1
Iphepha elethulwa ku-
Ngqongqoshe WeMfundo Ephakeme Nokuqeqeshwa
Dkt. Blade Nzimande
Ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika
uFebruwari 2011
2
Okuphakathi
1. Isingeniso
2. Lapho umthetho umi khona ngendaba yemfundo yolimi
lwebele
3. Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele esimweni esingokoqobo
4. Ukusekelwa ngemali kwemfundo yolimi lwebele
5. Iziphetho
6. Amapulani ezinyathelo ngemfundo yolimi lwebele
7. Uhla lwemithombo
3
1. Isingeniso
Lesi sethulo (presentation) siwumphumela womhlangano i-AfriForum Jeug
(Intsha ye-AfriForum) eyayiwubambe noNgqongqoshe WeMfundo
Ephakeme Nokuqeqeshwa, uDkt. Blade Nzimande ngomhla ka-15 Okthoba
2010. Lapho kwaxoxwa ngokugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele
nobundiminingi (multilinguallism) ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme
eNingizimu Afrika.
Iqiniso elidabukisayo liwukuthi cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila
komphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika sekusetshenziswa isiNgisi bese
kunyathelwa izilimi zomdabu zakuleli.1 Loku kubadalela izinkinga abafundi
abangakhulumi isiNgisi ekhaya. Kunjalo-nje kubhebhezela nombono wokuthi
izakhamuzi nabafundi abangasikhulumi isiNgisi bangabezinga eliphansi futhi
abanalungelo lokunikwa impatho elinganayo neyabanye.2
Kule ngxoxo nongqogqoshe kwabhekwa kafuphi ukuthi umthetho wona
umiphi endabeni yokugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele, yokuntuleka
kwezimali zokusekela izinyuvesi ezindiminingi, kanye nezizathu zokuthi kungani
imfundo yolimi lwebele kanye nobundiminingi kumelwe kugqugquzelwe.
Kwabhekwa futhi nezithiyo ezithile okumelwe zigudluzwe ukuze buchume
ubundiminingi. Ezinkulukazi kulezi wukuba ulimi lungasetshenziselwa
ukubandlulula nanoma ubani, inselele engokoqobo yokuthuthukisa izilimi
eziyishumi nanye zifinyelele iqophelo elilinganayo, iqiniso lokuthi
eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi zilimi zezwe ezisemthethweni eziyishumi nanye
azikathuthukiselwa ezingeni lolimi lwemfundo ephakeme, ingcindezi phezu
kwezinyuvesi yokuba zibonise umumo wokwakheka komphakathi kanye
nezinsiza ezintulekayo, konke okubizela ukuthi kube nokulinganiswa okuhle
(balance) phakathi kwezimali ezikhokhelwa imfundo yolimi lwebele nalezo
ezikhokhelwa ezinye izidingo-ngqangi njengemifundaze, indawo yokuhlala
yabafundi, njalonjalo.
Ungqongqoshe wabe esebeka isicelo ku-AfriForum Jeug sokuba yenabe
ngalezi zingqinamba bese izethula kuMnyango ukuze uMnyango WeMfundo
1Uma kuthiwa “izilimi zomdabu” kushiwo isiSuthu, isiTswana, isiSwazi, isiVenda, isiTsonga, isiBhunu,
isiNdebele, isiXhosa nesiZulu. Kubalulekile ukuliqaphela iqiniso lokuthi isiBhunu naso siwulimi lomdabu (noma-ke “lwase-Afrika”) nokuthi naso kumelwe sisingathwe kanjalo. 2I-article 6(4) yoMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ubalula ukuthi zonke izilimi ezisemthethweni kumelwe
zinikwe isithunzi esilinganayo futhi ziphathwe ngokufanele. I-article 9(3) yoMthetho-sisekelo ibalula ukuthi, phakathi kokunye, leli zwe akumelwe libandlulule noma yisiphi isakhamuzi ngesisekelo solimi. Bheka ingxenye 3 lapha ngezansi ukuze uthole okunye mayelana nokuthi umiphi umthetho ngendaba yolimi.
4
Ephakeme ukwazi ukuzicabangela ngenjongo yokuba mhlawumbe kube
khona ushintsho kunqubo-mgomo.
Ngakho-ke lesi sethulo siwumphumela walo mhlangano osushiwo futhi inhloso
yaso iwukunika ungqongqoshe ucubungulo olufishane olunohlonze lokuthi
kungaziphi izizathu kumelwe kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izilimi
zendabuko zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngakho-ke lapha kuhlaziywa ukuthi
umthetho umiphi kanye nezizathu zokuba kugqugquzelwe imfundo yolimi
lwebele, kanti futhi kubekwa iziphakamiso ezinokwenzeka zezinyathelo
ezingase zithathwe ukuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okuthe xaxa kokugqugquzelwa
kwezilimi zomdabu. Futhi kudonselwa ukunakekela ngokukhethekile endleleni
yokulandelwa (formula) lapho kusekelwa ngezimali izikhungo zemfundo
ephakeme njengesinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke okumelwe sithathwe
ukuze kugqugquzelwe imfundo yolimi lwebele kanye nobundiminingi.
5
2. Lapho uMthetho umi khona ngendaba
yeMfundo Yolimi Lwebele
Kule ngxenye yesethulo kuzoqala kugxilwe ezibalulweni (stipulations) ezithile
ezikuMthetho-sisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika.3 UMthetho-
sisekelo uzosetshenziswa njengozime lokubambelela, njengoba wona
uwumthetho ophakeme kunayo yonke weRiphabhuliki kanti futhi noma
yisiphi isiyalelo somthetho noma isinyathelo esingqubuzana nawo siyinto
engenakusebenza nezibopho ezibekwa ngawo kumelwe ukuba zigcinwe.4
Njengoba leli phepha (document) limayelana ngokuyinhloko nendaba
yobundiminingi emfundweni ephakeme kuzoqashelwa nokunye ukubalula
okukuMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme. 5
Ngokwe-article 6(1) yoMthetho-sisekelo WeRiphabhuliki YaseNingizimu Afrika
iNingizimu Afrika inezilimi zezwe ezisemthethweni eziyi-11, okungukuthi isiSuthu,
isiTswana, isiSwazi, isiVenda, isiTsonga, isiBhunu, isiNgisi, isiNdebele, isiXhosa,
nesiZulu. Isigatshana 2 sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso (futhi ngokugudlisela
naphezu kweMinyango YeMfundo Eyisisekelo Nephakeme) ukuba, lapho
kubhekwa ukusilela kokusetshenziswa nesithunzi (status) sezilimi zomdabu
zaseNingizimu Afrika, uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo nezinokwenzeka
zokuphakamisa isithunzi salezi zilimi futhi ugqugquzele ukusetshenziswa kwazo.
Isigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo sibalula ukuthi uMqulu Wamalungelo usekwe
ezimisweni (principles) ezintathu, okungukuthi, isithunzi sokuba wumuntu,
ukulingana kanye nenkululeko bese sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso
sokuhlonipha, ukuvikela, ukugquguzela nokufezekisa la malungelo.
Isigaba 9(3) soMthetho-sisekelo sibalula ukuthi ngokuqondile noma
ngokungaqondile uMbuso ungebandlulule ngokungenabulungiswa nanoma
ubani ngesisekelo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu okuhlanganisa uhlanga,
ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwana (ethnic) noma yezenhlalo, isiko-mpilo nolimi.
Ngokwenjongo yalesi sethulo kuzogxilwa ngokukhethekile kusigaba 29,
izigatshana 1 no-2, zoMthetho-sisekelo, zona ezibalula kanje:
“(1) Yilowo nalowo muntu unelungelo –
3 UMthetho 108 ka-1996.
4 Isigaba 2 soMthetho-sisekelo.
5 UMthetho 101 ka-1997.
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(a) lokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo, kuhlanganisa imfundo eyisisekelo yabantu
abadala ezikhungweni zombuso noma ezikhungweni ezithola usizo
embusweni; futhi
(b) lemfundo engaphezu kweyisisekelo, sokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala,
kufanele wenze intuthuko ibe khona kunoma ngubani. (sic)
(2) Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola imfundo ngolimi alukhethayo esakhiweni
semfundo somphakathi lapho leyo mfundo [inokunikezwa khona]. Ukuze
kuqinisekiswe ukuthi leli lungelo kuyafinyelelwa kulona ngempela, nokuphoqelelwa
kwaleli lungelo, umbuso kufanele uhlolisise yonke imigudu efanele yemfundo,
kubandakanya nezakhiwo zemfundo ezifundisa ngolimi olulodwa, kube kunakekelwe
okulandelayo –
(a) lokho okugculisayo [kumuntu] wonke othintekile [fairness];
(b) ukuthi kungenzeka yini; [kanye]
(c) [ne]sidingo sokulungisa imiphumela yemithetho nenqubo eyedlule
eyayibandlulula ngokobuzwe.”
Isigaba 27(2) soMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme ubalula ukuthi inqubo-
mgomo yolimi yesikhungo semfundo ephakeme kumelwe imiswe yiBhodi
ngokuvumelana ne-Senate ngaphandle kwenqubo-mgomo emiswe
wuNgqongqoshe. Kunemibono ehlukene yokuthi kushiwoni ngalo mbandela
wokuba leyo nqubo-mgomo ihambisane nenqubo-mgomo
kaNgqongqoshe, kodwa ngokwesimo kuthathwa ngokuthi le nqubo-mgomo
kumelwe ihambisane nako konke okubalulwe ngenhla ngokomthetho-
sisekelo. Inqubo-mgomo ephumela ekunyathelweni kwezilimi zomdabu
ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika ingebe ngokomthetho-sisekelo futhi
ngokunjalo iyongqubuzana nalezo zibopho ezibekwe phezu koMbuso
ngokwezigaba 6(2) no-29(2) zoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho neNkantolo
YoMthetho-sisekelo yanquma ngo-2010 ukuthi isigaba 29(2) soMthetho-
sisekelo asilivumi nje kuphela ilungelo lokuthola imfundo ngolimi
olusemthethweni lokuzikhethela, kodwa lesi sigaba sibeka isibopho phezu
koMbuso sokubs uqinisekise ukufinyeleleka okungokoqobo kwaleli lungelo.6
Esinqumweni sakhe uMoseneke DCJ wathi:
“Isig 29(1) siyalishayelela ilungelo lokuthola imfundo eyisisekelo kanye nelungelo
lemfundo eqhubekayo lawo, ngezinyathelo ezisesilinganisweni sokucabanga okuhle
(reasonable), uMbuso okufanele uqhubeke uwenza atholakale kuye wonke
umuntu.”7
Ngokuphathelene nesigatshana 2, uMoseneke DCJ ukhipha isinqumo esithi:
“Leli lungiselelo lakhiwe yizingxenye ezimbili ezicacile kodwa eziqinisanayo. ingxenye
yokuqala ibeka imfuneko esobala yokuthola imfundo esikoleni sikawonkewonke
ngolimi lokuzikhethela. Nokho lelo lungelo lihleleka busha (modified) ngaphakathi
ngoba loko kukhetha kutholakala kuphela uma „kunokwenzeka
ngokusesilinganisweni‟. Ukuthi kunini lapho ukuthola ukufundiswa ngolimi
6 Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA 415 (CC), at 416 C – D
7 Supra, 431, at para [47]
7
lokuzikhethela „kunokwenzeka ngokusesilinganisweni' kuncike kuzo zonke izimo
eziphathelene zodaba ngalunye8
Ngokusebenza kwesigatshana 2 kuchazwa kanje:
“Kuyisiyalelo phezu koMbuso ukuba ucabangele konke okungase kwenziwe
ngokusesilinganisweni mayelana nemfundo, loko okuhlanganisa izikhungo zalulimi-
lunye, kodwa kungagcini lapho. Ukunquma loko okukhethwayo, njengokuthi
ukufundisa ngalulimi lunye noma ngezilimi elinganisene uMbuso kumelwe
ucabangele loko okunobulungiswa kubo bonke, okuyinto engenzeka futhi
okuvumelana nesidingo sokulungisa imiphumela yemithetho nezinkambiso
kwesikhathi esidlule okubandlulula ngobuhlanga.”9
Mayelana nendaba yezibopho ezibekwa wuMthetho-sisekelo phezu
koMbuso kubalulekile ukuqaphela isigaba 237 soMthetho-sisekelo:
“[Z]onke [izibopho] e[zi]bekwe ngokomthethosisekelo kufanele [z]enziwe
ngokukhuthala futhi ngokungachithi sikhathi.”
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka uMthetho WeMfundo Ephakeme uqhubeka
ngokubalula kusigaba 37 ukuthi izimfuneko zokungenisa abafundi zesikhungo
semfundo ephakeme kumelwe zibe nenjongo yokulungisa ukungalingani
kwesikhathi esedlule ukuze kungabikho muntu obandlululeka
ngokungenabulungiswa. Ngokwesigaba 39(2) salo mthetho uNgqongqoshe
unegunya lokunquma ngokwabiwa kwezimali zezikhungo zemfundo
ephakeme. UNgqongoshe unako ukubeka imibandela eseslinganisweni
afake nemitheshwana efanelekile, ngombandela wokuthi inqubo ibe
ngenobulungiswa futhi ibonakale nakubani.
Silimisa ngesihloko lapha elokuthi ukwabiwa kwezimali ezikhungweni
zemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima ngqangi ekusebenzeni kwaleso sikhungo
nanokuthi, ngenxa yezibopho ezithintwe ngenhla lezo ezibekwe phezu
koMbuso, akufanele kusetshenziswe nqubo thile yokusekela imfundo
ephakeme ngezimali kungazange kuhlanganiswe nezindleko ezihambisana
nokuthuthukiswa kwezilimi zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika.
8 Supra, 433, at para [52]
9 Supra, 434, at para [53]. Lolu daba lwaluphathelene nempikiswano phakathi koMnyango WeMfundo
Eyisisekelo eMpumalanga kanye nebhodi elilawulayo lase-Hoërskool Ermelo kulesi sifundazwe. Ngokuphathelene noMnyango WeMfundo Eyisisekelo inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi, ngokukhanyisa kwesigaba- 29(2) soMthetho-sisekelo, uMnyango WeMfundo Eyisisekelo ubophekile ukuba uthathe izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zokupha loku indlebe (at para [101]).
8
3. Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele esimweni
esingokoqobo
Luninigi ucwaningo olubonisa igalelo elihle ukufundiswa ngolimi lwebele
okunalo emfundweni ngisho nasenhlakahleni yezwe. Naphezu kwale
mpicabadala edabukisayo okuhambisana nayo, kukhona ingcindezi
eyandayo phezu kwalabo abakhuluma izilimi zomdabu yokuba bafundiswe
ngalolo okuwukuphela kwalo ezilimini ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika
okungelona lwendabuko.10 I-Afrika iwukuphela kwezwekazi lapho iningi
lezingane ziqala khona isikole ngolimi okungelona lwakubo. Loku kuholela
emfundweni yezinga eliphansi nanokubukelwa phansi kwaleli zwekazi. 11
Inkinyankiya eqhubekayo iwukuthi amazwe athuthukile agcizelela imfundo
yolimi lwebele bese kuthi lawo asathuthuka, nakuba emelene
ngokunamandla nobukholoniyali, wona alokhu enombono wokuthi ukuze
abantu bakwazi kangcono “ukuncintisana ezingeni lomhlaba” kudingeke
ukuba bafunde ngezilimi zobukholoniyali. Konke loku phezu kokuba
kunomehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezindinganiso (standards)
zemfundo ephakeme zezikhungo ezifundisa ngolimi lwebele nalezo
ezisebenzisa ulimi lokwethekelwa. Makuphawuleke futhi ukuthi lo mbono
wokuthi imfundo ngesiNgisi idingekile ukuze kwazeke ukuncintisana ezingeni
lomhlaba uyinto engashaywa mkhuba kuyaphi ngaphandle kwemingcele
yala mazwe asathuthuka. Kunalokho, uma kuthathwa i-website ethi
www.topuniversities.com njengothi lokulinganisa lapho kukalwa iqophelo
lezinyuvesi zomhlaba eziphuma phambili, kuyabonakala ukuthi cishe zonke
lezi zinyuvesi zigcizelela imfundo yolimi lwebele. Cishe okuwukuphela
kwezinyuvesi ezigxile ekufundiseni ngesiNgisi ngezase-USA, United Kingdom,
Australia, njalonjalo, lapho kufundiswa khona ngesiNgisi ngenxa yokuthi
kakade siwulimi lwasekhaya kubafundi. Ngokwalo lonke ulwazi oluye
lwatholakala, zonke lezi zinyuvesi zigxile emfundweni yolimi lwebele,
okungaba yimfundo ngesiJapane, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiDashi, noma
olunye ulimi.
Emhlabeni jikelele kusobala ukuhlobana okuphakathi kokugqugquzelwa
kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nokuqina kwezomnotho kwalelo zwe, njengoba
kucace bha kula mashadi alapha ngezansi. Isizathu saloko siwukuthi imfundo
yolimi lwebele iyayikhuphula impumelelo yemfundo kanti iqophelo
10
UMoseneke DCJ uyayiphawula futhi le mpicabadala esinqumweni seNkantolo YoMthetho-sisekelo ku-Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA 415. 11
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education, kk. 4 – 5.
9
eliphakeme lemfundo liphakamisa isimo sokukwazi ukuthuthukisa umnotho
kubantu abasebenzayo, okuthi kona kukhuphule ingeniso jikelele lezwe.
Kumelwe kuthintwe futhi ukuthi kuludlana ngamazwe athuthukile ukuqhuba
imfundo yolimi lwebele ngesizathu sokuthi wona anezinsiza ezithe xaxa
ngobuningi. Loku akulishintshi nokho iqiniso lokuthi lezi zindleko ezithe xaxa
okumelwe kubhekanwe nazo ekugqugquzeleni imfundo yolimi lwebele
enkathini ende kubonakala zizoletha umvuzo omuhle ozoba ngesimo
sabantu abasebenzayo abakwazi ukuletha umsebenzi omuhle ngenxa
yokuthi imfundo yolimi lwebele yabangela ukuba ukuqeqesheka kwabo
kushaye emhloleni kakhudlwana kunalapho befundiswe khona ngenye
indlela. La mashadi alapha ngezansi abonisa ukuhlobana okuphakathi
kwemfundo yolimi lwebele namangeniso ala mazwe athintekile.
Amazwe lapho imfundo yolimi lwebele inikwa khona kuze kube seqophelweni lesikole
sesekhondari12
12
Amashadi ahlanganiswe yi-Solidariteit (2008).
10
Ukulinganiswa kwengeniso ngezigaba ngokweBhange Lomhlaba (izibalo zika-2008)
INhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezemfundo, Ezesayensi Nezamasiko-mpilo
(UNESCO) ilinganisa ukuthi cishe ziyi-5 – 15% ezinganeni zase-Afrika ezilwaziyo
lolo limi lokwethekelwa ezifundiswa ngalo lapho ziya esikoleni. Loku
okungenhla kwathola nokuthi akulona iqiniso ukuthi ukufundiswa ngezilimi
zase-Afrika kubambezela ukuqondwa kahle kwesayensi, ithekinoloji nolunye
ulwazi lukawonkewonke.13
Ngaphezu kwaloko ucwaningo lomhlaba lubonise ukuthi abafundi bakwazi
ukufunda amakhono okuxoxa okujwayelekile ngolimi olusha esikhathini
esingangonyaka kuye kwemibili, kanti endaweni lapho ekhona kahle onke
amathuluzi kuthatha okungenani iminyaka eyisithupha ukufunda amakhono
olimi lwemfundo ephakeme yezinto ezingenakubonwa kodwa eziqondakala
ngolimi lwemfundo.14
EMali kwatholakala ukuthi cishe yi-10% yezingane zesikole samabanga
aphansi ezisemakilasini okufundwa kuwo ngolimi lwebele nanokuthi ithuba
lokuthi lezi zingane ziphinde unyaka lincane ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunalelo
lezingane ezingozakwabo ezifunda ngolunye ulimi.15 EJalimane
kwatholakala ukuthi iqembu lezingane ezenza kabi kakhulu esikoleni
liphakathi kwezifiki ezikhuluma olunye ulimi ekhaya kunalolo ezifundiswa
ngalo.16
13
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k9. 14
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k28. 15
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k30. 16
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k30.
11
ENingizimu Afrika, phakathi kuka-1955 no-1976 izingane zesikole ezimnyama
zazifunda ngolimi lwebele iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Phakathi nale nkathi
izinga lokuphasa laba wu-83.7% ngo-1976. Emva kwaloko kwashintshwa
uhlelo okwaholela ekuthini inkathi yokuthola imfundo yolimi lwebele
incishiselwe eminyakeni emine. Kule nkathi izinga lokuphasa lawa kakhulu
laya ku-44% ngo-1992.17
I-Systematic Evaluation National Report yaseNingizimu Afrika ka-2005
yabonisa ukuthi abafundi abafunda ngolimi lwabo lwebele bathola
isilinganiso (average) sikazwelonke sika-69%. Labo abangafundi ngolimi
lwabo lwasekhaya ngokwesilinganiso bathola i-32% kuphela.18
Ama-case study
Burkina Faso
EBurkina Faso kwasungulwa umkhankaso wokuthuthukisa imfundo yolimi
lwebele emfundweni eyisisekelo esemthethweni. Njengoba yayiyikoloni
laseFransi ulimi lwemfundo eBurkina Faso kwakuwulimi lwezwe
olusemthethweni, isiFulentshi. Nokho, leli zwe linamaqembu ezizwana (ethnic
groups) nezilimi okucishe kube ama-60. I-17% yabantu bakulelo zwe
bakhuluma isiFulentshi bese kuthi zonke lezi ezinye izilimi zendawo ziqashelwe
njenge„zilimi zezwe‟. Imfundo esemthethweni eBurkina Faso iqhutshwa
ngesiFulentshi ukusuka ngosuku lokuqala esikoleni kuye kolokugcina enyuvesi.
Nokho uhlaziyo lokubukisisa (critical evaluation) lwesimiso semfundo
esisemthethweni eBurkina Faso lwabonisa ukuthi bangama-22 kuphela
kwabayi-100 abafundi besikole abaqalisa isikole sabaqalayo bese besiqeda
phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha (okuyinkathi evamile yesikole sabaqalayo)
futhi bayi-17 kuphela kubo abaphasa isitifiketi sokuqeda esikoleni. Ngakho-ke
kulesi simiso kwakuvame kakhulu ukushiya phansi isikole nokuphinda
amakilasi.19 Ngo-1994 kwamiselwa abafundi bangama-55 isikole sokuzwa
amanzi ngobhoko semfundo yolimi lwebele kwathi isiFulentshi saba wulimi
lwesibili. Loku kwaphumela ekuncipheni kwenkathi yokufunda (ngeminyaka
emibili). Izinga lokuphasa ukuhlolwa okufanayo nokwabafundi abasesikoleni
17
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages an multilingual education, k33. 18
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education, p33. 19
Lezi zibalo zifana kakhulu nalezo zemfundo eyisisekelo eNingizimu Afrika. Ngo-1999 kwabhaliswa ingqikithi ye-1 318 932 yabafundi baka-Grade 1, iningi labo elalingafundi ngolimi lwasekhaya. Lapho ekugcineni lona leli qembu selibhala ukuhlolwa kwalo kwe-natonal senior certificate , kwaba yingqikithi engama-559 166 eyabhalisela ukuhlolwa kwathi kuyo kwaphasa kuphela ama-27,6% kuleliya qembu le-1,3 izigidi.
12
sabaqalayo esijwayelekile laba wu-52.83% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga
lokuphasa likazwelonke lika-40% kuya ku-42%. 20
Peru
Ngo-1952 ePeru kwethulwa imfundo esekelwe olimini lwebele ukuze
kuhlangatshezanwe nezidingo zemfundo zabantu bomdabu basemahlathini
emvula asePeru. Ngo-1972 kwenziwa izinguquko zokumisa umphakathi
omasiko-mpilo maningi kwafakwa nolimi lwesiKetshu (Quechua) lona oluze
lwaqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolimi ngo-1975. Ngo-1994 umthetho-
sisekelo waqaphela amalungelo abantu bomdabu olimi nemfundo
ngokuqaphela ukwehlukahlukana ngokobuzwana namasiko-mpilo. Loku
kwaphumela ekusetshenzisweni kolimi lwendabuko kanye nolimi lwesiPanishi.
Abafundi baqala ukufunda nokubhala ngolimi lwebele, okwakuwukuphela
kolimi lokufundisa eminyakeni yokuqala yesikole. Ekuqaleni isiPanishi
sifundiswa njengolimi lwesibili. Ukuhlaziywa kwemfundo endimimbili (bilingual)
kuye kwabonisa igalelo elihle kubafundi bomdabu. Lezi zinzuzo zihlanganisa:
Umsebenzi wemfundo ephakeme othuthukile jikelele
Ikhono elithe xaxa lokusebenza izinkinga ze-mathematics
Ukuqiniseka okuthe xaxa ekukhulumeni isiPanishi
Ukuzethemba okuthe xaxa
Ukubamba iqhaza kwabafundi okwengeziwe
Enye yezinto ezinhle zesimiso semfundo esindimimbili sasePeru
wukuthuthukiswa okukhudlwana kokuqashelwa kanye nokuhlonishwa
kwamaqembu ehlukene kanye namalungelo awo.21
Mali
Ngo-1979 ulimi lwemfundo esemthethweni eMali lwashintshwa ekubeni
yisiFulentshi kwayiwa ekusebenziseni izilimi zezwe ngenkathi kuzanywa
ukuxazulula isibalo sabashiya phansi isikole, ukufeyila okuningi nokuphinda
amakilasi. Imfundo endimimbili yaqala kuzwiwa amanzi ngobhoko kwathi
izilimi zezwe zafakwa njengolimi lokufundisa emabangeni 1 ukuya ku-6. Ulimi
lwengane lwasekhaya lusetshenziswa njengolimi lokufundisa bese kuthi
phakathi naso sonke isikole sabaqalayo ulimi lwesibili lufundiswe ukuze
ingane ikwazi ukuqonda kahle izilimi ezimbili. Izingane zifundiswa ukufunda
nokubhala ngolimi lwazo lwasekhaya zingakaqali ukufunda isiFulentshi, bese
kuthi ebangeni lesihlanu nelesithupha uhhafu wezifundo zengane zinikwa
ngesiFulentshi. Iqembu lokuqala (elahlolwa edolobheni laseSegou)
20
Umbiko we-UNESCO (2008) Improving the Quality of Mother Tongue-based Literacy and Learning: Case Studies from Asia, Africa and South America, p119. 21
Local Language as a Key to Effective Learning, kk 23 – 27.
13
laphothula ukuhlolwa kokungena ebangeni lesikhombisa ngezinga
lokuphasa lika-77% uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sezinga likazwelonke
sika-66%. Lolu phando (study) lwabonisa ukuthi impumelelo yabafundi
iphakeme ngokuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezikole zesiFulentshi
sodwa.22
Bangladesh
EBangladesh umphakathi wakhiwe yizizwana zamasiko-mpilo nezilimi
okuhlukahlukene. Kukhona imindeni yezilimi emithathu ekhethekile
engasikwa izigaba ezisabalele eBangladesh. Lena ngamaTibet-Burma, ama-
Austro-Asiatic/Mon-Khmer, amaDravidi. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zigaba ezinkulu
ezintathu kukhona izilimi ezizimele nezendawo. Ngo-1952 i-East Bengal
Education System Reconstruction Committee yokuqala yethula umbiko othi
imfundo yolimi lwebele izoba yindinganiso ezingeni labaqalayo. I-Ashrai‟s
Action Research Project yayihlose ukwenza ngcono iqophelo lempumelelo
yabafundi ngemfundo yolimi lwebele emazingeni abasaqala. Inkolelo-
mbono (hypothesis) yayiwukuthi uma kukhona izinto ezifanele zokufunda
bese kufundiswa ngolimi lwebele impumelelo yabafundi yayizoya
ngokwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isilinganiso samamaki abafundi kule
Ashrai‟s Action Research Project abe eseqhathaniswa nawabafundi
basesikoleni sikahulumeni ababengalibambanga iqhaza kuleli projeke.
Imikhakha yokuqhathanisa emithathu kwakuyile: i-Mathematics, Amasayensi
Ezenhlalo noLimi. (Bheka igrafu engezansi):
22
14
Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele olimini, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye ne-maths eBangladesh23
I-Series 1 yisilinganio somphumela wensebenzo yezingane ezathola imfundo yolimi lwebele
kuqhathaniswa ne-Series 2 okuyisilinganiso somphumela wensebenzo emfundweni
kawonkewonke.
ENingizimu Afrika sinenhlanhla yokuba neplatifomu yokwakhela kuyo futhi
sinwebe imfundo yolimi lwebele. Uma ucwaningo lusibonisile ukuthi imfundo
yolimi lwebele iyazuzisa ekusebenzeni kahle komuntu emfundweni
ephakeme, thina njengesizwe siphoqelekile ukuba siqiniseke ukuthi iyafakwa
esimisweni sethu semfundo. Ezweni eliphonsa esivivaneni kuphela i-0.36%
yezindleko zokucwaninga nomkhiqizo kwanjalo ngonyaka emhlabeni,
kufanele siphishekele ukukhuthaza imfundo yeqophelo ezingeni lemfundo
ephakeme. Loku kungenzeka kahle kuphela uma sitshala imali nokunye
emfundweni yolimi lwebele. INingizimu Afrika inalo ulwazi nobuchule loko
engakunika umhlaba, kuphela kumelwe sithole izindlela zokukhuthaza intsha
yethu ukuba ilwabe lolo lwazi.
23
Mother Tongue-based Literacy Programmes, Case Studies of Good Practice in Africa, k46. Igrafu isekelwe kokutholwe yi-Asrai Action Research Projects
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Language Social Science Maths
Series 1
Series 2
15
4. Ukusekelwa ngezimali kwemfundo yolimi
lwebele
Uma kucatshangelwa ithonya elikhulukazi lelo imfundo yolimi lwebele
emhlabeni jikelele eyaba nalo ezikoleni nezinyuvesi, nanomyalezo
owuphawu lokuqashelwa nokuhloniphana kwanhlangothi zonke okulethwa
yizinguquko ezinhle zenqubo-mgomo kule ndaba, izindleko zokuthuthukisa
imfundo yolimi lwebele ziphansi ngendlela emangazayo. Nokho kumelwe
kuqondwe ukuhlobana okuphakathi kwaloko okutshalwayo (inputs) naloko
okuvunwayo (outputs). Okutshalwayo kubalwa ngemali, kanti isivuno
(umphumela) siba yiqophelo (quality) lemfundo elithe xaxa nokukhuphuka
kokuqashelwa nokuhloniphana okuvela nhlangothi zonke.
Uma kufikwa endabeni yezimali, ngenxa yesimo izindleko zezikhungo
zemfundo ephakeme ezindiminingi ziphezulu kunalezo zezikhungo zalulimi
lunye. Ngenxa yokwehlukahluka kwezenhlalo emphakathini waseNingizimu
Afrika kanye nelungelo elingokomthetho-sisekelo lokulingana nemfundo
yolimi lwebele, nokho uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika unesibopho
sokuthatha izinyathelo eziphathekayo zenqubo-mgomo evuna
ubundiminingi. Khona lapho kukhona nezinye izizathu eziqinile zokuba
kunyakazwe ezingokwenhlalo nezingokwepolitiki ezenza isidingo sokuba
izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ezindiminingi zabelwe izimali ezengeziwe.
Le formula yokwaba izimali zezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ekhona
njengamanje ayibucabangeli nakancane ubundiminingi. Kuphumela
ekuthini isamba esibekelwa isikhungo semfundo ephakeme salulimi lunye
esinjengeNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand sifane ncimishi nesamba esibekelwa
izikhungo ezinjengeNyuvesi yasePitoli neNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga
lapho kuphokophelelwe khona ukuthuthukiswa kwezintathu zezilimi zezwe
ezisemthethweni. Ngakho-ke isinyathelo sokuqala okumelwe sithathwe
ukuxazulula le nkinga siwukuba ubundiminingi bufakwe ku-formula yokwaba
izimali njengento edala ukufanelekela ukuthola imali eyengeziwe.
Izindleko zobundiminingi emazweni angaphandle naseNingizimu Afrika
Emhlabeni jikelele kulandelwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze ngokwezimali
lesi simiso (principle) sibe yinto esebenzayo. ENyuvesi yase-Ottawa
kunesibonelelo (allowance) sikahulumeni sika-8% kubhajethi yesikhungo.
Ngasekuqaleni iNyuvesi yase Maastricht yémukela utshalo-mali luka-10% kuya
16
ku-15% webhajethi yalesi sikhungo okwathi ngayo kwakwazeka ukuba
kwenezelwe ulimi olulodwa kuphela.
Ucwaningo olwénziwa yiNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga lubonisa ukuthi
izindleko ezihambisana nokugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika
zincane kunaloko ezingase zibe yiko. Nakuba i-Emzantsi Assocaites yathola
ngo-2003 ukuthi kungadla kuphela phakathi kuka-1 ukuya ku-2% wezindleko
zikazwelonke ezibalelwe inkathi emaphakathi ukwenza yonke iminyango
kahulumeni isebenze ngobundiminingi, iNyuvesi iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga
isebenzisa ngisho nangaphansi kuka-1% webhajethi yayo njengesikhungo
ukuze ifezekise inqubo-mgomo wayo wobundiminingi. Kunalokho, ngo-2009
balinganisa ukuthi kudingeka isamba esengeziwe sika-R148,48 kuphela
ngomfundi ngamunye obhalisiwe kule nyuvesi ukuze bahlangabezane
nezindleko zobundiminingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi
ukwenezela olunye ulimi lokusebenza kuwandisa ngo-30% kuphela umthamo
wezinto okumelwe zifakwe (inputs) nobuningi bazo, nanokuthi akuholeli
ekuphindeni kabili zonke izinto okumelwe zifakwe.
Ucubungulo lwale formula yamanje
Le formula yamanje ikala izinto ezihlukahlukene okuyizo ezinquma ukuthi
zingakanani izimali okumelwe zinikwe izinyuvesi ngokwehlukahluka kwazo.
Izinto ezibhekwayo okwamanje zihlanganisa phakathi kokunye loku
okulandelayo:
inani labafundi bebonke abemukelwe;
inani labaphothulayo nohlobo lweziqu abazitholayo; kanye
nobungako bocwaningo olufezwayo ngokubheka phakathi kokunye
inani leziqu zobudokotela kanye nama-article ocwaningo unyaka
ngamunye.
Ngaphandle kwale mikhakha i-formula yokwaba izimali icabangela nezinye
izinto njengobukhulu besikhungo, inani lamakhempasi aso nokuletha kwaso
izinguquko (okukalwa ngomumo womphakathi ngokohlanga)
Ngokubheka iqiniso lokuthi ubundiminingi abucatshangelwe kule formula,
umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi lezo zikhungo ezifeza isibopho sazo
esingokomthetho-sisekelo wokuphakamisa izilimi ezisemthethweni
zaseNingizimu Afrika “ziyajeziswa” ngokuba zingatholi mali eyengeziwe
yaloku, okwenza ukuba izindleko zibe sezisikwa kwenye indawo nanokuthi
izilimi zomdabu zingakwazi ukusebenziseka ngendlela ephilayo.
17
Ezinye zezinto ezibhekwayo kule formula yokwabiwa kwezimali yamanje
zigxile ekuklomeliseni imfundo yeqophelo elihle noma ukuyikhuthaza
nanokwandisa ukufinyeleleka kwezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, ikakhulu
kulabo bafundi abazimo zabo zimi kabi. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuphawula
ukuthi ukugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi nako kuzokhuthaza ukufinyeleleka
kwezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kubafundi bazo zonke izilimi nanokuthi
kuzosiza futhi ekulikhuphuleni izinga lemfundo. Kunombono oyiphutha
wokuthi ukugqgquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele kuzokhiphela abafundi
abathile ngaphandle, ekubeni okuyiqiniso yiloko okuphambene naloko.
Esinye isizathu sokukhathazeka ngokuphathelene nobundiminingi, siwukuthi
ingabe buzoba negalelo elibi yini ekulethweni kwezinguquko. Ekuphenduleni
lo mbuzo kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi inqubo yezinguquko yokuphoqelelwa,
ebangela abafundi bavinjelwe ukufunda ngolimi abazikhethele lona,
akukona nje kuphela ukuthi imelene nomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa futhi idala
izinkinga ezengeziwe kunokuletha izixazululo, okokuqala ngoba ithiya
imfundo yeqophelo elihle nanokuthi okwesibili ibanga isimo lapho abafundi
abathile abanenhlanhla benikwa khona okungcono kunabanye ngokuthi
bona bafundiswa ngolimi lwakubo ekubeni abanye bengalitholi ilungelo
elifanayo. Lesi simo siholela ekushubeni komoya ekilasini, okuthi ekugcineni
kube nomthelela omubi ebudlelwaneni babafundi.
Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba le formula yokwabiwa kwezimali
ilungiswe ukuze ihlanganise nokugqugquzelwa kobundiminingi.
I-formula ehlongozwayo
Uma kukhulunywa ngokwabiwa kwezimali, okokuqala kufanele kunakwe
ukuthi ukusekela imfundo yolimi lwebele ngezimali eqinisweni kuyinto
yezindleko eziphansi kakhulu, ikakhulu uma kucatshangwa ngokuthi
umphumela wako ungahamba ibanga elingakanani ekubeni
unokufinyelelwa ngokukhokhelwa imali ephansi ngokulinganiswa.
Ngokuvumelana nezinyathelo ezisunguliwe (iniatives) lezo eziqondiswa
yiHhovisi likaNgqongqoshe WeMfundo Ephakeme mayelana
nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zase-Afrika njengezilimi zemfundo ephakeme,
kuphakanyiswa lapha ukuthi kwakhiwe i-formula okuzolawulwa ngayo lesi
simiso (principle) nokusetshenziswa kobundiminingi. Kulokhu kutuswa ukuba
kusetshenzwe ngombiko owaziwayo kaNdebele wangonyaka ka-2005
kodwa ushintshwe kancane ukuze ukwazi ukuhlanganisa lo mqondo
wezikhungo eziwuzime nezisekelayo.
18
Ngokokuhlukahluka ngezilimi nangokuhambisana neziphakamiso zombiko
kaNdebele izinyuvesi ezithile noma amakhempasi ezinyuvesi kuzozenza
kutholakalele ukuba ngabathuthukisi abawuzime nabasebenzisi bezilimi
ezithile njengezilimi zokusebenza nezokufundisa kulezo zikhungo. Lezi zilimi
zizoqokwa ngesisekelo somumo womphakathi, ulwazi olukhona kulezo
zinyuvesi kanye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNyuvesi
YaKwaZulu-Natali (UKZN) ingase isebenze njengekhempasi ewuzime yolimi
lwesiZulu, bese kuthi i-UNIZUL ingene njengekhempasi esekelayo. Ndawonye
nangokwesivumelwano sokubambisana esisemthethweni phakathi kwazo,
lezi zikhungo zingaphonsa itshe esivivaneni sokuthuthukisa isiZulu ngendlela
ehlelekile sibe wulimi lwemfundo ephakeme.
Njengekhempasi ewuzime yesiZulu i-UKZN izobe isiba yiziko lokuthuthukisa
nobuciko ngolimi lwesiZulu futhi iqikelele ukuthi lolu limi luthuthukiselwa
ekubeni wulimi lwemfundo ephakeme – lube wulimi lokufundisa
nolokuqondisa umsebenzi – bese kuthi i-UNIZUL yona isekele leli projeke ifake
nesandla kuloku kuthuthukiswa futhi kwayona isebenzise isiZulu njengolimi
lokufundisa nolokusebenza.
Ukwabiwa kwezimali kukazwelonke
Ukusetshenziswa kwale formula ephakanyiswayo kuxhomeke ekwabiweni
kwezimali kukazwelonke.
IHhovisi likaNgqogqoshe licelwa ukuba, njengoba kufaniswa nenkambiso
emiyo njalo yezimali ezibekelwa eceleni (ngokwesibonelo njengoba
kwenzelwa isikhungo ezimakhempasi maningi) lenze kutholakale isibonelelo
esiqondene ngqo nobundiminingi sika-2% wezindleko ezibalelwe inkathi
emaphakathi ukuze le formula ehlongozwayo ikwazi ukusebenza.
19
5. Isiphetho
Kuningi okungase kushiwo ngemfundo yolimi lwebele, ubuhle nobubi bayo.
Nokho, okubalulekile wukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi imfundo yolimi lwebele
kumelwe ibhekwe kucatshangwa ngemfundo yeqophelo, loko ekwenza
enhlalweni yomphakathi kanye neziyalelo zomthetho ezimayelana nayo.
Iningi labantu liyavumelana nokuthi imfundo yolimi lwebele inomphumela
omuhle emfundweni yeqophelo, njengoba kuhlaluke ngokusobala kuleli
phepha.
Ngenkathi i-AfriForum Jeug (intsha ye-AfriForum) ixoxa noNgqongqoshe
WeMfundo Ephakeme, uDkt. Blade Nzimande, ngomhla ka-15 Okthoba 2010,
uNgqongqoshe wathinta ngokufanelekile ezinye zezithiyo mayelana
nokusetshenziswa kwemfundo yolimi lwebele. Ngokuyinhloko lezi zithiyo
zithinta loko okufanele kwenzeke ngayo ngokoqobo nangokwezimali.
Isigaba 6(2) soMthetho-sisekelo sibeka isibopho phezu koMbuso sokuba
uthathe izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ezisemandleni ukukhuphula isithunzi sezilimi
zezwe ezisemthethweni futhi ugqugquzele ukusetshenziswa kwazo.
Ukwedlula lapho, isigaba 29(2) sibalula ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo
lokuthi ezikhungweni zemfundo zomphakathi athole imfundo ngolimi noma
izilimi ezisemthethweni zokuzikhethela uma leyo mfundo kulindeleke
ngokusesilinganisweni ukuthi ingenzeka lapho. UMthetho WeMfundo
Ephakeme wona ubalula ukuthi inqubo-mgomo yolimi yesikhungo semfundo
ephakeme kumelwe imiswe yiBhodi ngokuvumelana ne-Senate nokuthi leyo
nqubo-mgomo kumelwe ihambisane naleyo emiswe wuNgqongqoshe.
Nakuba kunemibono ehlukene yokuthi le nqubo-mgomo emiswe
wungqongqoshe ihamba ibanga elingakanani, ngokwesimo
ayinakungqubuzana nalezi zibopho ezithintwe ngenhla uMthetho-sisekelo
ozibeka phezu koMbuso.
Kuleli phepha thina simi kwelokuthi ukwabiwa kwezimali zezikhungo
zemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu endleleni leso
sikhungo esisebenza ngayo, nanokuthi ngenxa yalezi zibopho ezithintwe
ngenhla ezibekwe phezu koMbuso, inqubo-mgomo yokwabiwa kwezimali
zezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme ayinakwenziwa isebenze ngaphandle
kokuba ihlanganise nezindleko ezihambisana nokuthuthukisa izilimi zomdabu
zaseNingizimu Afrika. Leli zwi lokuphikelela liqina nakakhulu uma kuqashelwa
ubuhle obulindeleke eqophelweni lemfundo ngokusebenzisa imfundo yolimi
lwebele.
20
Igalelo lemfundo yolimi lwebele kuxoxwe ngalo kabanzi engxenyeni 3 yaleli
phepha. Iziphetho ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu okunokufinyelelwa kuzo
lapha, yilezi:
1. Ukuthi emhlabeni jikelele ukusebenzisa imfundo yolimi lwebele
kwaletha ubungcono obukhulu kakhulu ensebenzweni yalabo bafundi
abathintekile; nokuthi
2. Alikho nhlobo iqiniso kulo mbono wokuthi kuyamzuzisa umfundi
ukufunda ngesiNgisi ukuze akwazi “ukuncintisana ezingeni lomhlaba”.
Ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo yolimi
lwebele kunomthelela othe xaxa ekukwazini komfundi ukuncintisana
ezingeni lomhlaba. Izizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu wukuwuqonda
kangcono lowo mkhakha wezifundo nanokuqina kokuzethemba
komfundi, kona ngokwemvelo okuphumela ekusebenzeni kangcono.
Isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu siwukuthi le formula yokwaba izimali
uMnyango WeMfundo Ephakeme oyikhiphela izikhungo zemfundo
ephakeme, ilungiswe (ichitshiyelwe) ukuze ihlanganise ukugqugquzelwa
kwemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi. Kumelwe kuqashelwe ukuthi,
nakuba loko okutshalwayo (input) kule ndaba kubalwa ngemali, umphumela
wona uba wukuthuthuka kwemfundo yeqophelo nanokuphakama
kokuqaphelana nokuhloniphana kwanhlangothi zonke phakathi
kwamaqembu olimi ahlukene eNingizimu Afrika.
Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene mayelana nobundiminingi ezilandelwa
emhlabeni jikelele. ENyuvesi yase-Ottawa kunesibonelelo (allowance)
sikahulumeni sika-8% kubhajethi yesikhungo. Ekuqaleni iNyuvesi
yaseMaastricht yemukela utshalo-mali luka-10% kuya ku-15% webhajethi
yalesi sikhungo okwathi ngayo kwakwazeka ukuba kufakwe ulimi olulodwa
kuphela. ENinginzimu Afrika akudingeki ukuba uxhaso lube phezulu kangako.
Uma nje kungase kwenezelwe isamba cishe sika-R150,00 ngomfundi
ngamunye obhalisiwe, bukhulu kakhulu ubungcono obungenziwa
ngokuphathelene nemfundo yolimi lwebele.
Isiphakamiso sesimiso sokuba kube khona uzime nesisekelo ngokuphathelene
nemfundo ephakeme yiso esibonakala siyinto enokusebenza ukwedlula
konke. Ngokuqondene nalokhu izinyuvesi ezithile noma amakhempasi
ezinyuvesi kuzijuba ukuba kutholakalele ukuba ngabathuthukisi (developers)
nabasebenzisi (implementers) bezilimi ezithile njengezilimi zokusebenza
nokufundisa kulawo makhempasi. Lezi zilimi ziqokwa ngesisekelo
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samaphethini omumo womphakathi ngolimi nezinye izinto eziguqugukayo.
Kulo mzamo izinyuvesi eziluzime zisebenzisana nezinyuvesi ezisekelayo, bese
kuthi njengomfelandawonye zisebenzele ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa
kwalezo zilimi eziqokiwe. Lo mqondo uchazwe kabanzi engxenyeni 4 yaleli
phepha.
Ukuze loku kukwazi ukwenzeka okokuqala kubalulekile ukuba ubundiminingi
besikhungo semfundo ephakeme bufakwe ku-formula yokwaba imali
njengento eyenza isikhungo sifanelekele ukuthola ukwesekwa ngezimali
okwengeziwe. Kulokhu kuzokwanela uma izinyuvesi ezindiminingi zingase
zinikwe isamba esengeziwe sika-2% wezindleko ezibalelwe inkathi
emaphakathi bese sibekelwa eceleni ukuze kugqugquzelwe ubunduminingi.
Ukwedlula lapho kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi endabeni enjengale
akwenele ukumane kukhishwe imibiko kwenziwe nezethulo – kumelwe
kwedlulelwe ezinyathelweni eziphathekayo. Nakuba ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-
formula okwenziwa wungqongqoshe wemfundo ephakeme kufeza indima
ebaluleke kakhulu kule ndaba, loko kuchibiyela kukodwa angeke kwenze
mehluko ophikelelayo uma ababambi-qhaza bengangeni shi bebonke
endabeni. Ngaleso sizathu i-AfriForum Jeug iye yabeka phansi amapulani
ezinyathelo ezingase zithathwe yibo bonke ababambi-qhaza.
Ngaphansi kobuholi obuqinile nokuzimisela nakanjani ikusasa lezilimi
zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika lingaqinisekiswa.
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6. Ipulani Lezinyathelo Ngemfundo Yolimi
Lwebele
Leli phepha ligcizelela igalelo elihle ukugqugquzelwa kwemfundo olimi
lwebele okuzoba nayo kubafundi neNingizimu Afrika. Nokho kubalulekile
ukuba indaba yemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi (multilingualism)
ingagcini nje emaphepheni nemibiko kodwa kudlulelwe emapulanini
ezinyathelo ukuze yenzeke. Icala lokuthi buntuleke ubundiminingi
alinakubekwa phezu kwento ethile eyodwa futhi kanjalo kungabhekanwa
nale ndaba ngokuphumelelayo uma kusetshenzwa ngepulani elihlanganisa
konke ngale ndaba. Ababambi-qhaza ababaluleke kunabo bonke kule
ndaba yilaba:
Uhulumeni (kuhlanganise le minyango emibili yemfundo);
Izinyuvesi (kuhlanganise abaqondisi abaphezulu namabhodi
ezinyuvesi);
Abafundi bemfundo ephakeme (kuhlanganise Imikhandlu Emelele
Abafundi); kanye
Nabazali (kuhlanganise izindikimba ezilawulayo ezikoleni).
Lapha kuhlaziywa izinyathelo lezo ngamunye wababambi-qhaza
angazithatha ukuze aqinisekise ikusasa lezilimi zomdabu zaseNingizimu Afrika.
Kuloyo naloyo wabongqongqoshe bemfundo ababili kucelwa esisodwa
kuphela isinyathelo, nakuba zinhlanu izinyathelo ezihlaziyelwa imikhandlu
yezinyuvesi, abazali nabafundi. Nokho, ngaloku, i-AfriForum Jeug (intsha ye-
AfriForum) yona izibophezela epulanini emaphuzu ayishumi leyo
ezolandelelwa ukuba isebenze emva kokwethulwa kwalo mbiko.
ONgqongqoahe beMfundo Eyisisekelo Nephakeme
Nakuba lo mbiko ugxile ikakhulu esimweni semfundo ephakeme,
awunakubhekwa njengozimele wodwa wahlukanisiwe nemfundo eyisisekelo.
Bobabili ongqongqoshe owemfundo ephakeme noweyisisekelo basanda
kuphumisela izinkulumo ezinhle ngokugqugquzelwa kwezilimi zomdabu.
Nokho la mazwi sekufanele afakwe kunqubo-mgomo. Ngakho-ke kucelwa
ungqongqoshe wemfundo eyisisekelo ukuba:
kubanjwe imbizo ngezinselele ezingokoqobo ngokuqondene
nokufundiswa ngolimi lwebele emfundweni eyisisekelo eNingizimu
Afrika.
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Kungqongqoshe wemfundo ephakeme kucelwa ukuba:
kuhlelwe busha i-formula yokusekela imfundo ephakeme ngezimali,
njengoba kuchazwe engxenyeni 4 yaleli phepha.
Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Leziphathimandla Zezinyuvesi
1. Singatha ngokushesha izikhalo zabafundi zolimi futhi uwathathele
izinyathelo lawo malungu esitafu (staff) anyathela amalungelo
abafundi olimi;
2. Qikelela ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yenyuvesi yenzeka ngazo zonke izilimi
zaleyo nyuvesi, hhayi ngolimi olulodwa kuphela;
3. Yakha ikhodi yenkambiso (code of practice) ekahle yezinguquko,
ukuze izinyuvesi zingalethi izinguquko ezibeka engozini imfundo yolimi
lwebele nobundiminingi;
4. Qasha isitafu (abasebenzi) esikwazi kahle ukufundisa ngezilimi
ezingaphezulu kolulodwa noma unike izifundo (courses) zokuqeqesha
abasebenzayo ukuba bakwazi;
5. Misa umqaphi wezolimi bese udala ihhovisi lolimi elifinyelelekayo lapho
amakhono olimi abafundi engathuthukiswa khona futhi kusingathwe
khona izikhalo zabo;
Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Labazali Bezingane Zesikole Nabafundi
Bemfundo Ephakeme
1. Kuqaphele ukuthi ukuntuleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele
nobundiminingi eNingizimu Afrika kuyinkinga engenakuxazululwa
yiziphathimandla zizodwa;
2. Faka izingane zakho kulezo zikole nezinyuvesi lapho zizofundiswa khona
ngolimi lwazo lwebele;
3. Fundisa izingane zakho ukuthi kungani kuyinzuzo kuzo ukufunda ngolimi
lwazo;
4. Faka ingcindezi kulezo zikole nezinyuvesi ezingawashayi mkhuba
amalungelo olimi ezingane zakho;
5. Khuthaza izingane zakho ukuba zibe nesithakazelo neqholo olimini
lwazo futhi zilusebenzise emphakathini.
Ipulani Elimaphuzu Mahlanu Labafundi Bemfundo Ephakeme
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1. Bhalisela ukwenza amamojuli akho ngolimi lwakho lwebele futhi
uphakamise umhlwenga uma kungatholakali;
2. Yazi amalungelo akho olimi kanye nezinqubo zezikhalo zokulandelwa
lapho kunyathelwa amalungelo akho;
3. Phila impilo yakho njengomfundi ngolimi lwakho futhi wenze umzamo
wokufunda ezinye izilimi;
4. Yenza ucwaningo futhi ugcwalise amaphepha akho, ama-eseyi
nezivivinyo ngolimi lwakho. Unelungelo lokukwenza loko; futhi
5. Babike labo abafundisayo noma abanye abasebenzayo abanyathela
amalungelo akho olimi.
Umkhankaso Kazwelonke We-AfriForum Jeug Wemfundo Yolimi Lwebele
I-AfriForum Jeug iye yanquma ukubeka isibonelo ngokulandelela ukuba
kusebenze ipulani elimaphuzu ayishumi kanti kwabanye ababambi-qhaza
kulindeleke ukuba bathathe izinyathello ezingeqi kwezinhlanu. Leli pulani
lamaphuzu ayishumi limi kanje:
1. Nika lo mbika kongqongqoshe bemfunso ephakeme neyisisekelo
mathupha;
2. Nika lo mbiko kubo bonke abayizinhloko zezikhungo zemfundo
ephakeme eNingizimu Afrika;
3. Nika lo mbiko kuMikhandlu Emelela Abafundi kuzo zonke izinyuvesi
zaseNingizimu Afrika futhi uxoxe nayo ngaloko okuqukethe;
4. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa abazali ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi
lwebele;
5. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa abafundi ngokubaluleka kwemfundo
yolimi lwebele;
6. Hola umkhankaso wokwazisa izikole ikakhulu izindikimba ezilawulayo
zezikole ezihlukahlukene ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele;
7. Hola umkhankaso kawonkewonke wezenzo zokuqwashisa
ngokubaluleka kwemfundo yolimi lwebele. Loku kuzohlanganisa
nevidiyo yokuzithokozisa eyidokumentari encane leyo ezosakazwa
kumanethweki obungane (social networks);
8. Vula umgudu wezikhalo welektroniki lapho abafundi baseNingizimu
Afrika yonkana bengafaka khona izikhalo lapho amalungelo abo olimi
enyathelwa;
9. Phakamisa indaba yemfundo yolimi lwebele nobundiminingi
kunkulumo-mpikiswano kawonkewonke nalapho kuxhunyenwe
nezinhlangano zakuleli, zamazwe angaphandle nezamazwe omhlaba;
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10. Nweba izinhlaka zakuleli futhi ugqugquzele nokumelelwa kumikhandlu
emelela abafundi ukuze nalapha lo mkhankaso wenzeke.
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7. Uhla lwemithombo
Umthetho wezwe
Umthetho-sisekelo waseRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika, umthetho
108 ka-1996
UMthetho WEMfundo Ephakeme, 101 ka-1997
Isinqumo somthetho
Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 (2) SA
415 (CC)
Imibiko
UNESCO (2010) Why and how Africa should invest in African languages
an multilingual education
UNESCO (2008) Improving the Quality of Mother Tongue-based
Literacy and Learning: Case Studies from Asia, Africa and South
America
UNESCO (2008) Mother Tongue Matters: Local Language as a Key to
Effective Learning
UNESCO (2007) Mother Tongue-based Literacy Programmes, Case
Studies of Good Practice in Africa
The development of indigenous African languages as mediums of
instruction in higher education, 2005 (umbiko ngesiNdebele)
Amakhasi e-website
www.topuniversities.com