey a
do
pte
d a
new
Co
nfe
ssio
n
of
Fai
th,
wh
ich
in
clu
ded
th
e d
oct
rin
e o
f p
red
esti
nat
ion
. T
hey
als
o c
ut
all
ties
wit
h t
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h a
nd
d
ecid
ed t
hat
min
iste
rs c
ou
ld m
arry
.
The
Wal
den
sian
Sea
l
— 5
—
For
a w
hil
e, t
he
Wal
den
sian
s en
joy
ed s
om
e m
easu
re
of
free
do
m t
o w
ors
hip
. D
uri
ng
th
at t
ime,
th
ey b
uil
t m
any
p
lace
s o
f w
ors
hip
, w
hic
h
they
ca
lled
“t
emp
les.
” W
hen
C
arlo
Em
man
uel
II,
Du
ke
of
Sav
oy,
att
ack
ed t
hem
in
th
e se
ven
teen
th c
entu
ry,
Oli
ver
Cro
mw
ell
inte
rven
ed o
n t
hei
r b
ehal
f. T
his
pro
vid
ed t
hem
ab
ou
t tw
enty
yea
rs o
f li
ber
ty.
In
1685
, h
ow
ever
, w
hen
th
e E
dic
t o
f N
ante
s, w
hic
h a
llo
wed
fo
r re
lig
iou
s li
ber
ty, w
as r
evo
ked
, man
y W
ald
ensi
ans
wer
e fo
rced
to
cro
ss th
e m
ou
nta
ins
un
der
terr
ible
co
nd
itio
ns
to fi
nd
ref
ug
e in
Sw
itze
rlan
d.
Th
ou
gh
th
eir
ou
twar
d c
on
dit
ion
s im
pro
ved
in
th
e ei
gh
teen
th c
entu
ry,
it w
as n
ot
un
til
1848
th
at C
har
les
Alb
ert1
gav
e th
em r
eal r
elig
iou
s an
d p
oli
tica
l fre
edo
m.
1. C
har
les
Alb
ert
(Ita
lian
: C
arlo
Alb
erto
Am
edeo
di
Sav
oia
; 17
98–
1849
) w
as t
he
Kin
g o
f S
ard
inia
fro
m 1
831
to 1
849.
Sar
din
ia i
s th
e se
con
d
larg
est
isla
nd
in
th
e M
edit
erra
nea
n S
ea (
afte
r S
icil
y).
Ch
arle
s A
lber
t w
as
the
son
of
Car
lo E
man
uel
e, D
uk
e o
f S
avo
y (
1770
–18
00).
Tod
ay,
the
mem
ber
ship
of
the
Wal
den
sian
s n
um
ber
s ab
ou
t 20
,000
. S
ince
192
0, t
hey
hav
e tr
ain
ed t
hei
r m
inis
ters
at
th
eir
ow
n t
heo
log
ical
sch
oo
l in
Ro
me.
Th
eir
theo
log
y,
ho
wev
er, i
s n
ot
wel
l th
ou
gh
t o
ut,
an
d it
dep
arts
fro
m b
ibli
cal,
R
efo
rmed
theo
log
y a
t sev
eral
po
ints
. Fo
r ex
amp
le, t
od
ay m
ost
W
ald
ensi
ans
emb
race
th
e A
rmin
ian
do
ctri
ne
of
free
wil
l.
Go
d t
ou
ched
on
e m
an,
Pet
er W
ald
o,
wh
o i
n t
urn
was
g
raci
ou
sly
use
d t
o t
ou
ch t
he
hea
rts
of
hu
nd
red
s o
f o
ther
s.
His
ob
edie
nce
to
Go
d’s
cal
lin
g w
as a
gre
at b
less
ing
to
man
y
peo
ple
.
— 6
—
~ 2
~
Joh
n W
ycliff
e q
(c. 1
324
–138
4)
Wycliffe was certainly one of
the
mos
t im
port
ant
fore
runn
ers
of t
he R
efor
mat
ion.
Thi
s is
why
he
is re
ferr
ed t
o as
the
Mor
ning
St
ar o
f th
e R
efor
mat
ion.
His influence on the Reformers
was
ver
y gr
eat.
Th
e m
orn
ing
sta
r of
th
e R
efor
ma
tion
Bef
ore
th
e su
n r
ises
in
th
e m
orn
ing
to
dri
ve
away
th
e d
ark
nes
s o
f th
e n
igh
t, a
bri
gh
t st
ar o
ften
sh
ines
bea
uti
full
y i
n t
he
east
ern
sky
. W
e ca
ll i
t th
e m
orn
ing
sta
r. I
t te
lls
us
that
th
e su
n w
ill
soo
n a
pp
ear
abo
ve
the
ho
rizo
n. T
he
Ref
orm
atio
n w
as l
ike
the
sun
ris
ing
on
th
e ch
urc
h a
fter
th
e lo
ng
nig
ht.
Jo
hn
W
ycl
iffe
was
bo
rn d
uri
ng
a t
ime
of
gre
at s
pir
itu
al d
ark
nes
s. H
e h
as b
een
ca
lled
th
e m
orn
ing
sta
r o
f th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
bec
ause
Go
d u
sed
him
to
sh
ine
ray
s o
f li
gh
t in
to t
he
spir
itu
al d
ark
nes
s o
f E
ng
lan
d a
nd
mu
ch o
f E
uro
pe.
H
e w
as n
ot
actu
ally
on
e o
f th
e R
efo
rmer
s, b
ut
he,
lik
e P
eter
Wal
do
, h
elp
ed
pre
par
e th
e w
ay f
or
the
Ref
orm
atio
n.
Wy
clif
fe’s
bir
th
Joh
n W
ycl
iffe
was
bo
rn i
n a
vil
lag
e ca
lled
Ip
resw
el,
nea
r th
e to
wn
of
Ric
hm
on
d,
in Y
ork
shir
e in
ab
ou
t 13
24,
alm
ost
tw
o h
un
dre
d y
ears
bef
ore
th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
to
ok
pla
ce.
His
las
t n
ame
has
bee
n s
pel
led
man
y d
iffe
ren
t w
ays
and
is
pro
no
un
ced
ei
ther
Wî-
klĭ
f o
r W
ī-k
lĭf.
Th
e P
lagu
e
In 1
349,
wh
en h
e w
as a
bo
ut
twen
ty-fi
ve
yea
rs o
ld,
the
pla
gu
e sw
ept
thro
ug
h E
ng
lan
d.
Th
is f
earf
ul
pla
gu
e st
arte
d i
n A
sia
and
sp
read
wes
twar
ds
acro
ss E
uro
pe.
By
Au
gu
st o
f th
at y
ear,
it h
ad r
each
ed E
ng
lan
d. B
ecau
se o
f th
e d
ark
blo
tch
es o
n t
he
sick
per
son
’s s
kin
, it
was
cal
led
“th
e B
lack
Dea
th.”
Peo
ple
— 7
—
— 8
—
wer
e te
rrifi
ed o
f th
is s
ick
nes
s. T
he
pla
gu
e w
as r
esp
on
sib
le fo
r th
e d
eath
of
abo
ut
on
e th
ird
of
the
po
pu
lati
on
. It
left
a d
eep
im
pre
ssio
n o
n y
ou
ng
Wy
clif
fe.
Mer
le d
’Au
big
ne
reco
rds,
“T
his
vis
itat
ion
of
the
Alm
igh
ty s
ou
nd
ed li
ke
the
tru
mp
et o
f th
e ju
dg
men
t d
ay i
n t
he
hea
rt o
f W
ycl
iffe
.” D
esp
erat
ely,
he
stu
die
d t
he
Wo
rd o
f G
od
, see
kin
g r
efu
ge
fro
m t
he
jud
gm
ent
to c
om
e. H
e sp
ent
ho
urs
in
pra
yer
, ask
ing
Go
d t
o s
ho
w h
im
wh
at t
o d
o w
ith
his
lif
e. H
e m
enti
on
s th
e p
lag
ue
sev
eral
ti
mes
in
his
wri
tin
gs.
His
stu
die
s a
nd
wor
k a
s a
min
iste
r a
nd
a d
eba
ter
Wy
clif
fe s
tud
ied
at
Mer
ton
Co
lleg
e at
Oxf
ord
, fi
rst
as
a st
ud
ent
and
th
en a
s a
teac
her
. H
e h
ad m
any
tal
ents
an
d
gif
ts a
nd
qu
ick
ly g
ain
ed a
rep
uta
tio
n o
f b
ein
g a
n e
xcel
len
t sc
ho
lar.
At
Mer
ton
Co
lleg
e, t
her
e w
as a
go
dly
pro
fess
or
nam
ed T
ho
mas
Bra
dw
ard
ine.
Th
is p
rofe
sso
r ta
ug
ht t
hat
Go
d
alo
ne
is a
ble
to
sav
e m
en f
rom
th
eir
sin
s b
y H
is s
ov
erei
gn
g
race
. T
his
tea
chin
g w
as b
less
ed t
o y
ou
ng
Wy
clif
fe’s
hea
rt.
He
beg
an t
o l
ov
e th
e S
crip
ture
s an
d s
tud
ied
th
em g
lad
ly.
Ev
entu
ally
, h
e b
ecam
e a
do
cto
r o
f th
eolo
gy
in
137
2.
Aft
er e
nte
rin
g t
he
min
istr
y, h
e m
ov
ed t
hre
e ti
mes
. H
is
last
mo
ve
was
to
a l
ittl
e to
wn
cal
led
Lu
tter
wo
rth
. H
ere
he
spen
t th
e la
st t
en y
ears
of
his
lif
e, a
nd
th
is i
s th
e p
lace
wit
h
wh
ich
his
nam
e is
mo
st o
ften
co
nn
ecte
d.
Lu
tter
wo
rth
is
a sm
all
mar
ket
to
wn
in
th
e ce
ntr
al p
art
of
En
gla
nd
, ab
ou
t ei
gh
ty m
iles
fro
m L
on
do
n.
It s
tan
ds
on
a h
ill
ov
erlo
ok
ing
th
e S
wif
t R
iver
.
Wy
clif
fe w
as a
gre
at p
reac
her
. H
e st
ud
ied
th
e B
ible
v
ery
car
efu
lly
an
d l
ov
ed t
o p
reac
h t
he
go
spel
. H
e p
reac
hed
w
ith
a c
lari
ty,
fait
hfu
lnes
s, a
nd
po
wer
th
at w
ere
un
usu
al i
n
tho
se d
ays.
Cro
wd
s ca
me
to h
ear
him
. H
is g
reat
pie
ty g
ave
po
wer
to
wh
at h
e sa
id. H
is p
reac
hin
g c
ame
to t
he
atte
nti
on
of
the
kin
g,
Ed
war
d I
II,
wh
o w
as g
lad
to
hea
r h
im.
It w
as
no
t u
nu
sual
fo
r th
e p
op
e an
d t
he
kin
g t
o b
e at
od
ds
wit
h
on
e an
oth
er,
and
in
Wy
clif
fe’s
day
it
was
no
dif
fere
nt.
It
use
d t
o b
e th
at t
he
kin
g w
as r
equ
ired
to
co
llec
t m
on
ey f
rom
th
e ch
urc
h a
nd
th
en s
end
it
to R
om
e, w
her
e th
e p
op
e li
ved
. W
hen
Kin
g E
dw
ard
III
hea
rd t
hat
Wy
clif
fe t
aug
ht
that
th
e k
ing
sh
ou
ld n
ot
hav
e to
do
th
is a
ny
mo
re,
he
was
ple
ased
. H
e su
pp
ort
ed W
ycl
iffe
.W
ycl
iffe
was
an
eff
ecti
ve
deb
ater
as
wel
l as
a p
reac
her
. A
deb
ater
is
som
eon
e w
ho
deb
ates
—th
at i
s, h
e d
iscu
sses
so
met
hin
g w
ith
so
meo
ne
wh
o h
as a
dif
fere
nt
po
int
of
vie
w
fro
m h
is o
wn
. T
he
mo
nk
s, p
ries
ts,
and
fri
ars
of
the
chu
rch
w
ent
aro
un
d t
he
cou
ntr
y t
each
ing
th
e p
eop
le a
ll k
ind
s o
f w
ron
g d
oct
rin
es.
Wy
clif
fe b
rav
ely
deb
ated
wit
h t
hes
e m
en
wh
enev
er h
e m
et w
ith
th
em.
He
also
wro
te m
any
tra
cts
abo
ut
the
erro
rs o
f th
e ch
urc
h.
His
fri
end
s co
pie
d o
ut
thes
e tr
acts
an
d g
ave
them
to
man
y p
eop
le.
Wy
clif
fe s
pea
ks
aga
inst
th
e m
onk
s a
nd
fri
ars
At
this
tim
e in
En
gla
nd
, th
ere
wer
e m
any
mo
nk
s an
d
fria
rs.
Mo
nk
s w
ere
men
wh
o l
ived
alo
ne
or
sep
arat
e fr
om
o
ther
peo
ple
. T
hei
r h
om
es w
ere
call
ed m
on
aste
ries
, w
her
e a
larg
e n
um
ber
of
mo
nk
s li
ved
to
get
her
. “F
riar
s” m
ean
s “b
roth
ers.
” T
hey
w
ere
mo
nk
s w
ho
w
ere
dep
end
ent
on
b
egg
ing
fo
r th
eir
foo
d.
Inst
ead
of
wo
rkin
g f
or
an i
nco
me,
th
ey d
ress
ed a
s b
egg
ars
and
tra
vel
ed a
ll o
ver
th
e co
un
try,
fo
rcin
g t
hei
r w
ay i
nto
th
e h
ou
ses
of
rich
an
d p
oo
r, l
ivin
g
wit
ho
ut
pay
ing
fo
r th
ing
s, a
nd
tak
ing
all
th
e m
on
ey t
hey
co
uld
get
. T
hey
wer
e su
pp
ose
d t
o l
ive
in p
ov
erty
an
d b
e h
um
ble
, as
th
ose
wh
o a
re “
po
or
in s
pir
it”
and
“th
e m
eek
of
the
eart
h,”
bu
t th
ey s
pen
t so
mu
ch t
ime
beg
gin
g t
hat
th
ey
actu
ally
bec
ame
wea
lth
y. T
hey
wo
re e
xpen
siv
e cl
oth
es a
nd
ate
fin
e fo
od
. T
hei
r h
om
es w
ere
bea
uti
ful,
and
th
ey d
id n
ot
care
to
hel
p t
he
po
or.
Lik
e
the
Ph
aris
ees,
th
ey p
rete
nd
ed t
o b
e b
ette
r
and
ho
lier
th
an o
ther
s, a
lth
ou
gh
th
eir
liv
es
wer
e fu
ll o
f ev
il. T
hey
tau
gh
t th
at t
ho
se w
ho
bel
on
ged
to
th
eir
ord
er,
or
gro
up
, w
ere
sure
to b
e sa
ved
.
Wh
en W
ycl
iffe
saw
th
e b
ehav
ior
of
the
fria
rs,
his
hea
rt w
as g
riev
ed.
Th
e b
est
way
he
kn
ew t
o o
pp
ose
th
em w
as t
o w
rite
a b
oo
k
agai
nst
th
em.
He
use
d s
om
e h
arsh
wo
rds
wh
en h
e d
escr
ibed
th
e fr
iars
, ca
llin
g t
hem
“th
e p
ests
of
soci
ety,
th
e en
emie
s o
f re
lig
ion
,
and
th
e p
rom
ote
rs
of
ever
y
crim
e.”
Th
e
fria
rs, o
f co
urs
e, w
ere
ver
y a
ng
ry w
hen
th
ey
read
th
is a
nd
wan
ted
to
hav
e h
im s
ente
nce
d
to
dea
th.
Bu
t W
ycl
iffe
co
nti
nu
ed
to
wri
te
and
p
reac
h
agai
nst
th
em.
He
wo
rked
so
har
d t
hat
his
hea
lth
beg
an t
o s
uff
er.
Wy
clif
fe s
um
mon
ed t
o a
pp
ear
bef
ore
the
Rom
an
Ca
thol
ic C
hu
rch
Th
e R
om
an
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h
was
alar
med
at
th
e ac
cusa
tio
ns
agai
nst
th
eir
cler
gy.
W
ycl
iffe
o
pen
ly
spo
ke
agai
nst
th
e
po
pe
and
ag
ain
st
the
sin
s o
f th
e ch
urc
h.
Th
e ch
urc
h
was
af
raid
th
e p
eop
le
wo
uld
bel
iev
e W
ycl
iffe
. T
hey
ch
arg
ed
Wy
clif
fe
wit
h h
eres
y a
nd
su
mm
on
ed h
im t
o a
pp
ear
in S
t. P
aul’
s C
ath
edra
l in
Lo
nd
on
. A
hu
ge
cro
wd
gat
her
ed t
o w
atch
th
e p
roce
edin
gs
— 9
—
Beg
gin
g Fr
iars
— 1
0 —
on
Feb
ruar
y 1
9, 1
377.
Tw
o i
nfl
uen
tial
men
acc
om
pan
ied
W
ycl
iffe
in
to t
he
cath
edra
l: L
ord
Per
cy, m
arsh
al o
f E
ng
lan
d,
and
Jo
hn
of
Gau
nt,
Du
ke
of
Lan
cast
er. T
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
cler
gy
bro
ug
ht m
any
fals
e ac
cusa
tio
ns
agai
nst
Wy
clif
fe. T
hey
w
ante
d t
o g
et a
uth
ori
ty t
o s
top
him
fro
m p
reac
hin
g a
nd
h
ave
him
im
pri
son
ed o
r p
ut
to d
eath
. A
ng
ry w
ord
s w
ere
exch
ang
ed b
etw
een
th
ese
men
an
d t
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
cler
gy.
Th
e cr
ow
d j
oin
ed i
n t
he
up
roar
th
at f
oll
ow
ed.
Th
e tw
o
men
w
ho
w
ere
wit
h
Wy
clif
fe
esca
ped
d
uri
ng
th
e co
mm
oti
on
. Wy
clif
fe’s
cas
e w
as d
ism
isse
d, a
lth
ou
gh
he
was
w
arn
ed n
ot
to p
reac
h a
gai
nst
th
e R
om
an C
ath
oli
c C
hu
rch
. W
ycl
iffe
, h
ow
ever
, co
nti
nu
ed
his
p
reac
hin
g.
Bo
ldly
, h
e st
ated
th
at t
he
po
pe
was
an
tich
rist
. T
he
po
pe
clai
med
to
be
the
sup
rem
e ru
ler
of
the
chu
rch
on
ear
th. W
ycl
iffe
sai
d t
hat
su
ch a
cla
im w
as a
gai
nst
th
e S
crip
ture
s: o
nly
Ch
rist
is
Kin
g
of
His
ch
urc
h.
In 1
377,
Wy
clif
fe w
as d
eno
un
ced
as
a h
eret
ic a
nd
was
su
mm
on
ed to
an
oth
er m
eeti
ng
in L
on
do
n. T
his
tim
e W
ycl
iffe
w
as n
ot
acco
mp
anie
d b
y h
is i
nfl
uen
tial
fri
end
s, b
ut
ther
e w
ere
man
y p
eop
le p
rese
nt
wh
o f
avo
red
his
tea
chin
gs.
Th
ey
surr
ou
nd
ed t
he
chu
rch
in
pro
test
an
d f
orc
ed t
hei
r w
ay i
nto
th
e m
eeti
ng
, det
erm
ined
to
pro
tect
th
eir
bel
ov
ed p
asto
r an
d
frie
nd
. In
th
e m
idst
of
this
up
roar
, a m
essa
ge
fro
m J
oan
, th
e q
uee
n-m
oth
er,
sile
nce
d t
he
men
wh
o w
ante
d t
o h
arm
him
. Jo
an,
mo
ther
of
Ric
har
d I
I an
d m
oth
er-i
n-l
aw o
f A
nn
e o
f B
oh
emia
(o
f w
ho
m y
ou
wil
l rea
d in
th
e n
ext
chap
ter)
gre
atly
ad
mir
ed W
ycl
iffe
an
d h
is t
each
ing
s. S
he
sen
t a
mes
sag
e to
st
op
th
e m
eeti
ng
. S
he
forb
ade
them
to
hav
e th
is m
eeti
ng
an
d
stat
ed
that
W
ycl
iffe
w
as
no
t th
e d
etes
tab
le
her
etic
th
ey s
aid
he
was
. T
he
men
wer
e af
raid
to
pro
ceed
wit
h t
he
mee
tin
g,
and
Wy
clif
fe w
as f
ree
to g
o.
Th
e en
emie
s o
f G
od
’s
Wo
rd c
ou
ld n
ot
har
m W
ycl
iffe
.
Wy
clif
fe r
eso
lved
mo
re t
han
ev
er t
o s
pre
ad t
he
go
spel
wh
erev
er h
e co
uld
. He
end
ure
d m
any
gre
at t
rial
s. T
he
tim
es
in w
hic
h h
e li
ved
wer
e v
ery
un
sett
led
an
d t
rou
ble
d.
Th
e
bis
ho
ps
and
oth
er l
ead
ing
per
son
s in
th
e ch
urc
h d
isli
ked
him
ver
y m
uch
bec
ause
he
pre
ach
ed a
gai
nst
th
eir
erro
rs.
Illn
ess
On
ce,
Wy
clif
fe b
ecam
e v
ery
ill
, an
d i
t se
emed
as
if h
e
was
go
ing
to
die
. T
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
cler
gy
was
gla
d t
o
hea
r th
at t
hei
r en
emy
mig
ht
die
. S
om
e o
f th
e “B
egg
ing
Fri
ars”
cam
e to
see
him
. Wy
clif
fe h
ad s
aid
man
y s
ever
e th
ing
s
agai
nst
th
em,
and
th
ey a
sked
him
to
tak
e b
ack
all
th
at h
e
had
sai
d. T
hey
tri
ed t
o f
rig
hte
n h
im b
y t
elli
ng
him
th
at G
od
wo
uld
pu
nis
h h
im e
tern
ally
by
sen
din
g h
im t
o h
ell
for
his
her
esy.
He
list
ened
to
th
em q
uie
tly
fo
r so
me
tim
e, t
hen
he
Wyc
liff
e an
d th
e Fr
iars
— 1
1 —
mo
tio
ned
to
his
fri
end
s to
hel
p h
im s
it u
p. L
oo
kin
g i
nte
ntl
y
at t
he
fria
rs,
he
said
, “I
sh
all
no
t d
ie,
bu
t li
ve
and
dec
lare
the
erro
rs a
nd
sin
s o
f y
ou
wic
ked
men
mo
re t
han
ev
er!”
Ala
rmed
at
his
co
ura
ge,
th
e fr
iars
fled
fro
m t
he
roo
m.
His
tea
chin
gs
Wy
clif
fe w
as b
orn
at
a ti
me
wh
en t
he
po
wer
of
the
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h w
as v
ery
gre
at.
Th
ere
was
no
tru
e
pre
ach
ing
of
the
Wo
rd o
f G
od
. M
ost
peo
ple
nev
er s
aw a
Bib
le, l
et a
lon
e o
ne
wri
tten
in
En
gli
sh, a
nd
ev
en i
f th
ey h
ad
seen
on
e, t
hey
pro
bab
ly w
ou
ld n
ot
hav
e b
een
ab
le t
o r
ead
it.1
Ev
en m
any
of
the
wea
lth
y c
ou
ld n
ot
wri
te t
hei
r o
wn
nam
es.
Oft
en o
nly
on
e p
erso
n i
n a
wh
ole
to
wn
co
uld
rea
d
and
wri
te.
It i
s ea
sy t
o u
nd
erst
and
, th
en,
wh
y t
her
e w
as
such
lit
tle
kn
ow
led
ge
of
the
tru
th o
f G
od
’s W
ord
.
Th
e p
ries
ts t
aug
ht
that
peo
ple
co
uld
ear
n f
org
iven
ess
of
sin
s b
y d
oin
g p
enan
ce,
bu
yin
g i
nd
ulg
ence
s (p
rom
ises
of
forg
iven
ess)
, o
r g
oin
g
on
p
ilg
rim
ages
. In
ev
ery
ar
ea
of
life
, th
e ch
urc
h e
xerc
ised
en
orm
ou
s co
ntr
ol.
Wy
clif
fe
tau
gh
t th
at a
sin
ful
man
co
uld
no
t sa
ve
him
self
an
d t
hat
mer
cy w
as o
nly
to
be
fou
nd
th
rou
gh
fai
th i
n t
he
blo
od
and
rig
hte
ou
snes
s o
f Je
sus
Ch
rist
. T
he
pri
ests
tau
gh
t th
at
imag
es o
ug
ht
to b
e w
ors
hip
ed,
bu
t W
ycl
iffe
sai
d t
hat
th
e
wo
rsh
ip o
f im
ages
was
id
ola
try
an
d t
hat
sai
nts
an
d a
ng
els
wer
e n
ot
to b
e p
ray
ed t
o,
for
“th
ere
is b
ut
on
e m
edia
tor
bet
wee
n G
od
an
d m
en”
(1 T
imo
thy
2:5
). B
ecau
se W
ycl
iffe
so b
old
ly o
pp
ose
d t
he
do
ctri
nes
of
the
chu
rch
, th
e p
ries
ts
and
bis
ho
ps
hat
ed W
ycl
iffe
.
1. M
arg
aret
Sh
and
(htt
p:/
/ww
w.e
pc.
org
.au
/sta
rt/l
iter
atu
re/b
b/w
ycl
iffe
. h
tml)
, d
raw
n f
rom
“Jo
hn
Wy
clif
fe,”
in
The
Bu
rnin
g B
ush
(S
yd
ney
: E
van
-g
elic
al P
resb
yte
rian
Ch
urc
h o
f A
ust
rali
a, 1
998)
.
In h
is o
wn
vil
lag
e, h
ow
ever
, he
was
mu
ch lo
ved
. He
was
o
ften
see
n w
ith
a p
ort
ion
of
his
han
dw
ritt
en B
ible
un
der
his
ar
m,
his
sta
ff i
n h
and
, v
isit
ing
th
e p
eop
le i
n o
rder
to
sh
are
the
Wo
rd o
f G
od
wit
h t
hem
. Ric
h a
nd
po
or
wer
e g
lad
wh
en
he
cam
e to
vis
it.
He
was
th
e fr
ien
d o
f al
l; h
e w
as r
ead
y t
o
teac
h,
com
fort
, an
d p
ray
wit
h a
ny
on
e in
his
co
mm
un
ity.
C
on
tin
ual
ly h
e so
ug
ht
the
go
od
of
his
flo
ck a
nd
fo
r th
is t
he
peo
ple
lo
ved
him
.W
ycl
iffe
sp
ok
e ag
ain
st th
e d
oct
rin
e o
f tra
nsu
bst
anti
atio
n.
Th
is d
oct
rin
e te
ach
es t
hat
in
th
e L
ord
’s S
up
per
, th
e b
read
an
d w
ine
actu
ally
ch
ang
e in
to t
he
bo
dy
an
d b
loo
d o
f Je
sus.
W
ycl
iffe
sai
d t
his
was
no
t tr
ue.
Ho
w c
ou
ld i
t b
e th
at p
eop
le
wh
o p
arta
ke
of
the
Lo
rd’s
Su
pp
er a
re a
ctu
ally
eat
ing
an
d
dri
nk
ing
th
e b
od
y
and
b
loo
d
of
the
Lo
rd
Jesu
s C
hri
st?
Wy
clif
fe t
aug
ht
that
Ch
rist
’s b
od
y a
nd
blo
od
are
rep
rese
nte
d b
y t
he
bre
ad a
nd
th
e w
ine.
Th
is “
new
” d
oct
rin
e ta
ug
ht
by
W
ycl
iffe
mad
e so
me
peo
ple
un
com
fort
able
an
d a
ng
ry. E
ven
K
ing
Ed
war
d I
II d
id n
ot
wan
t to
su
pp
ort
Wy
clif
fe a
ny
mo
re.
He
tho
ug
ht
Wy
clif
fe h
ad g
on
e to
o f
ar. M
any
of
the
teac
her
s,
pro
fess
ors
, an
d s
tud
ents
at
Oxf
ord
Un
iver
sity
als
o d
isag
reed
w
ith
Wy
clif
fe,
cho
osi
ng
rat
her
to
ad
her
e to
th
e d
oct
rin
es o
f th
e R
om
an C
ath
oli
c C
hu
rch
.
Th
e E
art
hq
ua
ke
Cou
nci
l
In 1
381,
th
e p
easa
nts
rev
olt
ed.
Wy
clif
fe w
as b
lam
ed
for
this
up
risi
ng
, al
tho
ug
h h
e h
ad n
oth
ing
to
do
wit
h i
t.
He
was
sim
ply
tea
chin
g t
he
peo
ple
ab
ou
t G
od
’s W
ord
; h
e w
as n
ot
teac
hin
g r
ebel
lio
n a
nd
war
fare
. B
ecau
se o
f al
l th
e u
nre
st, a
no
ther
mee
tin
g w
as c
alle
d. I
t b
ecam
e k
no
wn
as
the
Ear
thq
uak
e C
ou
nci
l, b
ecau
se a
n e
arth
qu
ake
occ
urr
ed w
hil
e th
e m
eeti
ng
was
tak
ing
pla
ce.
Wy
clif
fe’s
fri
end
s b
elie
ved
G
od
was
sh
ow
ing
His
an
ger
to
war
d H
is e
nem
ies
and
ho
ped
— 1
2 —
Wyc
liff
e tr
ied
at O
xfor
d
— 1
3 —
it w
ou
ld h
elp
th
war
t h
is e
nem
ies
fro
m c
arry
ing
ou
t th
eir
evil
pla
ns.
Ho
wev
er,
the
mee
tin
g p
roce
eded
, an
d W
ycl
iffe
’s
do
ctri
nes
an
d w
riti
ng
s w
ere
con
dem
ned
an
yw
ay.
Su
mm
oned
aga
in
In N
ov
emb
er 1
382,
Wy
clif
fe w
as s
um
mo
ned
bef
ore
a
cou
nci
l in
Oxf
ord
. T
he
un
iver
sity
th
at h
ad e
du
cate
d h
im
no
w t
urn
ed o
n h
im.
He
bra
vel
y s
po
ke
agai
nst
th
e er
rors
of
the
chu
rch
. Wy
clif
fe w
as w
eak
du
e to
his
lif
e o
f tr
ials
an
d i
ll
hea
lth
, bu
t h
e w
as n
ot
afra
id t
o s
pea
k t
he
tru
th b
old
ly. W
hen
h
e w
as fi
nis
hed
, h
e si
mp
ly s
aid
, “T
he
tru
th s
hal
l p
rev
ail!
” H
e th
en t
urn
ed a
nd
lef
t. N
o o
ne
dar
ed t
o s
top
him
. F
ewer
an
d
few
er
peo
ple
su
pp
ort
ed
Wy
clif
fe
as
he
con
tin
ued
p
reac
hin
g
and
te
ach
ing
. H
e m
ust
h
ave
bee
n
lon
ely
at t
imes
, bu
t he
clu
ng
to h
is G
od
an
d c
on
tin
ued
bo
ldly
in
his
att
ack
s o
n t
he
erro
rs o
f th
e R
om
an C
ath
oli
c C
hu
rch
. H
e u
sed
str
on
g l
ang
uag
e th
at o
ffen
ded
ev
en s
om
e o
f h
is
frie
nd
s. I
n s
pea
kin
g a
bo
ut
the
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
do
ctri
ne
of
tran
sub
stan
tiat
ion
, h
e sa
id,
“Ho
w c
an y
ou
, O
pri
est,
wh
o
are
on
ly a
man
, m
ake
yo
ur
Mak
er?
Wh
at?
Th
e th
ing
th
at
gro
ws
in t
he
fiel
ds
tod
ay—
the
ear
of
wh
eat
wh
ich
yo
u p
luck
to
day
, sh
all t
hat
be
Go
d t
om
orr
ow
?2 As
yo
u c
ann
ot
mak
e th
e w
ork
s w
hic
h H
e m
ade,
ho
w c
an y
ou
mak
e H
im w
ho
mad
e th
e w
ork
s? W
oe
to t
he
adu
lter
ou
s g
ener
atio
n t
hat
bel
iev
es
the
wo
rds
of
the
po
pe
rath
er t
han
of
the
go
spel
!”
He
tra
nsl
ate
s th
e B
ible
in
to E
ngl
ish
Wy
clif
fe’s
g
reat
est
wo
rk
was
h
is
tran
slat
ion
o
f th
e S
crip
ture
s. B
efo
re h
is t
ime,
th
ere
was
no
co
mp
lete
En
gli
sh
2. W
ycl
iffe
was
ref
erri
ng
to
th
e w
afer
bak
ed f
rom
wh
eat,
wh
ich
th
e R
om
an C
ath
oli
c C
hu
rch
tau
gh
t b
ecam
e th
e ac
tual
bo
dy
of
Ch
rist
du
rin
g
cele
bra
tio
n o
f th
e L
ord
’s S
up
per
.
tran
slat
ion
of
the
Bib
le. P
arts
of
the
Bib
le h
ad b
een
tra
nsl
ated
in
to E
ng
lish
, b
ut
no
t th
e co
mp
lete
Bib
le.
Wy
clif
fe b
elie
ved
ev
ery
per
son
sh
ou
ld h
ave
a co
py
of
the
Bib
le. T
wo
hu
nd
red
y
ears
af
ter
Wal
do
tr
ansl
ated
th
e B
ible
in
to
Fre
nch
, G
od
h
elp
ed W
ycl
iffe
an
d a
tea
m o
f ac
adem
ic h
elp
ers
tran
slat
e th
e B
ible
fro
m L
atin
in
to E
ng
lish
. It
was
a v
ery
gre
at w
ork
. Im
agin
e co
py
ing
ou
t b
y h
and
th
e B
ible
as
we
kn
ow
it t
od
ay!
Wit
h m
uch
pra
yer
an
d p
atie
nce
, W
ycl
iffe
an
d h
is f
rien
ds
kep
t w
ork
ing
on
tra
nsl
atin
g G
od
’s b
less
ed W
ord
fo
r th
e p
eop
le o
f E
ng
lan
d i
n t
hei
r o
wn
lan
gu
age.
As
he
wo
rked
, W
ycl
iffe
fo
un
d i
nst
ruct
ion
an
d c
om
fort
fo
r h
is s
ou
l w
hil
e p
rov
idin
g f
or
the
spir
itu
al g
oo
d o
f m
any
oth
ers.
Fin
ally
, in
13
80,
the
last
ver
se o
f th
e N
ew T
esta
men
t w
as t
ran
slat
ed.
Per
hap
s y
ou
wo
uld
lik
e to
try
to
rea
d a
pas
sag
e o
f w
hat
W
ycl
iffe
’s t
ran
slat
ion
wo
uld
hav
e lo
ok
ed l
ike.
Th
e p
eop
le a
t th
at t
ime
spo
ke
ver
y d
iffe
ren
t E
ng
lish
fro
m t
he
En
gli
sh w
e sp
eak
to
day
. To
co
mp
are
this
pas
sag
e w
ith
th
e o
ne
in y
ou
r B
ible
, lo
ok
at
Joh
n 5
:2–
9.
an
d i
n i
eru
sale
m i
s a
wa
isch
yn
ge
pla
ce /
th
at
in e
bre
we
is n
am
ed b
eth
said
a /
an
d h
ath
fy
ue
po
rch
is /
in
th
ese
laie
a g
reet
e m
ult
itu
de
of
sik
e
men
/ b
lin
de
/ cr
ok
id /
an
d d
rie
/ a
bid
yn
ge
the
mo
uy
ng
e o
f th
e w
ati
r /
for
the
au
ng
el o
f th
e lo
rd
cam
e d
ou
n c
erte
yn
ty
mes
in
to
th
e w
ati
r /
an
d
the
wa
tir
wa
s m
ou
ed /
an
d h
e th
at
firs
t ca
m
do
wn
in
to
th
e si
stte
rne
aft
ir t
he
mo
uy
ng
e o
f th
e
wa
tir
wa
s m
ad
e h
oo
l o
f w
ha
t eu
er s
iken
esse
he
wa
s h
old
en /
an
d a
ma
n w
as
ther
e h
au
yn
ge
eiy
te
an
d t
hri
tti
yee
r h
is s
iken
ess
/ a
nd
wh
an
ne
ihes
us
ha
dd
e se
en h
ym
lig
gy
ng
e a
nd
ha
dd
e k
no
wen
/ th
at
he
ha
dd
e m
ych
e ty
me
/ h
e se
ith
to
him
/
wo
lt t
ho
u b
e m
ad
e h
oo
l /
the
sik
e m
an
an
swer
id
— 1
4 —
to h
ym
/ l
ord
i h
au
e n
o m
an
th
at
wh
an
ne
the
wa
tir
is m
ou
ed t
o p
utt
e m
e in
to
th
e ci
ster
ne
/
for
the
wh
ile
i co
me
/ a
no
ther
go
ith
do
un
bif
or
me
/ ih
esu
s se
ith
to
hy
m /
ris
e u
p /
ta
ke
thi
bed
an
d g
o /
an
d a
no
on
th
e m
an
wa
s m
ad
e h
oo
l /
an
d
too
ke
up
his
bed
de
an
d w
ente
fo
rth
/ a
nd
it
wa
s
sab
oth
in
th
at
da
i /
Did
yo
u n
oti
ce t
hat
no
cap
ital
let
ters
are
use
d a
nd
th
at
the
spel
lin
gs
of
wo
rds
are
no
t o
nly
dif
fere
nt
fro
m o
urs
, b
ut
no
t al
way
s co
nsi
sten
t? I
f y
ou
wer
e to
hea
r so
meo
ne
spea
k
En
gli
sh a
s th
e p
eop
le s
po
ke
it i
n t
he
fou
rtee
nth
cen
tury
, y
ou
wo
uld
har
dly
be
able
to
un
der
stan
d it
. Wy
clif
fe’s
fri
end
, N
ich
ola
s H
eref
ord
, h
elp
ed w
ith
th
e tr
ansl
atio
n o
f th
e O
ld
Test
amen
t fo
r th
e la
st t
hre
e y
ears
of
Wy
clif
fe’s
lif
e, a
nd
th
en
he
sup
erv
ised
th
e ta
sk u
nti
l it
was
co
mp
lete
d a
rou
nd
th
e y
ear
1388
, m
ore
th
an t
hre
e y
ears
aft
er W
ycl
iffe
’s d
eath
.T
he
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lic
Ch
urc
h, o
f co
urs
e, w
as n
ot
ple
ased
w
ith
eit
her
th
e tr
ansl
atio
n o
r th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f G
od
’s W
ord
to
th
e p
eop
le.
Th
ey s
aid
th
at i
t w
as c
asti
ng
pea
rls
bef
ore
sw
ine
wh
en t
he
com
mo
n p
eop
le r
ead
th
e S
crip
ture
s. T
hey
b
elie
ved
it
was
her
esy
to
sp
eak
th
e w
ord
s o
f S
crip
ture
in
th
e E
ng
lish
lan
gu
age.
Th
ey t
old
th
e p
eop
le t
hat
th
ey m
ust
tr
ust
th
e ch
urc
h’s
in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f th
e B
ible
rat
her
th
an
thei
r o
wn
.
Th
e L
olla
rds
In a
dd
itio
n t
o p
reac
hin
g a
nd
wri
tin
g a
lar
ge
nu
mb
er o
f b
oo
ks
on
a g
reat
var
iety
of
sub
ject
s ra
ng
ing
fro
m t
heo
log
y
to p
hil
oso
ph
y a
nd
lo
gic
, W
ycl
iffe
tra
ined
a l
arg
e n
um
ber
of
men
to
hel
p h
im i
n c
arry
ing
on
his
cal
l fo
r re
form
. T
hes
e m
en w
ere
also
po
or,
lik
e th
e p
oo
r m
en o
f L
yo
ns,
an
d w
ent
Wyc
liff
e an
d th
e L
olla
rds
all
ov
er t
he
cou
ntr
y, p
reac
hin
g t
he
go
spel
in
ch
urc
hy
ard
s,
at
fair
s,
in
mar
ket
pla
ces,
in
th
e st
reet
s,
and
w
her
ever
th
ey c
ou
ld g
et p
eop
le t
o c
om
e an
d h
ear
them
. S
om
etim
es
thes
e m
en w
ere
call
ed L
oll
ard
s. I
n 1
401,
th
e L
oll
ard
s w
ere
con
dem
ned
by
th
e p
op
e as
her
etic
s, a
nd
so
me
wer
e b
urn
ed
at t
he
stak
e.
His
dea
th
In
spit
e o
f al
l h
is
tria
ls
and
p
erse
cuti
on
s,
Wy
clif
fe
liv
ed u
nti
l th
e ag
e o
f si
xty.
Wh
ile
he
was
pre
ach
ing
in
his
ch
urc
h a
t L
utt
erw
ort
h, h
e w
as s
eize
d w
ith
par
aly
sis,
wh
ich
m
ean
s h
e w
as n
ot
able
to
mo
ve.
To
day
, th
e d
oct
ors
mig
ht
hav
e ca
lled
it
a st
rok
e. T
he
atta
ck w
as s
o s
ever
e th
at h
e w
as u
nab
le t
o s
pea
k a
nd
was
utt
erly
hel
ple
ss. H
e li
ved
tw
o
day
s af
ter
this
; th
en h
e d
ied
a c
alm
an
d p
eace
ful
dea
th o
n
Dec
emb
er 3
1, 1
384.
Wy
clif
fe w
as b
uri
ed i
n t
he
gra
vey
ard
of
his
ch
urc
h a
t L
utt
erw
ort
h.
Fo
rty
-fo
ur
yea
rs a
fter
his
dea
th,
his
en
emie
s d
ug
up
his
bo
nes
, bu
rned
them
to a
shes
, an
d th
rew
the
ash
es
into
th
e S
wif
t R
iver
. A
fter
war
d,
som
eon
e sa
id t
hat
ju
st a
s W
ycl
iffe
’s a
shes
wer
e th
row
n i
nto
th
e ri
ver
th
at e
ven
tual
ly
flo
ws
into
th
e o
cean
, so
th
e W
ord
of
Go
d w
hic
h h
e p
reac
hed
an
d t
ran
slat
ed w
ill
mak
e it
s w
ay a
ll o
ver
th
e w
orl
d.
“Su
rely
th
e w
rath
of
man
sh
all
pra
ise
thee
: th
e re
mai
nd
er o
f w
rath
sh
alt
tho
u r
estr
ain
” (P
salm
76:
10).
Th
ou
gh
he
nev
er c
ame
to a
cle
ar u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n d
oct
rin
e o
f ju
stifi
cati
on
by
fai
th a
lon
e, W
ycl
iffe
w
as c
erta
inly
on
e o
f th
e m
ost
im
po
rtan
t fo
reru
nn
ers
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n.
Th
is i
s w
hy
he
is r
efer
red
to
as
the
Mo
rnin
g
Sta
r o
f th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
. His
infl
uen
ce o
n t
he
Ref
orm
ers
was
v
ery
gre
at. H
e es
pec
iall
y i
nfl
uen
ced
Jo
hn
Hu
ss t
hro
ug
h t
he
Lo
llar
ds
and
th
e ca
ll f
or
refo
rm in
Bo
hem
ia. T
he
auth
ori
ty o
f th
e B
ible
, th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f p
red
esti
nat
ion
, an
d t
he
bib
lica
l d
oct
rin
e o
f th
e L
ord
’s S
up
per
are
sev
eral
are
as i
n p
arti
cula
r th
at l
ie c
lose
to
th
e h
eart
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n.
Wy
clif
fe’s
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
in t
each
ing
an
d w
riti
ng
ab
ou
t th
ese
do
ctri
nes
ca
n s
carc
ely
be
ov
eres
tim
ated
.W
ycl
iffe
’s w
riti
ng
s ar
e st
ill
bei
ng
stu
die
d t
od
ay.
Th
e W
ycl
iffe
So
ciet
y w
as f
ou
nd
ed i
n 1
882
for
the
pu
rpo
se o
f tr
ansl
atin
g
his
w
riti
ng
s in
to
En
gli
sh.
Bet
wee
n
1883
an
d
1921
, th
ey t
ran
slat
ed t
hir
ty-fi
ve
of
his
bo
ok
s, b
ut
they
nev
er
fin
ish
ed t
he
task
.
— 1
5 —
The
chu
rch
at L
utt
erw
orth
~ 3
~
Ann
e of
Boh
emia
q(c
. 136
6–1
394)
Qu
een
of
Ric
ha
rd I
I
Her
fa
mil
y
An
ne
of
Bo
hem
ia1
liv
ed d
uri
ng
th
e ti
me
of
Joh
n W
ycl
iffe
an
d w
as a
hel
p
to h
im a
nd
th
e R
efo
rmat
ion
. S
he
was
th
e el
des
t d
aug
hte
r o
f th
e E
mp
ero
r C
har
les
IV a
nd
th
e si
ster
of
Kin
g W
ence
slau
s, K
ing
of
Bo
hem
ia a
nd
Em
per
or
of
Ger
man
y. H
er m
oth
er w
as t
he
fou
rth
wif
e o
f C
har
les
IV;
the
dau
gh
ter
of
Bel
esla
us,
Du
ke
of
Po
mer
ania
; an
d t
he
gra
nd
dau
gh
ter
of
Cas
sim
ir t
he
Gre
at,
Kin
g o
f P
ola
nd
. An
ne
was
bo
rn i
n P
rag
ue,
Bo
hem
ia, a
rou
nd
th
e y
ear
1366
.
Her
you
th
An
ne
was
tau
gh
t th
e tr
uth
s o
f S
crip
ture
fro
m h
er y
ou
th.
In B
oh
emia
at
that
tim
e, t
her
e w
ere
sev
eral
min
iste
rs t
o w
ho
m t
he
peo
ple
lis
ten
ed e
ager
ly.
Th
eir
nam
es w
ere
Joh
n M
elic
e, C
on
rad
Str
ick
na,
an
d M
atth
ias
Jan
ov
ius.
An
ne
was
an
in
tell
igen
t y
ou
ng
lad
y a
nd
ask
ed m
any
qu
esti
on
s ab
ou
t th
e S
crip
ture
s an
d t
he
tru
ths
in i
ts p
ages
. T
he
Lo
rd b
less
ed h
er s
tud
ies,
an
d s
he
no
t o
nly
le
arn
ed m
uch
ab
ou
t th
e S
crip
ture
s an
d t
he
erro
rs o
f th
e ch
urc
h, b
ut
she
lov
ed
the
Au
tho
r o
f th
e S
crip
ture
s.
Her
ma
rria
ge t
o R
ich
ard
II
Ric
har
d II
was
the
son
of E
dw
ard
, Pri
nce
of W
ales
. So
met
imes
he
was
cal
led
th
e B
lack
Pri
nce
, b
ecau
se h
e w
ore
dar
k-c
olo
red
arm
or.
His
mo
ther
was
Jo
an,
of
wh
om
yo
u r
ead
in
th
e p
rev
iou
s ch
apte
r. R
ich
ard
was
bo
rn i
n B
ou
rdea
ux,
1. B
oh
emia
is
in t
he
pre
sen
t-d
ay C
zech
Rep
ub
lic.
Wycliffe was delighted to hear that
the
quee
n lo
ved
to re
ad a
nd s
tudy
the
Sc
ript
ures
. He
com
pare
d he
r to
Mar
y,
who
sat
at
Jesu
s’ f
eet
to li
sten
to
wha
t H
e ha
d to
say
.
— 1
6 —
Fra
nce
, in
136
7. H
is f
ath
er d
ied
in
137
6 an
d h
is g
ran
dfa
ther
th
e fo
llo
win
g y
ear,
so
Ric
har
d b
ecam
e k
ing
at
the
yo
un
g
age
of
ten
. W
hen
he
was
th
irte
en y
ears
old
, h
e h
eard
ab
ou
t A
nn
e o
f B
oh
emia
an
d t
ho
ug
ht
she
wo
uld
be
a g
oo
d w
ife
for
him
. In
Jan
uar
y 1
382,
wh
en t
hey
wer
e fi
ftee
n y
ears
old
, A
nn
e an
d R
ich
ard
wer
e m
arri
ed i
n S
t. S
tep
hen
’s C
hap
el,
Wes
tmin
ster
. Alt
ho
ug
h s
he
had
nev
er m
et R
ich
ard
, A
nn
e h
ad
hea
rd
that
th
e w
riti
ng
s o
f Jo
hn
W
ycl
iffe
had
beg
un
a r
eviv
al i
n E
ng
lan
d,
so
that
fac
t en
cou
rag
ed h
er t
o g
o t
her
e to
mar
ry
Kin
g R
ich
ard
.
An
ne
as
qu
een
An
ne
too
k f
rien
ds
and
ser
van
ts w
ho
wer
e tr
ue
bel
iev
ers
wit
h h
er t
o E
ng
lan
d. T
he
peo
ple
o
f E
ng
lan
d l
ov
ed h
er i
mm
edia
tely
. S
he
was
g
entl
e an
d k
ind
. Sh
e tr
ied
to
hel
p t
he
po
or,
th
e o
rph
ans,
an
d w
ido
ws.
It
is s
aid
th
at a
s m
any
as
six
tho
usa
nd
peo
ple
ate
at
the
roy
al t
able
ev
ery
d
ay,
mo
st o
f w
ho
m w
ere
po
or!
Sh
e th
ou
gh
t ab
ou
t h
ow
Jes
us
had
co
mp
assi
on
on
th
e cr
ow
ds
and
fed
th
em
mir
acu
lou
sly
so
th
at t
hey
wo
uld
n’t
be
hu
ng
ry.
Ch
rist
ian
s w
ant
to b
e li
ke
thei
r M
aste
r, s
o t
hat
is
wh
y A
nn
e w
ante
d t
o
hel
p t
he
nee
dy.
It
is n
o w
on
der
th
e p
eop
le c
alle
d h
er “
go
od
Q
uee
n A
nn
e.”
Kin
g R
ich
ard
was
ple
ased
wit
h t
his
kin
d
qu
een
an
d l
ov
ed h
er v
ery
mu
ch.
In E
ng
lan
d,
An
ne
con
tin
ued
to
rea
d a
nd
stu
dy
th
e S
crip
ture
s. S
he
had
co
pie
s o
f th
e g
osp
els
in t
hre
e la
ng
uag
es:
Bo
hem
ian
, En
gli
sh, a
nd
Lat
in. I
n t
ho
se d
ays,
ev
en a
pag
e o
f S
crip
ture
was
a t
reas
ure
. F
ew p
eop
le h
ad e
ver
see
n a
pag
e
or
a b
oo
k o
f th
e B
ible
. Th
e y
ou
ng
qu
een
was
hap
py
to
hav
e th
e g
osp
els
in t
hes
e th
ree
lan
gu
ages
.Q
uee
n A
nn
e w
as n
ot
afra
id t
o t
alk
ab
ou
t th
e B
ible
. Sh
e o
nce
sp
ok
e w
ith
Aru
nd
el,
the
Arc
hb
ish
op
of
Yo
rk,
and
to
ld
him
ho
w s
he
lov
ed t
o r
ead
th
e B
ible
. A
run
del
, li
ke
mo
st
Ro
man
Cat
ho
lics
in
th
ose
day
s, d
id n
ot
app
reci
ate
the
Bib
le
and
did
no
t w
ant
peo
ple
to
rea
d i
t. H
e w
as a
larm
ed
to h
ear
that
th
e q
uee
n o
wn
ed c
op
ies
of
the
go
spel
s w
hic
h s
he
was
rea
din
g, b
ut h
e co
uld
say
no
thin
g
sin
ce s
he
was
th
e q
uee
n o
f E
ng
lan
d.
Her
fri
end
ship
wit
h W
ycl
iffe
Wy
clif
fe w
as d
elig
hte
d t
o h
ear
that
th
e q
uee
n l
ov
ed t
o r
ead
an
d s
tud
y t
he
Scr
iptu
res.
H
e co
mp
ared
her
to
Mar
y, w
ho
sat
at
Jesu
s’
feet
to
lis
ten
to
wh
at H
e h
ad t
o s
ay.
He
was
en
cou
rag
ed t
hat
sh
e w
as r
ead
ing
an
En
gli
sh
tran
slat
ion
of
the
go
spel
s.Q
uee
n
An
ne
gav
e h
er
pro
tect
ion
to
W
ycl
iffe
, si
nce
he
had
man
y e
nem
ies.
Oft
en s
he
wo
uld
go
to h
er h
usb
and
an
d g
entl
y p
lead
wit
h h
im
on
his
beh
alf.
Sh
e w
ou
ld r
ead
pas
sag
es o
f S
crip
ture
to
h
im, s
uch
as
Mat
thew
23:
34–
35:
“Wh
eref
ore
, beh
old
, I s
end
u
nto
yo
u p
rop
het
s, a
nd
wis
e m
en,
and
scr
ibes
: an
d s
om
e o
f th
em y
e sh
all
kil
l an
d c
ruci
fy;
and
so
me
of
them
sh
all
ye
sco
urg
e in
yo
ur
syn
ago
gu
es,
and
per
secu
te t
hem
fro
m c
ity
to
cit
y: t
hat
up
on
yo
u m
ay c
om
e al
l th
e ri
gh
teo
us
blo
od
sh
ed
up
on
th
e ea
rth
, fr
om
th
e b
loo
d o
f ri
gh
teo
us
Ab
el u
nto
th
e b
loo
d o
f Z
ach
aria
s so
n o
f B
arac
hia
s, w
ho
m y
e sl
ew b
etw
een
th
e te
mp
le a
nd
th
e al
tar.
” K
ing
Ric
har
d d
id n
ot
wan
t to
be
gu
ilty
of
kil
lin
g o
ne
of
Go
d’s
pro
ph
ets,
so
he
list
ened
to
th
e
— 1
7 —
wo
rds
of
his
lo
vin
g w
ife.
Sad
ly,
Wy
clif
fe l
ived
on
ly t
hre
e y
ears
aft
er Q
uee
n A
nn
e ca
me
to l
ive
in E
ng
lan
d.
Her
ea
rly
dea
th
In t
he
spri
ng
of
1394
, Q
uee
n A
nn
e b
ecam
e il
l o
f th
e p
lag
ue.
Sh
e w
eak
ened
rap
idly
, an
d o
n J
un
e 7,
sh
e d
ied
. Sh
e w
as o
nly
tw
enty
-sev
en y
ears
old
. Th
e K
ing
was
dev
asta
ted
, an
d t
he
peo
ple
mo
urn
ed d
eep
ly.
It i
s sa
id t
hat
Ric
har
d
des
tro
yed
Sh
een
Pal
ace
wh
ere
she
had
die
d.
Sh
e is
bu
ried
at
Wes
tmin
ster
, w
her
e R
ich
ard
had
a b
eau
tifu
l to
mb
mad
e.
Ric
har
d h
ad a
lif
e o
f tr
ou
ble
, lo
sin
g h
is c
row
n a
nd
bei
ng
im
pri
son
ed. I
f o
nly
he
had
fled
to
th
e S
avio
r, h
e w
ou
ld h
ave
had
a p
lace
of
refu
ge!
He
die
d i
n 1
400.
So
me
yea
rs l
ater
he
was
bu
ried
bes
ide
his
bel
ov
ed A
nn
e.
Th
e L
ord
had
His
div
ine
pu
rpo
se in
Qu
een
An
ne’
s li
fe a
s
wel
l as
in h
er d
eath
. Aft
er t
he
yo
un
g q
uee
n’s
dea
th, m
any
of
her
frie
nd
s an
d s
erv
ants
ret
urn
ed to
Bo
hem
ia. T
hey
too
k w
ith
them
th
e tr
ansl
atio
ns
of
the
go
spel
s an
d s
om
e o
f th
e w
riti
ng
s
of
Wy
clif
fe t
hat
had
bee
n s
o t
reas
ure
d b
y Q
uee
n A
nn
e. S
om
e
of
thes
e fr
ien
ds
and
ser
van
ts h
ad k
no
wn
th
e q
uee
n s
ince
sh
e
was
a c
hil
d a
nd
had
lea
rned
man
y t
hin
gs
abo
ut
the
Bib
le
fro
m h
er. S
om
e o
f h
er f
rien
ds
rem
ain
ed in
En
gla
nd
to
att
end
Oxf
ord
Un
iver
sity
, te
llin
g o
ther
s w
hat
th
ey h
ad h
eard
an
d
lear
ned
fro
m Q
uee
n A
nn
e. T
he
frie
nd
s w
ho
ret
urn
ed t
o
Bo
hem
ia t
old
th
e p
eop
le t
her
e ab
ou
t th
eir
bel
ov
ed q
uee
n,
and
wh
at s
he
had
tau
gh
t th
em f
rom
Scr
iptu
re.
So
th
e se
eds
of
the
Ref
orm
atio
n w
ere
spre
ad t
hro
ug
ho
ut
Bo
hem
ia a
nd
En
gla
nd
wit
h t
he
ble
ssin
g o
f th
e L
ord
.
— 1
8 —
