Download - IPA and the Sounds of English
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IPAand the sounds of
English
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ENGLISH ALPHABET
Has 26 letters: 5 vowels and 21 consonants
Has 35 sounds: 11 vowels and 24 consonants
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International Phonetic Alphabet
It is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation-based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
It is a pronunciation alphabet in which every speech sound is represented by a symbol.
It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
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PHONETIC ROMAN
Aims at accurate listening and pronunciation
Aims at correct spelling, writing to facilitate the reading of texts
Represents sounds thru symbols
Uses a fixed number of letter
Transcribes a word into the corresponding sound
Writes words according to the conventions of spelling
Demands listening to the pronunciation to transcribe the sound
Necessitates memorizing the spelling and consulting the dictionary
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Vowels: Minimal Pair
1. peel – pill2. fleet – flit3. weak – wick4. pause – pose5. neat – knit6. heap - hip
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Vowels: Minimal Pair
1. dean – den2. meat – met3. bead – bed4. sweet – sweat5. seal – sell
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Vowels: Minimal Pair
1. map – mop2. rat – rot3. black – block4. sack – sock5. battle – bottle
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Vowels: Minimal Pair
tang – tongue mad – mud cat – cut lack – luck bag – bug
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Vowels: Minimal Pair
stewed – stood fool – full cooed – could cool – cook shoot – shook Luke - look
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Diphthongs: Minimal Pair
paint – pint day – dye lay – lie bay – buy gay – guy tray – try main - mine
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Diphthongs: Minimal Pair
boat – bout coach – couch load – loud though – thou poach – pouch rote – route know - now
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Organs of Speech
Lips (labio/labial)› bounded by the cheeks, chin, and nose
Teeth (dento/dental)› sounds involving “lip & teeth” and “tongue &
teeth”
Alveolar ridge (alveolo/alveolar)› teeth or gum ridge
Hard palate (palato/palatal)› anterior roof of mouth
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Organs of Speech
Velum (velo/velar) - soft palate› mucous membrane continuous with hard palate
Uvula – loose hanging end of the soft palate
Tongue (lingua/lingual)› most important of the articulators
Mandible (mandibulo/mandibular) - lower jaw› regulates the size of opening beneath teeth
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Consonant sounds
Unlike vowel sounds, consonant sounds are produced with either partial or complete obstruction in the mouth.
Voiced consonants are produced with vibrations of the vocal cords, while voiceless consonant sounds are divided into seven groups.
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Stops
In producing them, the air is stopped in the mouth and then released immediately.
Bilabial stops
voiceless / p / as in pin
voiced / b / as in bin
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Alveolar stops
voiceless / t / as in tin
voiced / d / as in din
Velar stops
voiceless / k / as in kill
voiced / g / as in gill
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Review
pill bill prim brim
crane grain coat goat
trill drill tip dip
punch bunch cram gram
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Fricatives
produced by allowing the air to pass through a small passage, thereby producing friction.
Labio-dental
voiceless / f / as in fan
voiced / v / as in van
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Inter-dental fricativesvoiceless / / as in thinvoiced / / as in then
Glottal fricatives
voiceless / h / as in hug, hymn, hope
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Alveolar fricatives
voiceless / s / as in sip
voiced / z / as in zip
Palatal fricativesvoiceless / / as in assurevoiced / / as in azure
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Review
thin then thigh thy
fault vault sip zip
leash liege fat vat
theme them hail home
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Affricates
It is a combination of a stop and a fricative. The two sounds are produced so rapidly that they are heard as a unit.
Voiceless / / as in cheer Voiced / / as in jeer
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Practice
chest jest batch badge
chunk junk etch edge
choke joke rich ridge
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Nasals
Sounds pass through the nose rather than through the mouth. All nasals are voiced.
Bilabial nasal
/ m / as in meat, drum, mum
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Alveolar nasal
/ n / as in nun, own, noun
Velar nasal/ / as in sing, tang, ink
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Review
moon mail mouth
noun nail knee
tang sing think
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Alveolar lateral
It is produced by pressing the tongue against the alveolar ridge and letting the sound pass through the sides of the tongue.
/ l / as in leave, spell, lull
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Retroflex
It is produced by letting the sound pass between the hard palate and the slightly rolled tip of the tongue.
/ r / as in rare, boar, roar
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Semivowels or Glides
Bilabial semivowel
/ w / as in win, wet, woe
Pre-palatal semivowel
/ j / as in yell, union, uniform
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Let’s EXERCIS
E!
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The “th” sound—as in think, bathroom, and teeth
Place the tip of your tongue between your upper and lower teeth.
Don’t put it between your lips. Make the sound by forcing air through
the opening between your teeth and tongue.
Don’t vibrate your vocal cords.
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Exercise 1: Word repetition
Listen to these words and repeat.
Thursday without teeththink bathroom paththird nothing methodthrow breathless boothThelma mythology wrath
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Exercise 2: Minimal pairs Listen to the following word pairs. Repeat
them, being careful to make the distinction between the two sounds.
three free thin sinThor soar pass pathboth boat fought thoughttore Thor moth
mossfrilled thrilled three free
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Exercise 3: Phrases with “th”
You will hear phrases of words that either contain the sound “th” or do not.
As you listen to each phrase, write “Yes” if you hear “th,” and “No” if you do not.
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
1. Geoffrey saw the ( pass, path ) and took it.
2. Thora and Thelma read all about the ( trees, threes ).
3. After the rain, his ( booths, boots ) were covered with mud.
4. All the students saw the ( free, three ) men and applauded.
5. The new manager really liked his new (theme, team ).
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
6. That man was ____________________ when I saw him.
7. Paula and John were ____________________ by the Halloween costumes.
8. The little girl had a big ____________________.
9. My ____________________ are no good.10. The baseball player had a hot
____________________.
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The “TH” sound—as in those, mother, and soothe
Place the tip of your tongue between your upper and lower teeth.
Don’t put it between your lips. Make the sound by forcing air through
the opening between your teeth and your tongue.
Vibrate your vocal cords to make “TH.” The difference between “TH” and “th” is that the first is voiced and the second, voiceless.
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Exercise 1: Word repetition
than although sheathethose mother loathethere father teethethem northern soothethy whether
seethe
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Exercise 2: Minimal pairs
than Dan breathing breeding
father fodder dare thereeither ether clothing closingteething teasing thy thighthose doze thy die
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Exercise 3: Phrases with “TH”
You will hear phrases of words that either contain the sound “TH” or do not.
As you listen to each phrase, write “Yes” if you hear “TH,” and “No” if you do not.
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
1. They were ( breathing, breeding ) like rabbits.
2. I don’t enjoy getting ( ether, either ) at all.
3. When exactly will ( they, day ) come?4. My neighbors ( soothe, sued ) me
often.5. I don’t think that essay is ( worthy,
wordy).
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
6. He can spell ____________________ very well.
7. All my children like her ____________________.
8. His writing became ____________________ after each paragraph.
9. The little girls are ____________________.10. The snake is beginning to
____________________.
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The “p” and “f” sound—as in pat and fat
For “p,” have your two lips touching, like in “b,” except make it voiceless.
For “f,” put your top teeth onto your bottom lip, and make a sound exactly like “v” except voiceless.
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Exercise 1: Word repetition—
Pat fat telephonepunish furnish peripheryapart afar
photographcouple TOEFL*
philosophypupil fulfill phosphor
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Exercise 2: Minimal pairs
pine fine supper sufferpeel feel copy coffeeopen often pew fewpork fork cheap chiefdepend defend cups cuffs
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Exercise 3: Phrases with “f”—
You will hear phrases of words that either contain the sound “f” or do not.
As you listen to each phrase, write “Yes” if you hear “f,” and “No” if you do not.
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
1. He saw a ( pile, file ) of books on the desk.
2. The guard is keeping the ( pork, fork ).3. I’m trying not to ( pry, fry ).4. They wondered when they were going
to ( supper, suffer ).5. The ( coffee, copy ) machine is broken
again.
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Exercise 4: Minimal pair distinction
6. We ____________________ the orange.7. You are ____________________ me again.8. His ____________________ were stolen
last night.9. John did the ____________________ thing
at the conference.10. The ____________________ looks
wonderful on the table.
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The “b” and “v” sound—as in bat and vat
bat vatbile vile
base vaseban van
bend vendbane vaneberry very
bet vetbest vest
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Exercise 2: Minimal pair distinction
1. That’s a very big ( bat, vat ).2. What does “( bet, vet )” mean?3. He ran to the ( base, vase ).4. What’s another word for “( bow,
vow)”?5. Does this word start with a “( B,
V )”?
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Exercise 2: Minimal pair distinction
6. How do you spell “( berry, very )”?7. Did you say “( best, vest )?”8. How do you say “( ban, van )” in
Japanese?9. He tried to buy my ( boat, vote ).10. Could you explain the word
“(bending, vending )”?
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PAIR DICTATION