IoT: Real-Time Information from the Real-World Karthik Kumar Viswanathan
Introduction
The first IoT Device, possibly known
• Coca-Cola Machine ca. Late 70s.
• This was the Data you could see:
• Those two lower buttons could give you a Cold Drink. Two on the right had beverages that were loaded an hour ago. The Other two were empty.
Agenda
• What is IoT?
• What makes up IoT?
• IoT Data
• What can you do with the Data?
• A word on Sustainability
• Questions?
What is IoT?
• The Internet of Things = Things connected to the Internet
• They usually send valuable data acquired from sensors to the manufacturer or the operator
• Each Thing has a Unique ID
• You can act upon it immediately, or ….
• You can aggregate it over a period of time.
What makes up IoT?
• Unique IDs
• Sensors
• Processors
• Communication
• Responses
Unique IDs
• Identifier Grid
• NFC/RFID
• Barcodes/QR Codes
• Digital Watermarking
• BD-ROM Mark
• IP Addresses
• Any number
Unique IDs
• IDs are mapped to Static Data and Dynamic Data
• What creates an ID?
• Let’s take an example: There are 2^46 physical devices which could each have a Mac Address. Out of these, 24 bits are for your device. 22 bits are for the manufacturer. 2 bits tell you if the device is unicast, and another bit tells you if it is OUI enforced/locally enforced.
• Shared by Ethernet/WiFi and Bluetooth. All are EUI-48s.
Unique IDs
• So much skew in network manufacturers
• Cisco owns 1074 out of the 2^22
• Apple itself has 284 of them. Thanks to an error. And a lot of $$$$$$$
• Intel has 266
• Broadcom has 50
• Realtek has 6
Unique IDs
• What creates an ID? IP addresses are just going to take the path that Mac addresses did. Essentially, usage drives ID adoption.
• “2^32 addresses ought to be enough for everybody.”
• Or IPv6. If everyone agrees well -> Every Mac address has its own IPv6 address.
• IPv6 has 4.2*10^37 devices. But the question is - Will it Blend?
Unique IDs
• You can also adopt a different scheme…
• Zigbees have 2^16 networks, 2^64 devices per network.
• (2^16) more like private network devices.
• If you had devices with all of these IDs, would it make sense to keep them identifier with a URI?
• Conclusion: Unique IDs are there to stay, and if you have your own, you use them. Map them to static or dynamic data!
Sensors
• Allow us to measure something
• Measurement curves are linear or non-linear
• Some measurements involve chemical reactions, and their read-values are change over a period of time. After a certain time, these sensors will have to be serviced.
• Sampling rate is also critical to accuracy.
• So a value is derived by a combination of voltage readings, curve and time.
Sensors
• Distance: Infrared
• ElectroMagnetic: Infrared, Light, UV, Spectrometry
• Chemical: Catalytic, Electrochemical, Pellistor
• Pressure/Vibration: Piezoelectric
• Temperature: Resistance
• Dielectricity: Oscillation (Capacitance/Inductance)
Sensors
• Temperature Sensor
• Conductivity Sensor
• Dissolved Oxygen Sensor
• pH Sensor
• Flow Sensor
• Oxidation Reduction Potential Sensor
Sensors
• Dissolved Ions Sensor
• Leakage Sensor
• Turbidity Sensor
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Leaf Wetness
• Humidity
Sensors
• Luminosity Sensor
• Soil Temperature
• Soil Humidity
• Dendrometer
• Solar Radiation
• UV
Sensors
• Wind Direction
• Magnetic Field Sensor
• Current Flow
• Liquid Flow
• Load Cell AMS
• Foil Displacement Sensor
Sensors
• Linear Displacement Sensor
• Dust Sensor
• Noise Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Luminosity Sensor
• Geiger Counter
Sensors
• Most sensors are available ready to use in the market.
• Having detachable Sensors can lead to better serviceability than soldered.
• Require QA and Basic Calibration ahead of deployment.
• Post-Deployment Calibration can always be done on the app/cloud.
• Some sensors need a deploy-time measurement to track service times.
Processors
• Various sizes and costs
• ADCs, MicroControllers, CPUs, Cloud Computing
• Each does a designated function at a designated price point and power
• What usually increases cost/complexity is combining/communication
Evaluate Price(P1+P2+Combination) vs Price(P1)
Processors
• ADCs: Separate or Bundled
• Microcontrollers: Atmel, PIC
• CPUs/SoCs: ARM, MIPS, x86
• Cloud: Private and Public: Softlayer, Rackspace, AWS and a lot of options!
• The amount of data increases into each of these levels
• A good optimisation of the four are necessary for production
Communication
• UART / Serial: TTL / RS232 / GPIO
• USB
• Onewire
• I2C
• SPI
• Ethernet
Communication
• WiFi
• GSM (and *G)
• Bluetooth
• Zigbee
• Radio and other EM waves
• SD Cards, Disk Drives and anything offline
Responses
• Response to data makes a huge difference in the product
• Online responses include alerts, audible alarms, activating relays, motors and other knee jerk reactions
• Offline responses include tweeting, mobile notifications, emails, and essentially anything not as critical.
• Aggregated responses for presenting alerts over an accumulated amount of data. Today’s run: 13km
IoT Data
• Are you able to send data within a few ms? The human brain responds in 255ms. So if you and the human can communicate within that time, you’ve been able to make it appear real-time to them.
• What if you have a lot of data but you can’t send data as fast as you produce? You’ll have to aggregate it while preserving the semantics as much as possible.
• Idea is to optimise communication, not the accuracy of data.
IoT Data
IoT Data
• If the variables do not fluctuate within a time interval, they can be replaced with aggregates during the interval.
• But when variance is observed, preserve the original data.
• This yields into a thorough and pragmatic analytical capability for data
• The more data you need to transmit, the better your pipe should be.
IoT Data
• How quickly do you send the data?
• Data not sent is the fastest data!
• Use the entropy, Luke!
• The smaller is the entropy, the quicker you can send it. Or conversely, the smaller the entropy is, the less often you need to send it.
IoT Data
• How long do you store the data?
• Depending on the data, sometimes months or years of data could be stored.
• The variance needs to be calculated over larger intervals as well to retain the data semantics.
• Hence values over smaller intervals are really critical to understand the meaning of your data - not just aggregates.
What can you do with the Data?
• Alerts
• Respond to Crisis Situations Faster
• Reports
• Data Analytics
• Business Intelligence
What can you do with the Data?
• Analytics has changed a lot over the years:
• Visualization
• Patterns
• Prediction
• Optimization
• Course Correction/Action
A word on Sustainability
• How are IoT devices going to be powered? How does the power source harm the environment?
• How repairable and reusable are IoT components going to be?
Env Impact(Device+Existing) < Env Impact(Existing)
• Avoiding wastage is key to sustainable IoT implementation.
Questions?
Thank You!
• If you have any further questions
• If you want me to give a talk on something
• If you have suggestions for me
@kvisw