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INVOLVING UNDERGRADUATESIN THE DETERMINATION
OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER
by
ISIORHO, Solomon A. (PhD) Dept. of Geosciences
Indiana University - Purdue University Ft. Wayne (IPFW), Fort Wayne, IN 46805
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Talk Outline• Introduction
• Reason/Purpose
• Area
• Methods
• Results & Discussions
• Conclusion
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Reason/Purpose
• Groundwater is usually the unknown• Understanding the relationship between surface
water and groundwater is important in studies that involve rivers, lakes or wetlands.
• Teach and involve undergraduates in the field studies to increase their interest and to ensure that the relationship between surface water is carried out on a routine basis.
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Measuring recharge/discharge
• Physical methods– Stream gauging and seepage meters
• Chemical– Chemical and isotope for hydrograph separation &
determining groundwater flow direction
• Thermal (Silliman & Booth, 1993)
– For detecting groundwater flow
http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/vanDetectionIt.htmlRetrieved May 5, 2005
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http://www.if.uidaho.edu/~johnson/ifiwrri/sr3/swgw.html
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Glacial Geology of Allen County, Indiana
• Allen County
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Geomorphology of
Indiana
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Study Area• IPFW
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Location• Well field
• Wetland
• Creek
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Methods
• Several holes (wells) (2 -12 feet depth) were dug near a creek– (routinely used in wetlands, hydrogeology, Intro Lab)
• Three 5-foot 2" ID PVC pipes are installed along the bank of the creek.
• Water temperature and water levels in the wells are monitored on a semi regular basis.– The three 5-foot PVC pipes, 12-foot deep well, and the creek water
levels are monitored for five months.• A Water level calculator is prepared by an Undergrad.
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Results
• Water level measurements
• Relationships between wells
Drawing from http://www.if.uidaho.edu/~johnson/ifiwrri/sr3/swgw.html
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Comparing Waters temperatures with Air temperatures
• Correlation (R=0.836) between Air temp and Creek (River) water temp is slightly higher than Air temp and Well Water temp (R=0.763)
Air, Creek & Well Temp
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dates of Measurements
Te
mp
in
oC
Air temp
12Well temp
River temp
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Water levels in PVC Pipes• Correlation between pipes 1 & 2 is (r) = 0.379; • Pipes 1 & 3 is (r) = 0.010 & • Between pipes 2 & 3 is (r) = 0.765
Water levels in PVC Pipes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21
Twenty measurements (Dec 04 - April 05)
Wat
er le
vels
fro
m to
p o
f PV
C
Pip
es
PVC#1WL
PVC#2WL
PVC#3WL
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Relationship between depth of PVC pipe
Below Ground Level (BGL) and water level in the pipes • The deep PVC pipe (31" below ground level (BGL)) had a
water level of 56 inches, the intermediate PVC pipe (27" BGL) has 43 inches of water and the shallowest (23" BGL) has 33 inches of water…..upwelling condition & groundwater discharge
• The correlation (r) between the length of PVC BGL and water is very high (r =0.997) and this can be used to model the water level in PVC pipes with the depth. However, the correlation coefficient between the water level in the deepest PVC to the creek's water level is very low (r = 0.114).
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Limited Water Chemistry• Table 1 pH Temp Conductivity Water Depth• Well A (12') 10.65 6.3 -180 12‘ • PVCs (river) 9.6 20.4 -156 see table below• Well C (6') 9.5 52.8 -170 56"
• Table 2• Top of pipe to Water Pipe below ground level
• PVC #1 4.2” 30• PVC #2 13.5” 34• PVC #3 23.5” 37
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Groundwater level Calculator• Water level calculator developed by an
undergrad.... Zack Long
Water Level Calculator 4-21-05.exe
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Conclusion
• Undergrads are capable of doing field work and the relationship between surface water and groundwater can be determined easily using simple three PVC pipes and this measurement should be done routinely in studies that involve rivers, lakes or wetlands.