Introduction to Photosynthesis
Building Macromolecules
Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit
Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks)
Chemical reactions link monomers together to build polymers or break down polymers into monomers Enzymes catalyze these reactions!!
Organic Macromolecules (Polymers)
MONOMER POLYMERAmino Acid Protein
Monosaccharide ( AKA simple sugar)
Polysaccharide(AKA carbohydrate)
Nucleotide Nucleic Acid
These organic macromolecules are made of…CHNOPS!
Carbohydrates: Monomers
MONOSACCHARIDESSimple sugarsEx: Glucose (C6H12O6)Linked together to buildcomplex carbohydrates like starchMono—one Saccharide--sweet
Carbohydrates: Polymers
POLYSACCHARIDES poly-many saccharide-sweet
FUNCTION #1: STRUCTURAL PURPOSES CELLULOSE (AKA Fiber) – cell walls of plant cells CHITIN – cell walls of fungi cells and shells of
exoskeletons (arthropods)FUNCTION #2: SHORT-TERM ENERGY STORAGE
STARCH – short-term energy storage in plants GLYCOGEN – short-term energy storage in animals
STRUCTURE OF CARBS
Cellulose – long straight chains of glucose (structural)Starch- branched chains of glucose (energy)Glycogen – highly branched chains of glucose (energy)
Only straight chains stack neatly into strong, rigid rope-like bundles!
The building blocks of polymers are?
A. SaccharidesB. MonomersC. LipidsD. Amino Acids
Saccharid
es
Monomers
Lipids
Amino Acids
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Which of the following is an example of an energy storing polysaccharide ?
A. GlycogenB. CelluloseC. ChitinD. Lipids
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Lipids
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Why is cellulose rigid & useful for building cell walls, whereas starch &
glycogen are not?A. Cellulose is branched & CAN NOT
pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes
B. Starch and glycogen are branched & CAN NOT pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but cellulose is straight & unbranched & CAN pack into ropes
C. Cellulose is branched & CAN pack into rigid rope-like bundles, but starch and glycogen are straight & unbranched & CAN NOT pack into ropes
Cellulose is
branched &
C..
Starch an
d glycoge
n are...
Cellu
lose is branc
hed & ...
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Photosynthesis
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
A. WaterB. GlucoseC. Carbon DioxideD. Sunlight
Wate
r
Glucose
Carbon Dioxid
e
Sunlight
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In addition to sunlight, what are the other reactants for the process of photosynthesis?
A. Water and oxygen
B. Water and glucose
C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
D. Water and carbon dioxide
Wate
r and oxy
gen
Wate
r and gluco
se
Oxyge
n and ca
rbon dioxide
Wate
r and ca
rbon dioxide
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Pigments of Photosynthesis Pigments are molecules that absorb
specific wavelengths (energies) of light and reflect all others.
Chlorophyll is the main pigment in charge of capturing the energy from sunlight.
•Chlorophyll a absorbs …………….. light best.•Chlorophyll b absorbs ……………. light best.
•Why do plants look green?•THEY RELFECT GREEN LIGHT!!!
Chloroplast Structure
Chlorophyll is a pigment in the chloroplast that
A. stores and releases energy
B. absorbs sunlight
C. Carries high energy electrons
D. Makes glucosesto
res and re
leases energy
absorb
s sunlig
ht
Carries h
igh energy elect.
..
Makes gluco
se
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Chloroplasts do not contain which of the following structures?
A. MitochondriaB. ThylakoidsC. StromaD. Chlorophyll
Mitoch
ondria
Thylakoids
Stroma
Chlorophyll
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CLASS WARM-UP
1. Get your clickers!2. Get out your HW for us to check!3. Get out your notebook and answer the
following questions:1. What is the balanced chemical equation for
photosynthesis? (write it out in words first then in chemical formulas)
2. Identify the reactants and products in the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
3. Draw a chloroplast and label the 2 parts.4. What is chlorophyll?
Photosynthesis
Chemical Energy and ATPATP
Adenosine triphosphate Compound that cells use to
store and release energy Made of adenine, 5-carbon
sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
ADP Adenosine diphosphate Made of adenine, 5-carbon
sugar (ribose), and 2 phosphate groups
Chemical Energy and ATP
Electron Carrier Molecule
Electron Carrier Molecules Compound that can accept a pair of high energy
electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy to another molecule
One way the sunlight can be trapped in a chemical form and use it to build glucose for the plant cell
Example: NADP+ = accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons
along with a hydrogen ion (H+) When NADP+ accepts 2 electrons and a H+ it
becomes NADPH
What is the process in which autotrophs trap the energy from the sun and store this energy in molecules such as glucose.
A. PredationB. MetabolismC. Cell RespirationD. Photosynthesis
Predation
Metabolism
Cell Resp
iration
Photosynthesis
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Which is not a function of NADPH?
A. To carry energy for other organelles to do work
B. To carry 2 high energy electrons
C. To act as a carrier molecule
D. To carry a hydrogen ion
To carry
energy fo
r other...
To carry
2 high energy
el...
To act as a
carri
er molecu
le
To carry
a hydrogen io
n
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Photosynthesis: Step 1 – Light-Dependent Reaction
Takes place in Thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun. Water is then split into hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). The oxygen is released to the atmosphere. Produces NADPH and ATP for the light-independent reaction
(step 2)! H2O
INSunlightWater ADPNADP+
OUTOxygenATPNADPH
Photosynthesis: Step 2 – Light-Independent
ReactionTakes place in Stroma.
Also called the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) combines with hydrogen (H) to form C6H12O6 (glucose).
The NADPH made in the light-dependent reactions provides the Hydrogen for the glucose
The ATP made in light-dependent reactions provides the energy for the Light independent reactions to occur.
H2O
Write a description of the diagram above. Include as much detail as you can!
What affects the rate of photosynthesis?
Amount of :- sunlight- CO2
- H2O- temperature
All the reactions of photosynthesis are controlled by enzymes. Temperatures above or below the optimum temperature will slow down the chemical reactions.
GET YOUR CLICKERS!
Energy from the sun is collected during the:
A. Light-independent reactions
B. Light-dependent reactions
C. Thylakoid reactions
D. Krebs CycleLig
ht-independent r
eactions
Light-d
ependent reacti
ons
Thylakoid re
actions
Krebs Cycl
e
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Glucose is created during this step of photosynthesis.
A. Light-independent reaction
B. Light-dependent reaction
C. Thylakoid reactions
D. Krebs Cycle
Light-i
ndependent reacti
on
Light-d
ependent reacti
on
Thylakoid re
actions
Krebs Cycle
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Which of the following would not directly impact the growth of a plant?
A. Spectrum of lightB. Concentration of
oxygenC. Concentration of
carbon dioxideD. Availability of
waterE. Temperature
Spectrum of li
ght
Concentration of o
xygen
Concentration of c
arbon ...
Availa
bility o
f water
Temperature
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Which of the following is NOT produced in the light-dependent reactions?
1. NADPH2. Sugars3. Hydrogen Ions4. ATP
NADPHSugars
Hydroge
n Ions
ATP
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