Neutron induced reaction and neutron sources
Introduction to Nuclear Science
Simon Fraser UniversitySpring 2011
NUCS 342 — April 6, 2011
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 1 / 29
Outline
1 Neutron-induced reactions
2 Radionuclide neutron sources
3 Accelerator neutron sources
4 The SIMON project at SFU
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 2 / 29
Outline
1 Neutron-induced reactions
2 Radionuclide neutron sources
3 Accelerator neutron sources
4 The SIMON project at SFU
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 2 / 29
Outline
1 Neutron-induced reactions
2 Radionuclide neutron sources
3 Accelerator neutron sources
4 The SIMON project at SFU
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 2 / 29
Outline
1 Neutron-induced reactions
2 Radionuclide neutron sources
3 Accelerator neutron sources
4 The SIMON project at SFU
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 2 / 29
Neutron-induced reactions
Nuclear reactions on Earth
Chemical reaction are commonly observed in the Earth environment.
There are, however, very few nuclear reactions occurring on Earth.
There are two reasons accounting for that fact
Nuclear reactions between charged ions (for example proton-inducedreactions) need to overcome the Coulomb barrier. There is not enoughthermal energy at standard temperatures to achieve that.
Neutrons, which can penetrate into a nucleus without the Coulombbarrier at standard temperatures, have 614 s (∼ 10 min) half-life andare present in the environment with extremely low quantities.
Nuclear reactions induced by cosmic rays in the upper parts of theatmosphere are the source of radio nuclides (14C) in the environment.
Nuclear decays are commonly observed.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 3 / 29
Neutron-induced reactions
Man-made sources of neutrons
The lack of Coulomb barrier makes neutrons very attractive tool fornuclear transmutation.
Short neutron lifetime prompted development of man made sourcesof neutrons.
These sources fall into four general categories:
Neutrons can be produced by nuclear reactions induced by α particlesfrom naturally occurring α emitters.
Neutrons can be produced by nuclear reaction induced by acceleratedbeams of light ions.
Neutrons can be produced from a spallation reaction.
Neutrons can be produced from fission.
These different categories provide sources of various characteristicsand can be selected and tuned for specific applications.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 4 / 29
Radionuclide neutron sources
Pu-Be neutron source
Let us calculate the Coulomb barrier for the reaction of α particles onberyllium
VC = 1.442 · 4
1.2(3√9 +
3√4)= 2.6 [MeV] (1)
This implies that for most of naturally occurring α emitters the energyof α particles is high enough to induce nuclear transmutation ofberyllium.
Such mixtures are useful neutron sources since
9Be + α→13 C →12 C + n (2)
A popular source is a mixture of 241Pu with 9Be.
It produces 30 neutrons per million of emitted α particles.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 5 / 29
Radionuclide neutron sources
Radionuclide neutron sources
Other radionuclide neutron sources are
Radionuclide T1/2 Neutron Yield [n/Ci]210Po 138 d 2.5×106
238Pu 87.8 y 2.2×106
241Am 433 y 2.2×106
242Cm 163 d 2.5×106
252Cf 2.65 y 4.3×109
The decay rate conversion is 1 Ci = 3.7 ×1010Bq = 37 billion decaysper second.
The emission of neutrons is isotropic, meaning has equal probabilityin any direction.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 6 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Light ion reactions producing neutrons
A number of nuclear reaction producing neutrons in the final statehave been identified.
The most common are
d + d → n +3 He Q = 3.25 MeV
d + t → n + α Q = 17.60 MeV
p +7 Li→ n +7 Be Q = −1.65 MeV
d +9 Be → n +10 B Q = 3.79 MeV
The light ion beams are accelerated to the energies slightly above theCoulomb barrier by charged particle accelerators.
Reaction kinematics can be used to tune the outgoing neutron energybased on the energy of the incoming beam.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 7 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 9 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Reaction kinematics and neutron energy
Let us consider the reaction
p +7 Li→ n +7 Be Q = −1.65 MeV
For the neutrons emitted at zero degree
~pp = ~pn + ~p7Be
~p7Be = ~pn − ~pp
p27Be = p2
n + p2p − 2
√pppn
But the energy momentum relation gives
T =p2
2m=⇒ p2 = 2Tm (3)
Which leads t0
7T7Be = Tn + Tp − 2√
TpTn (4)
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 10 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Reaction kinematics and neutron energy
The Q value definition gives
Q = T7Be + Tn − Tp (5)
Combining the above with
7T7Be = Tn + Tp − 2√
TpTn (6)
leads to
7(Q − Tn + Tp) = Tn + Tp − 2√
TpTn
8Tn − 6Tp − 2√
TpTn = 7Q = −11.52 MeV (7)
The solution of the above equation gives energy of themono-energetic neutron beam as a function of the incoming protonenergy.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 11 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Properties of neutrons from accelerator sources
Emission of neutrons from accelerator sources is anisotropic (notisotropic).
Reaction kinematics focuses neutrons in the direction of the incomingbeam.
On the top of that there is a correlation between the direction of aneutron and its energy, larger angles give smaller energy neutrons.
Neutron beams can be provided using collimation.
Neutron beam energies can be tuned using the energy of theincoming ions and energy-angle correlation.
Neutron beams are used for basic and applied research, in particular,studies of material properties.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 12 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
The Spallation Neutron Source
The Spallation Neutron Source is an accelerator-based neutronsource that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in theworld for scientific and industrial research and development.
It is located in Oak Ridge Tennessee in US.
The accelerator is 1 GeV proton linear accelerator.
The beam is pulsed with the bunch time width of 1 µs.
The spallation target is liquid mercury.
20-30 neutrons are emitted per spallation.
Neutron beams are formed by slowing down in moderators and bycollimation.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 13 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Spallation Neutron Source Instruments
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 14 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Sealed tube neutron generators
Sealed tube neutron generators are small accelerators whichgenerate neutrons via
d + d → n +3 He
d + t → n + α (8)
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 15 / 29
Accelerator neutron sources
Sealed tube neutron generators
Sealed tube neutron generators are portable neutron sources.
They generate quasimonoenergetic beams of neutrons with 14.1 MeVenergy for the d/t and 2.5 MeV energy for the d/d.
Neutrons from the d/t generator are emitted isotropically, while for thed/d generator the emission is slightly focused towards the beamdirection.
Yields are on the order of 108 neutrons/s for the sealed tube d/tgenerators, a factor of 50-100 smaller for the d/d generators.
The use of radioactive tritium is a concern in application of d/tgenerators, this is a reason for the sealed tube solution.
Other technical implementations of d/t neutron generator can reachfluxes of 1011 particles per second.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 16 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
Nuclear Science facilities
The SFU’s Chemistry building is renovated as a part of the $50MChemistry building renovation funded by the provincial governmentand Industry Canada’s Knowledge Infrastructure Program.
Renovation will be completed in the spring of 2011, new laboratorieswill be operational in the summer of 2011.Nuclear Science facilities of ∼$750,000 value will include
A renovated underground radiation vault, ready to host a D/T or D/Dneutron generator.
A radio-chemistry laboratory above the vault, with a fume-hood,glove-box and other equipment set up for chemical reprocessing ofradioactive materials.
Conduits between the radiation vault and the radio-chemistry labdesigned to accommodate gas jet and a pneumatic system (a rabbit)for transportation of radioactive samples.
A separate laboratory for detector development and testing.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 17 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The radiation vault
F.E.
ELECTRICALC6063
12'-8"
25'-2"R.O.
10'-2"R.O.
25'-2"R.O.
18'-3"4'-10"10'-2"R.O.
169'-0"
33'-0" 18'-8" 18'-2"
75'-8"11'-0"
156'-6"
23'-3"
10'-0" 15'-2" 24'-6" 10'-8" 19'-4"
6'-8 3/4"
9'-4" 8'-8"
31'-1" 27'-10" 15'-7"
9'-3"
21'-3"
6'-0"CLEAR
6'-0"CLEAR
20'-4 3/4"
4'-2 1/2"TO NEW 6"DIA. HOLE
20'-4 3/4"
6'-0"CLEAR
FROM FACE OFEXISTING CONC.
2'-10"
2'-11"
4'-10"
4'-4 1/2"
7'-0"
3'-3"
10'-11"
W4.1
RWL
UP
EXISTINGNEUTRALIZATION
TANK
EXISTING LOCK BLOCKTO BE REMOVED
STAIR #6
W2.5
UP
C6072.1
SECURESTORAGE
NMRLOBBY
XRDSPEC-TRO-
SCOPY
EPR
MICROANALYSIS
OFFICE
EAD
NEUTRON LAB
STORAGE
MECHANICAL
FACILITIES/STORAGE
UP
C6070
C6072.1
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C6076
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C609
MASS SPECC6087C6082
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C7078
C7078.1
C6065
CORRIDORC607
CORRIDORC606
STAIR #1C67 AIR WELL
GARBAGE/RECYCLING
C6074
MOSSBAUERC6061
8" CONC.CURB
RAMP
NIC
MSTECH
OFFICE
NMRTECH
OFFICE
C6087.1
SECUREMS LABC6087.3
CORRIDORC608
W6.1aW6.1 W6.1a W6.1 W6.1
3
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SLAB SEPARATION (SHOWN DASHED); SEE D2.39
3000 GALLONNITROGEN
TANK
VAPORIZER ®ULATOR
EXISTINGNEUTRALIZATION
TANK
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CHEMISTRY SOUTHSFU SHRUM RENEW
CHEMISTRY NORTH
MAR 5, 2010
CONSULTANT
DRAWING TITLE
JOB TITLE
DATE DRAWN
SCALE CHECKED
JOB NO.
ISSUED FOR COORDINATION OCT 29, 2009
Architects Urban Designers
HENRIQUEZ • PARTNERS
402 West Pender StreetVancouver, BC V6B 1T6
Tel: 604.687.5681Fax: 604.687.8530
2914
GH/RN
SHRUM SCIENCE CENTRECHEMISTRY RENOVATION
BUILDING 026-029
SFU
ISSUED FOR INFORMATION NOV 2, 2009
ISSUED FOR COORDINATION NOV 12, 2009
ISSUED FOR STRUCTURAL AND UNDERGROUNDTENDER REVIEW
NOV 13, 2009
ISSUED FOR CONSULTANT COORDINATION NOV 18, 2009
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY PLAN APPROVAL NOV 19, 2009
ISSUED FOR STRUCTURAL ANDUNDERGROUND TENDER NOV 20, 2009
ISSUED FOR PROGRESS NOV 27, 2009
ISSUED FOR TENDER DEC 4, 2009
ISSUED FOR BUILDING PERMIT DEC 15, 2009
ISSUED FOR ARCHITECTURAL TENDER DEC 21, 2009
ISSUED FOR PROGRESS FEB 3, 2010
ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION MAR 5, 2010
A1.01
LEVEL 6000
PW
1/8"=1'-0"
NOTES
1 NEW WINDOW OPENING IN EXISTING CONCRETE WALL.
2 6" DIAMETER HOLE THROUGH WALL; 20" ABOVE THE FLOOR.
3 RETAIN AND RE-ESTABLISH GUARDRAIL, PAINT AND MAKE GOOD.
4 DOOR OPENING IN CONCRETE WALL.
5 NEW CONCRETE AT EXISTING WALL OPENING. SEE DETAIL D2.18.
6SAWCUT PAVING TO ALLOW FOR EXCAVATION; REPAIR AND RECONSTITUTE TO MATCH EXISTING.
7 TACTILE WARNING
8 STAIRS WITH (NEW) RUBBER TREADS/RISERS
9 EXISTING ROOF TO BE REMOVED. SHOWN DASHED
10 EXISTING WALKWAY
11 EXISTING TO BE REMOVED.SHOWN DASHED.
12 RECESSED FLOOR GRILLE; SAWCUT CONCRETE TOPPING AND REMOVE CONCRETE. FINISH W/ TRAFFIC MEMBRANE.
13 PAINTED METAL HANDRAIL
14 S.S. CORNER GUARD; 4'-0" HEIGHT, TYPICAL.
15 EXISTING PIPE TRENCHES TO BE FILLED W/ CONCRETE. SHOWN DASHED.
16 NEW CONCRETE STAIR
17 MECHANICAL LOUVRE ON 8" CURB
18 ACCESSIBLE BUTTON FOR POWER OPERATED DOOR.
19 SUNSHADE ABOVE
20 METAL LADDER C/W HANDRAILS (UNO). SEE D3.61/62 - TO SUIT CHANGE IN ELEV.
21 POST SUPPORT FOR MECHANICAL ABOVE.SEE DETAIL D3.63
22 SAND PREP AND PAINT EXISTING METAL STAIRS AND HANDRAILS. TYPICAL.
23 SIAMESE CONNECTION; SEE DETAIL D2.31
24 SCUPPER; SEE D3.03.
25 GUARDRAIL; SEE DETAIL D1.10A
26 CODE BLUE STATION
27 SHELF
28PROJECTION SCREEN (O.F.O.I.) AND WHITEBOARD; PROVIDE PLYWOOD BACKING FOR CASE AT WALL AS REQUIRED. SEE DETAIL 6.10
29 PROVIDE 1HR FRR WALL (TYPE AS NOTED) IN VOID SPACE ABOVE CORRIDOR AROUND EXISTING DUCTS.
30 WHITEBOARD WITH ROLLER BLIND; SEE DETAIL D6.09
31 WHITEBOARD; DIMENSIONS AS INDICATED. SEE DETAIL D6.11
32 BENCH; SEE DETAIL D6.07A
33 OFFICE SHELVING; SEE DETAIL D6.05
34 OFFICE DESK; SEE DETAIL D6.03
35
36 DISPLAY CABINET; SEE DETAIL D4.72
37 BENCH; SEE DETAIL D6.07C
NOTICE BOARD; SEE DETAIL D4.73
EXISTING CONCRETE WALL
EXTENT OF SCOPE OF WORK
LEGEND
NEW CONCRETE WALL
GENERAL NOTES:1. ENTIRE SLAB OF LEVEL 6000 TO BE REPLACED EXCEPT FOR NEUTRON LAB C7078 AND STORAGE ROOM C7078.1.
2. ALIGN WALLS; ADJUST AIR SPACE AS REQUIRED AT FURRING WALLS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED ON DRAWINGS.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 18 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The Nuclear Science Laboratories
W2.1
WB - 48 x 96
F.E.
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WB - 48 x 72
WB - 48 x 72
DN UP
UPUP
25'-2"R.O.
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14'-9 7/8"14'-2 1/4" 28'-11 1/8"13'-3 5/8"36'-10 3/8"
6'-0"CLEAR
6'-7"5'-0 5/8"25'-8 3/8"3'-0 5/8"
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FD
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UP
UP
UP
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C7089
MECHANICAL
TEACHING LAB
LINE OF BUILDINGBELOWDN
ANALYTICALPHYSICAL
PD/GSOFFICEC7082
C7085
ANALYTICALPHYSICAL
(WET)
PD/GSOFFICEC7089.1
CORRIDORC708
C7086 C7088
ANALYTICALPHYSICAL
CYLINDERSC7076.1
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ANALYTICALPHYSICAL
PD/GSOFFICEC7076.2
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LOUNGEC7090
CORRIDORC707
OFFICEC7071.1
DATAC7050
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CORRIDORC705
CORRIDORC704
C77
FILE/STORAGE
DISPENSARYC7071.3
EXISTING LANDSCAPED COURTYARD
C7084
MEETINGROOMC7080
JANITORC7083
C7076.3
ANALYTICALPHYSICAL
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OFFICEC7071.2
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UPFD
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W4.3 W4.3
ALIGNALIGN ALIGN
ALIGN ALIGNALIGN ALIGN
ALL SIDESOF COLUMN
W3.1
1A4.63
W4.3
W3.1
W4.3
17
W3.2
1205
18
D4.51
30
30
30
30 30
30
30
D4.74
1A2.01
1A5.05
NEW SIDEWALK
37
IW3
32
32 32
33
34
34
3334
3334 34 33
A5.03
1
2
A5.02 12
A5.04
1
2
W4.5W4.5
W3.1ABOVE
W3.1ABOVE
D4.75
31
31
31
31
31
31
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
ASSIGNMENT DROP BOXES
D2.106
W3.4
TYP.
D1.01
D2.43
D2.44
W4.4
W4.4
W4.4W4.4
RATED SHAFT ON ALL SIDES OF MECH EXHAUST ABOVE
W5.1
W1.2
W4.6
W4.6
W4.4
STAIRC76
13
IW20
10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 6'-0" 6'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 5'-9" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0"10'-0" 10'-0"
69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
10'-0
"10
'-0"
10'-0
"10
' -0"
10' -0
"10
'-0"
10'-0
"10
'-0"
10'-0
"10
'-0"
10'- 0
"10
'- 0"
10' -0
"1 0
'- 0"
1 0'- 0
"1 0
'- 0"
1 0'- 0
"1 0
'- 0"
10' -0
"1 0
'-0"
Ga
Fa
Ea
Da
Ca
Ba
Aa
Z
Y
X
W
V
U
T
S
R
Q
P
O
N
M
EXTENT OF SCOPEOF WORK
MAR 5, 2010
CONSULTANT
DRAWING TITLE
JOB TITLE
DATE DRAWN
SCALE CHECKED
JOB NO.
ISSUED FOR COORDINATION OCT 29, 2009
Architects Urban Designers
HENRIQUEZ • PARTNERS
402 West Pender StreetVancouver, BC V6B 1T6
Tel: 604.687.5681Fax: 604.687.8530
2914
GH/RN
SHRUM SCIENCE CENTRECHEMISTRY RENOVATION
BUILDING 026-029
SFU
ISSUED FOR INFORMATION NOV 2, 2009
ISSUED FOR COORDINATION NOV 12, 2009
ISSUED FOR STRUCTURAL AND UNDERGROUNDTENDER REVIEW
NOV 13, 2009
ISSUED FOR CONSULTANT COORDINATION NOV 18, 2009
ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY PLAN APPROVAL NOV 19, 2009
ISSUED FOR STRUCTURAL ANDUNDERGROUND TENDER NOV 20, 2009
ISSUED FOR PROGRESS NOV 27, 2009
ISSUED FOR TENDER DEC 4, 2009
ISSUED FOR BUILDING PERMIT DEC 15, 2009
ISSUED FOR ARCHITECTURAL TENDER DEC 21, 2009
ISSUED FOR PROGRESS FEB 3, 2010
ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION MAR 5, 2010
A1.02
LEVEL 7000
1/8"=1'-0"
PW
CHEMISTRY SOUTHSFU SHRUM RENEW
CHEMISTRY NORTH
EXISTING CONCRETE WALL
EXTENT OF SCOPE OF WORK
LEGEND
NEW CONCRETE WALL
GENERAL NOTES:1. ENTIRE SLAB OF LEVEL 6000 TO BE REPLACED EXCEPT FOR NEUTRON LAB C7078 AND STORAGE ROOM C7078.1.
2. ALIGN WALLS; ADJUST AIR SPACE AS REQUIRED AT FURRING WALLS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED ON DRAWINGS.
NOTES
1 NEW WINDOW OPENING IN EXISTING CONCRETE WALL.
2 6" DIAMETER HOLE THROUGH WALL; 20" ABOVE THE FLOOR.
3 RETAIN AND RE-ESTABLISH GUARDRAIL, PAINT AND MAKE GOOD.
4 DOOR OPENING IN CONCRETE WALL.
5 NEW CONCRETE AT EXISTING WALL OPENING. SEE DETAIL D2.18.
6SAWCUT PAVING TO ALLOW FOR EXCAVATION; REPAIR AND RECONSTITUTE TO MATCH EXISTING.
7 TACTILE WARNING
8 STAIRS WITH (NEW) RUBBER TREADS/RISERS
9 EXISTING ROOF TO BE REMOVED. SHOWN DASHED
10 EXISTING WALKWAY
11 EXISTING TO BE REMOVED.SHOWN DASHED.
12 RECESSED FLOOR GRILLE; SAWCUT CONCRETE TOPPING AND REMOVE CONCRETE. FINISH W/ TRAFFIC MEMBRANE.
13 PAINTED METAL HANDRAIL
14 S.S. CORNER GUARD; 4'-0" HEIGHT, TYPICAL.
15 EXISTING PIPE TRENCHES TO BE FILLED W/ CONCRETE. SHOWN DASHED.
16 NEW CONCRETE STAIR
17 MECHANICAL LOUVRE ON 8" CURB
18 ACCESSIBLE BUTTON FOR POWER OPERATED DOOR.
19 SUNSHADE ABOVE
20 METAL LADDER C/W HANDRAILS (UNO). SEE D3.61/62 - TO SUIT CHANGE IN ELEV.
21 POST SUPPORT FOR MECHANICAL ABOVE.SEE DETAIL D3.63
22 SAND PREP AND PAINT EXISTING METAL STAIRS AND HANDRAILS. TYPICAL.
23 SIAMESE CONNECTION; SEE DETAIL D2.31
24 SCUPPER; SEE D3.03.
25 GUARDRAIL; SEE DETAIL D1.10A
26 CODE BLUE STATION
27 SHELF
28PROJECTION SCREEN (O.F.O.I.) AND WHITEBOARD; PROVIDE PLYWOOD BACKING FOR CASE AT WALL AS REQUIRED. SEE DETAIL 6.10
29 PROVIDE 1HR FRR WALL (TYPE AS NOTED) IN VOID SPACE ABOVE CORRIDOR AROUND EXISTING DUCTS.
30 WHITEBOARD WITH ROLLER BLIND; SEE DETAIL D6.09
31 WHITEBOARD; DIMENSIONS AS INDICATED. SEE DETAIL D6.11
32 BENCH; SEE DETAIL D6.07A
33 OFFICE SHELVING; SEE DETAIL D6.05
34 OFFICE DESK; SEE DETAIL D6.03
35
36 DISPLAY CABINET; SEE DETAIL D4.72
37 BENCH; SEE DETAIL D6.07C
NOTICE BOARD; SEE DETAIL D4.73
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 19 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The SIMON project
The role of SIMON is to provide access to high intensity neutronbeams without a nuclear reactor or spallation source.
SIMON will comprise of
D/T or D/D generator of fast neutrons
Beryllium shroud multiplying fast neutrons through the (n,2n) reaction
a Heavy-Water moderator
low-enriched Uranium for multiplication of moderated neutrons throughthe neutron-induced fission.
The goal is to develop a medium-size device (less then 7 m long, 3 mdiameter), fitting the floor-plan of the radiation vault at SFU.
The achievable flux is being examined, the target is 1013 n/cm2/s.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 21 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The road map for SIMON: 2011
A $150K Canadian Foundation of Innovation/ British ColumbiaKnowledge Development Fund proposal for a commercial neutrongenerator has been awarded
GEANT4 Monte-Carlo simulation codes for the neutron moderatorand multipliers developed based on the high-precision modelsavailable from GEANT4 for E < 20 MeV neutrons.
Optimization of the moderator and multiplier geometry based on theGEANT4 simulations is currently pursued.
A 3×108 commercial generator will be acquired.
Licensing process for the renovated vault and a generator to beacquired will be initiated in early 2011.
Funds for construction of a test moderator will be sought.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 22 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
Moderation of neutrons in GEANT4
(Left)Simulated random walk, (Right) Simulated time in the moderator.
Simulated average time in a heavy-water moderator is ∼4 [ms].
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 23 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
SIMON: back on the envelope estimates
The volume of 100 [cm] long moderator with 50 [cm] radius and abore for inserting the generator with 5 [cm] radius is
V = 100 ∗ π ∗ (502 − 52) [cm3] = 7.8 × 105 [cm3]
Number of neutrons in the moderator is equal to the generator outputf times the lifetime in the moderator τ
n = fτ = 3 × 108 [part./s] ∗ 4 × 10−3 [s] = 1.2 × 106 [part.]
Number density of the neutrons in the moderator is
N =nV
=1.2 × 106
7.8 × 105 = 1.5 [part./cm3]
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 24 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
SIMON: back on the envelope estimates
Assuming thermal neutrons with energy 0.025 [eV] and speed v of2.2 [km/s]=2.2×105 [cm/s] the neutron flux in the moderator withoutany neutron multiplication is
φ = N ∗ v = 1.5 ∗ 2.2 × 105 [part./cm2/s] = 3.3 × 105 [part./cm2/s]
If there is a reaction in the moderator which contributes ∆n neutronsper second into the full moderator the number density in themoderator will grow in a unit time according to
N + ∆N = N +∆nτ
V= N(1 +
∆nτNV
) = N(1 + λ) with λ =∆nτNV
Growth in time is described by
N(t) = N(0)(1 + λ)t
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 25 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
SIMON: back on the envelope estimates
Let us assume thermal neutron induced fission of natural Uranium asthe multiplication reaction.Number of thermal-neutron induced fission per second is
∆n = φκadν̄σρ
µNA = Nvκadν̄σ
ρ
µNA
withκ = 0.007 being 235U content in nat.U,a and d being nat.U target area and thickness, respectively, with thead = 60 [cm3] representing the volume of nat.U in the moderator in 0.5cm thick, 2 cm long bars, 10 cm from the centre,ν̄ = 2.5 being the average number of neutrons per 235U fission,σ = 600 [b]=6×10−22 [cm2] is the cross section for 0.025 [eV] thermalneutron capture on 235U,ρ = 19 [g/cm2] is the density of nat.U,µ = 239 [g/mol] is the molar mass of nat.U,NA = 6 × 1023 is the Avogadro number.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 26 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
SIMON: back on the envelope estimates
Combining above equations the multiplication factor for 800 kg ofheavy water and 1.2 kg of nat.U becomes
F(t) =N(t)N(0)
= (1 + λ)t with λ = κν̄adV
vτσρ
µNA = 5.7 × 10−3
0
1
2
3
4
10
10
10
10
10
0 400 800 1200 1600
Mul
tiplic
atio
n fa
ctor
Time [s]
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 27 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The road map for SIMON: long-range
GEANT4 codes will be validated using results obtained with thelow-flux generator and the test moderator.
Working parameters for the final neutron generator and the moderatorwill be specified and the final design will be defined based on thevalidated calculation.
Nuclear engineering assistance will be sought in regard to shielding,design, manufacturing and operation of the final neutron generatorand moderator assembly.
Utility of the SIMON for fundamental and applied research programwill be examined.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 28 / 29
The SIMON project at SFU
The utility of SIMON
SIMON is a project with significant discovery potentialCan become a driver for production of rare isotopes with large neutronexcess via neutron-induced fission.Consequently, it can support state of the art nuclear research probingthe beginning of the Universe and answering key fundamental scientificquestions regarding nucleosynthesis and distribution of elements.
SIMON provides an ideal training opportunities for future generationof Highly Qualified Personnel in Nuclear Science.
SIMON may open a way to produce important radioisotopes formedical and commercial applications without use of reactors.
For material sciences SIMON will enable neutron activation analysisproviding information on elemental composition on aparticle-per-billion level in a non-destructive way.
SIMON may also become a tool for neutron scattering aiding researchin material sciences.
NUCS 342 (Lecture 29) April 6, 2011 29 / 29