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IntroductionTo Special education
Instructional Strategies
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WHY
• Discussion– Why is it important to meet the needs of students
with special needs?
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Times they are a changing
• It is very difficult to find low level jobs in this economy
• The world has changed, we now are in global economy– Higher demands– More competitive– More reading, writing technology
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Changes in How we teach
• Schools have undergone massive changes• What are some ways how – instruction has changed– Assessment– Materials in• Math• Reading• Science• Social studies
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• The next few clips introduce some basic concepts of special education
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• Any terms you were not familiar with?• Any terms you want to add that were not
mentioned?
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Autism Spectrum Disorder Deaf-blindness Deafness Developmental Delay Emotional Disturbance*** Speech and Language
Impairment*** Traumatic Brain Injury
Hearing Impairment Mental Retardation*** Multiple Disabilities Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairment Specific Learning
Disabilities*** Visual Impairment
including blindness Notice LD Missing
Disabilities( *** High Incidence Disabilities)
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Methods and their impact on learning
• There is a continuum of approaches from primarily teacher directed to principally child centered.
• Both ends of the continuum have negative learning experiments for diverse learners
• Teacher directed, students unlikely to become self directed and independent
• Pure discovery possibly more detrimental
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High Quality Educational Tools
• It is important that you look at six features as you try to meet the needs of your diverse learners – Big Ideas– Conspicuous Strategies– Mediated Scaffolding– Strategic Integration– Primed Background knowledge– Judicious review
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Big Ideas
• The curriculum process in many places caused the curriculum to grow and become full of massive amounts of goals and objectives
• This type of curriculum allowed only high performing students to succeed.
• The other end of the curriculum/ discovery/ wide open/open ended constructivist also had negative effects on diverse learners
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Big Ideas
• Looking at Big Ideas was a balance between the two
• It did not focus on an unending list of objectives and allowed for deep understanding as in constructivist learning
• BIG Ideas are highly selected concepts, principles, rules, strategies that facilitate the most efficient acquisition of knowledge
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Big Ideas
• Examples might be– Science- the scientific process– Reading Story grammar
– When you can reduce the curriculum to big ideas, you can provide greater levels of differentiation while guaranteeing that everyone gets the basics
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Conspicuous Strategies
• Teach general strategies that can be applied• Some teachers fear that kids will memorize steps
in an explicitly taught strategy, without developing a understanding for concept
• However, teach it as you mean it– Begin with a great goal
• Today you will learn a strategy that you can use to understand a story• Today you will learn a strategy that you can use to write an
essay in any subject
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Conspicuous Strategies
• Singapore math does this• It teaches Basic steps that can be applied in
many different situations• Watch the following two clips that introduce
Singapore math
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Mediated Scaffolding
• Scaffolding is a type of support that is slowly removed till a students is independent– Manipulative– Study guides
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Strategic intervention
• Similar to the concept of Piaget/ accommodation and assimilation
• Knowledge should result in a new and more complex structure
• Something that did not exist before• Each concept must be integrated before a new
one can be introduced
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Strategic intervention
• Strategic Integration is the careful and systematic combining of essential information in ways that results in new and more complex knowledge
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Primed Background Knowledge
• This is the related knowledge that students must know before they can learn a new concept
• Variance and statistics• Chronic illness and missed class greatly effects
this feature
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Primed Background Knowledge
• Think how you may teach a child a concept• Some people try and teach a concept by
teaching the opposite before they understand the positive incidence
• How can you teach accident by teaching intentionality
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Judicious Review
• Judicious review facilitates memory. It is much more than just drill and practice
• Judicious review should consist of – allow the students to perform the task without
hesitation– distributed over time– Cumulative with integration of more complex tasks– Varied and allow for wide application of information
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Debate
• What do you think about Special education students and standardized test
• Should a students reading at a third grade level have to take a fifth grade standardized test?
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Changes over timefor schools and diverse learners
• Once not allowed in school• Then allowed to attend but with limited access• Then we made incredible accommodation• Now it has changed and there is a balance
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Diverse learners
• Go to pretest• Then SES 1
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Diverse learners
• We now face diverse learners in many ways• Demographics