Download - IPC Module I
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Information
Processing Using
Computers
Module I
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Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 27-Dec-10
Topics Covered
Introduction to Computers
Overview of Computer Architecture
Input and Output Devices
Storage devices
Data Storage and Retrieval Operating Systems : MS-WINDOWS
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Computer- Definition
Computer is an automatic electronic
apparatus for making calculations orcontrolling operations that are
expressible in numerical or logical
terms.
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InputProcessing
And
Controlling
Output
Main Storage
Data
Information
Information
Functioning of a Computer
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Computer System Consists of both
Hardware and Software.
Hardware is the physical/touchable parts, i.e.,
the computer itself and the peripherals
connected to it. Peripherals are the devicesattached to the computer for purposes of input,
output, and storage of data.
Eg: keyboard, monitor, or external hard disk
Software is the programs and associated data
stored on it. A program is a set of instructions.
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Firmware & Live ware
Firmware is the combination of hardware and
software. It is a prewritten program that is
permanently stored in read-only memory. Itconfigures the computer and is not easily
modifiable by the user. Eg: ROMs and PROMs.
Live ware is a term generally used for the
people associated with and benefited from the
computer system.
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Characteristics of Computers
Speed
Word Length
Versatility
Diligence
Automation
Accuracy
Storage
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Presentations
I. History and Evolution of Computers Mechanical Calculating Devices
Manual Calculating Devices
Semi-Automatic Calculating Devices
Electromechanical Calculating Devices
Electronic Computers
II. Generations of Computers
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Classification of Computers
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Classification by Working
Principle
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
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Analog Computers
Represents data as physical
quantities Uses continuous signals as input
Examples - Thermometer and the
processor attached to the petrolpump.
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Digital Computers Operates both on digits and alphabets
Very high Accuracy Operates on discrete signals
Examples: Computers used for
business and scientific applications,and pulse/heart-beat counters
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Hybrid Computers Operates on both analog and digital
signals Areas of application are nuclear powerplants, mines, intensive care units (ICUs)of hospitals, and chemical process plants.
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Classification by Size & Speed
Super Computers
Mainframe computers
Mini Computers
Micro computers
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Super Computers Introduced in 1960s by Seymour Cray at
Control Data Corporation (CDC)
Optimized for speed and processing power. Biggest in size & Most expensive in price.
Can process trillions of instructions in seconds.
Used for extremely calculation-intensive tasks
Usage: Animation, forecasting weather reports,nuclear bomb explosions etc.
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Mainframe Computers Typically cost several hundred
thousand dollars
Can process millions ofinstruction/second and capable ofaccessing billions of data.
Commonly used in big hospitals, airline reservations companies etc.
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Mainframe Computers They are used in situations where a
company wants the processing power
and information storage in acentralized location.
The processing power of themainframe is time-shared between allof the users.
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Mini Computers A minicomputer is a multi-user computer
that is less powerful than a mainframe. Uses large scale integrated circuits
Cheaper than its predecessors
Mostly preferred by the small type ofbusiness personals, colleges, etc.
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Micro/Personal Computers
Uses a microprocessor chip as its CPU.
Often called personal computersbecause they are designed to be used byone person at a time.
Less Expensive & small in size
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Personal / Micro computers
can be:
Desktop computers
Work Stations Laptop /NotebookComputers
Tablet Computers
Palmtop/Handheld Computers Smart phones
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Desktop Computers
A PC that is designed for use in a single
location Most Popular because of lower price and
greater availability.
It is customizable, and can be upgraded easily.
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Desktop computers
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Work Stations
Has powerful microprocessor, large graphics
display, and more memory and disk space
than other desktop computers, Used mainly for scientific research, CAD, real-
time simulations, animation, and
Costs more than most high-end desktop
computers.
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Workstations
GIS Work Stations
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Laptops / Notebook computers
A PC designed for mobile use and small enough to sit
on one's lap.
It integrates most of the typical components of a desktop
computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointingdevice (a touchpad/ track pad), speakers, and often
including a battery, into a single small and light unit.
More expensive than desktop computers
Among the best-known makers of laptop computers areIBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba.
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Tablet computers
A slate shaped mobile computer equipped with
a touch screen which operate with a stylus or
digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a keyboard
or mouse.
Can record non-character based information
such as diagrams and mathematical notationand symbols.
Higher cost and risk of screen damage
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Palmtop/ Handheld computers
A pocket-sized computing device, typically
having a display screen with touch input or a
miniature keyboard
Example: a model designed to provide PIM
(personal information manager) functions, such
as a calendar and address book.
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Smart Phones
A smart phone is a mobile phone offering
advanced capabilities of a PC with a built-in full keyboard or external USB keyboard
Offers advanced features like e-mail,
Internet and e-book reader capabilities
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Classification based on Purpose
General Purpose Computers
Designed to solve large variety of problems.
Special Purpose Computers
Designed to solve a specific problem.
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Overview of ComputerArchitecture
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Central Processing Unit
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic & LogicUnit (ALU)
CPU Registers
Input Unit
Data andInstructions
Output Unit
Information-
Results
Auxiliary (Secondary Storage)
To supplement bulk storage
Primary Memory
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Input Unit
The input unit is formed by the input
devices attached to the computer.
(e.g. keyboard, mouse, MICR, OMR, OCR,
and joystick )
The input unit takes the input and
converts it into binary form so that it canbe understood by the computer.
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Presentation 4
Input Devices
Keyboard devices Point-and-Draw Devices (Mouse, Joystick,
Trackball, Light Pen, Touch Screen)
Scanning Devices (OMR, MICR, OCR)
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Output Unit
The output unit is formed by the output
devices attached to the computer.
(e.g. VDU (Visual Display Unit), printer, and plotter)
The output unit takes the output from CPU
(electronic binary signals) and converts it
into a form which can be easily understoodby human beings
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Presentation 5
Output Devices
Display devices- Technology (CRT, LCD, & Projection Display)
- Devices (Monitors, Multimedia Projectors)
Printers (Dot matrix, Inkjet, Laser)
Plotters
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Central Processing Unit
Register Set
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
Control Unit
Figure: Major components of CPU
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Control Unit (CU)
The CU controls and guides the flow and
manipulation of data and information.
This process is done through a set of special
purpose registers (like Instruction register &
Program control register).
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Arithmetic & Logic Unit
The ALU provides arithmetic & logic
operations.
When an instruction that includes arithmetic or
logic operation is encountered, the numbers
are sent from memory to ALU where the
operation takes place and the result is put backin the memory.
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Register set
Memory locations used to store instructions
as well as intermediate results. Examples include Memory Address
Registers (MAR), Memory BufferRegister
(MBR
), InstructionR
egister etc.
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Presentation 6
CPU & its Working
Structure
Components
Working principles
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Computer Storage
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Memory Hierarchy
CPU Registers
Cache Memory
Main/Primary Memory
Secondary/Auxiliary Memory
IncreasingCost
Increasing
Speed
Decreasing
Size
Decreasing
Cost
Decreasing
Speed
Increasing
Size
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Presentation 7
Computer Storage
CPU Registers
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
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Cache Memory
Larger than processor registers, but slower.
Faster & expensive than main memory Reduces the average access time and thus
increases the operating speed
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Used to store data and programs during
the computer operations. Size is much smaller than secondary
memory, but faster.
Different kinds - RAM, ROM, PROM,EPROM, & EEPROM
Main/Primary/Internal Memory
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Volatile memory
Two types Static RAM & Dynamic RAM
They differ in the technology to hold data Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed
thousands of time per second
Static RAM needs to be refreshed less oftenwhich makes it faster
Random Access Memory (RAM)
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Memory which can be prerecorded.
Data once recorded cannot be removedand can only be read.
Used store critical programs such as theprogram that boots the computer.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Programmable Read Only Memory
Memory which can be programmed once.
Data once recorded cannot be removed and canonly be read.
Programs are written using a special device
called PROM burner / PROM programmer
PROM
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Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemory
A special type of memory whosecontents can be cleared using ultravioletlight.
EPROM
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EEPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory Can be erased by exposing it to an
electrical charge.
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Flash Memory
Special type of EEPROM.
Also called Flash EEP
ROM
The difference is that EEPROM can be
written or erased one byte at a time
whereas flash memory can be written orerased in blocks, hence it is more faster.
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Secondary Storage
Used for bulk storage
Slow compared to main memory
Non-Volatile in nature
Examples:
Magnetic disks & tapes
Floppy disks
CD ROM & DVD
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Software A general term used to describe the
programs, procedures anddocumentation stored in the computer.
Program is set of instructions
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Software
System Software Application Software
Programming Software
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Operating Systems
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Operating System
An operating system is a set of
large and complex programs thatact as an interface between
computer hardware and its users.
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Functions ofOS
Processor Management
Memory Management Job Scheduling
File Management
Device Management Input/Output Management
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Types ofOperating Systems
Operating Systems can be divided into:
Single-UserOS
Multi-UserOS
Multitasking OS
Multiprocessing OS NetworkOS
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Single-UserO
perating Systems
One user can work at a time.
Example MS-DOS
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Multi-UserO
perating Systems
A number of users can use the system at
a time as it allows simultaneous accessto a computer through two or more
terminals
Examples are UNIX, MVS, XENIX andWindows NT
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Multitasking OS
Multitasking is the ability to execute morethan one task/program at the same time.
A multitasking OS allows more than oneprogram to run concurrently.
OS/2, Windows NT, UNIX, and AmigaOS are examples
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MultiprocessingO
S It is similar to Multitasking OS. The difference
is that in multitasking OS, only one CPU is
involved, whereas in multiprocessing OS, morethan one CPU is involved.
MVS and UNIX are two most widely used
multiprocessing operating systems
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NetworkOperating Systems
NetworkOperating System (NOS) is anoperating system that includes special
functions for connecting computers anddevices into a network.
Examples are Novell NetWare, WindowsNT and 2000, Sun Solaris and IBM OS/2.
The Cisco IOS (Internet Operating System)is also a network operating system.
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MS-WINDOWS
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The DOS and UNIX used the character-user interface. With the invention ofmultiprogramming, the need of more userfriendly interface aroused. The newworking environment Windows supportedGraphical User Interface.
Graphical User Interface
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Secondary user-input devices, usually a pointing
device like a mouse.
Point and shoot functionality with screen menus
Windows that graphically display what the
computer is doing
Icons that represent files, directories, and other
application and system entities. Other graphical facilities like dialog boxes, button,
check boxes, sliders etc. to support the users.
Features ofGUI
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MS-Windows is the most popularGUI. Themajor benefits of Windows are:
Common Look and feel Device independence
Multitasking
Memory Management
Support for existing DOS applications Data Sharing
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Assignment:
Although Computers provide
numerous benefits to man, it cantreplace human beings at all.
Comment
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End of Module I