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Introduction to the Human Body
Chapter 1
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Learning Objectives
• Anatomy v Physiology
• Homeostasis
• Negative feedback
• Levels of Organization
• Anatomical Terms, Position, and Planes
• Regional Terms
• Body cavities
• Quadrants
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Anatomy v Physiology
Anatomy
• Studies structure of the body
• The “what”
• Heart, lung, etc.
Physiology
• Studies body functions
• The “how”
• How does blood get oxygen? How does food get broken down?
• Pathophysiology?
Structure and function are closely related
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Homeostasis
• Maintaining stable internal environment
• Example: Thermostat set to 70o
• Negative Feedback
• Regulating homeostasis
• “turn on”
• “turn off”
• Example: Thermostat, AC unit
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
Smallest to Largest:
a. Atoms – H , O , C , Na+ , K+ , Ca2+
b. Molecules – H2O , O2 , CO2 , C6H12O6
c. Cells
d. Tissues
e. Organs – Heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, etc.
f. Organ System – Cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.
g. Organism
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Anatomical Position
Standard Anatomical Position
• Body is erect
• Facing anterior
• Arms at the side with palms facing anterior or supine
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Directional Terminology
• Anterior (or ventral) –“front”
• Posterior (or dorsal) –“back”
• Superior – “top”
• Inferior – “bottom”
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Directional Terminology
• Lateral – “away from midline”
• Medial – “towards the midline”
• Proximal – “towards point of attachment”
• Distal – “away from point of attachment”
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Other Directional Terms
• Central and Peripheral
– “center”, “away from center”
• Superficial and Deep
– “towards the surface”, “away from the surface”
• Other Directional terms will be seen later during the term
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PRACTICE
Anatomical Terms and Directions
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Planes of the Body
• Sagittal
• Mid-sagittal
• Frontal (or Coronal)
• Transverse
• Oblique
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Regional TermsIdentify:
• Facial, Cranial, Jugular notch
• Abdominal
• Buccal
• Brachial
• Caudal
• Cervical
• Deltoid
• Sacral
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
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Regional Terms
Identify:
• Gluteal
• Inguinal
• Lumbar
• Occipital
• Oral
• Orbital
A
B
C
D
E
F
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Regional Terms
Identify:
• Pectoral
• Pubic
• Sacral
• Scapular
• Sternal
A
B
DE
C
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Regional Terms
Identify:
• Brachial
• Antebrachial
• Antecubital
• Manual
– Palmar
– Dorsal
A
B
CD
E
F
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Regional Terms
Identify:
• Femoral
• Crural
• Sural
• Pedal
– Plantar
– Dorsal
A
B
C
DE
F
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Regional Terms
• Lots more terms! (sorry)
• Word bank at the bottom
• Practice!
A
C
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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Body Cavities
• Page 9 in textbook
• Dorsal (posterior) cavities– Cranial
– Spinal
• Ventral (anterior) cavities– Thoracic
– Abdominopelvic
• Diaphragm!
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Body Cavities
• Page 9 in textbook
• Thoracic cavity
– Mediastinum
– Pleural
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Abdominal Quadrants
• (in class)
• Page 11 textbook
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GROUP ACTIVITY!