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INTRODUCTION TO NOX
EMISSIONS AND AFLEET TOOL 2017 UPDATE
ANDREW BURNHAMPrincipal Environmental [email protected]
Clean Cities Webinar
July 25, 2017
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
NOx Background– Air quality
– Regulation
– Vehicle controls
– In-use vs. regulatory emissions
AFLEET Tool 2017 Updates– Argonne tool development for Clean Cities
– AFLEET background
– AFLEET 2017 updates
2
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NOX BACKGROUND
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NOX ARE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO AIR QUALITY CONCERNS
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2)– N2 + O2 + heat = NO
– NO + O2 = NO2
– Contributes to air quality issues:
• Secondary PM, ozone, haze, acid rain
– Responsible for brown color of “smog”
Particulate matter (PM)– NOx + H2O + O2 = HNO3
HNO3 + NH3 = NH4NO3 (secondary PM2.5)
– Impacts lungs & heart function
– Health impacts depend on size
• Fine PM (PM2.5) cause more damage
Ground-level ozone (O3)– NOx + VOC + sunlight = O3
– Impacts lung function
– Damages plants & crop yields
4
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SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS MADE REDUCING EMISSIONS BUT PROGRESS IS NEEDED
5EPA, 2017, Air Trends; EPA 2017 AirNow
Sensitive groups include people with heart or lung disease, older adults, children, & people who are active outdoors
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119 million in O3
nonattainment– 2008 std. = 75 ppb
– 2015 std. = 70 ppb
• More counties
will be in non-
attainment
39 million people
in PM2.5
nonattainment
areas
EPA 2016, The Green Book Nonattainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants;
EPA 2017, Ozone Slider Map
Cai, 2017
6
REGULATORY FOCUS FOR VEHICLES HAS BEEN ON PM AND OZONE (AND THEREFORE NOX)
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BOTH LIGHT- & HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES ARE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTOR TO NOX
Gasoline light-duty vehicles & diesel heavy-duty trucks = large source of NOx
Total PM2.5 concentrations: primary ~20% & secondary ~80%– NOx accounts for ~15% of secondary PM2.5
7
2%
18%
5% 5% 1%
46%19%
6% 3% 15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CO NOx PM10(primary)
PM2.5(primary)
VOCs
20
14
Mo
tor
Ve
hic
le E
mis
sio
n a
s a
% o
f U
.S. T
ota
l*
LDV - Gasoline
HDV - Diesel
EPA, 2017, National Emissions Inventory 2014
*Excluding fires, dust, agriculture, vegetation
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EPA’S HEAVY-DUTY NOX AND PM STANDARDS TIGHTENED BY 98% SINCE 1988
EPA, 2017, EPA Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty Highway Engines and Vehicles
2013* - CARB introduced optional low-NOx standards (0.10, 0.05 or 0.02 g/bhp-hr)
2016 - Gov’t agencies in 10 states petitioned EPA to adopt 0.02 standard• EPA later announced intentions to propose new (level TBD) standards for MY2024
8
19881990
1991
199419982004
200720102013*
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
PM
Sta
nd
ard
(g/
bh
p-h
r)
NOx Standard (g/bhp-hr)
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CO standard looks to go up but this is due to changes in testing procedure
Tier 1 HC -> Tier 2 NMOG
Tier 2 NOx and NMOG separate, Tier 3 NOx + NMOG
EPA, 2017, EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks
EPA’S LIGHT-DUTY NOX AND PM STANDARDS TIGHTENED BY 99% SINCE 1982
9
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
1982 1987 (Tier 0) 1994 (Tier 1) 2004 (Tier 2) 2017 (Tier 3)
Stan
dar
d (
g/m
i)
Year of Standard
CO
NOx
NMOG
PM
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DIESEL ENGINES: “YOU HAVE POWER, YOU HAVE ENERGY, YOU HAVE EMISSIONS: YOU GET TO CHOOSE TWO OF THEM”
Compression ignition engine– Heterogeneous air/fuel mixture
– Harder to control NOx
• Exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR)
• Lean NOx trap (LNT)
• Selective catalytic reduction
(SCR)
Spark ignition engine– Homogenous air/fuel mixture
– Easier to control NOx
• Three-way catalyst (TWC)
10Ghose, 2015, Zhao 2012; Johnson Matthey 2016; Nett Technologies 2017
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IN-USE DIESEL HDV & LDV NOX IS MUCH HIGHER THAN REGULATORY LIMITS
11Anenberg, 2017, Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets
doi:10.1038/nature22086
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Near-dock(avg 7 mph)
Local(9 mph)
UDDS(19 mph)
Regional(22 mph)
Transient(15 mph)
UDDS(19 mph)
FTP(19 mph)
MOVESnat'l run(58 mph)
Duty-Cycle(Carder 2014; Johnson 2016)
Duty-Cycle(Sandhu 2017)
Tailp
ipe
NO
x (g
/mi)
EPA 2010 Compliant Freight Trucks
Diesel LNG, current NG engine LNG, near-zero NG engine
EPA 2010 NOx
emission standard
Cai, 2017, Wells to Wheels: Environmental Implications of Natural Gas As A Transportation Fuel
DIESEL HAS SIGNIFICANT NOX VARIABILITY ABOVE 2010 STANDARD, WHILE NGV CONSISTENTLY LOW
12
Diesel NOx impacted by real world SCR performance
– Low-speed, low-load operations
– Cold starts
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NOX BACKGROUND SUMMARY
NOx has several air quality impacts– Primary concerns are PM2.5 & ozone formation
Motor vehicles account for ~40% of NOx emissions– Gasoline LDVs and diesel HDVs each account for ~20%
LD & HD NOx emission standards tightened by ~99% since 1980s– Diesel compression-ignition uses EGR, LNT, and/or SCR
– Gasoline spark-ignition uses TWC
In-use diesel NOx significantly higher than emission standards– Impacts previous & current generations of LDVs & HDVs
– Aftertreatment technologies have limitations based on duty-cycle
– HD NGV have consistently low NOx
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AFLEET TOOL 2017 UPDATES
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AirCRED– O3 precursor & CO
emission credits from
AFVs for SIPs
Clean Cities AOI 4
Emissions Benefit Tool– GHG & air pollutant
benefits of ARRA grant
proposals
GREET Fleet Footprint
Calculator – Petroleum use & GHG
footprints of HDVs & off-
road equipment
ARGONNE HAS SUPPORTED DOE’S CLEAN CITIES WITH TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR 15+ YEARS
15
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“AFLEET TOOL” TO ANALYZE AFV COSTS & BENEFITS
Examines light-duty & heavy-duty vehicle:– Petroleum use
– GHG emissions
– Air pollutant emissions
– Cost of ownership
Contains 18 fuel/vehicle technologies– Conventional
– Hybrids
– Plug-in electrics
– Alternative fuels: CNG, LNG, LPG, H2, ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel*
Includes 7 Major Vehicle Types– Cost, MPG, & VMT data on 23 vocations
AFLEET Tool 2017 & user manual available August 2017:
http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet
16*red text = new feature
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AFLEET TOOL’S MAJOR DATA SOURCES
Argonne’s GREET model– WTW/vehicle cycle petroleum
use & GHG, fuel economy
data, WTP/vehicle cycle air
pollutants
EPA’s MOVES model– Vehicle operation air pollutant
emission factors by state
Clean Cities Alternative Fuel
Price Report– Fuel pricing by state
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Tool has 4 calculation methods & which to use
depends on your goals
Simple Payback Calculator– Annual emissions & simple payback of purchasing new
AFV vs. conventional counterpart
Total Cost of Ownership Calculator– Lifetime emissions & NPV of costs over the years of
planned ownership of a new vehicle
Fleet Energy and Emissions Footprint Calculator– Annual & remaining lifetime petroleum use, GHGs & air
pollutant emissions of existing & new vehicles
Idle Reduction Calculator– Annual emissions & simple payback of purchasing of IR
equipment vs. idling of conventional vehicles
18
AFLEET TOOL’S CALCULATION METHODS
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Anenberg, 2017, Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets
doi:10.1038/nature22086;
AFLEET TOOL 2017 UPDATES – DIESEL IN-USE EMISSIONS & LOW-NOX ENGINES
19
Added feature to
examine diesel in-
use NOx emission
estimates– Factors based on
Anenberg (2017)
– MOVES needs to
revise diesel NOx
Added feature to
examine HD NGV
Low-NOx engines– Factors based on Cai
(2017)
Cai, 2017, Wells to Wheels: Environmental Implications of Natural Gas As A Transportation Fuel
5
3.5
2
0.6 0.5
0.15 0.05
0.5 0.55
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
All LDVtypes
Transit,school,
refuse, SUshort-haul
Comb/SUlong-haul,
combshort-haul
Refuse Transit,school
Comb/SUlong-haul,comb/SUshort-haul
All HDV(exceptschool)
School School, SUshort-haul
Diesel, BD, RD In-Use CNG, LNG CNG, LNG Low-NOx Gasoline,E85, LPG
Rel
ativ
e N
Ox
emis
sio
ns
vs d
iese
l b
asel
ine
(1.0
) AFLEET 2017 Relative NOx Emissions Versus Diesel Baseline Vehicle
Diesel Baseline
Vehicle
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AFLEET TOOL 2017 UPDATES – IDLE REDUCTION
Developed new calculator to
examine emissions & costs of
idling & idle reduction
technologies
Expanding on Argonne’s Idle
Worksheet
Argonne’s forthcoming IR
compendium– Battery APU, diesel APU, air heater,
coolant heater, engine stop/start,
truck stop electrification (single/dual)
EPA MOVES emissions– Gasoline/diesel LDVs & HDVs,
diesel APU
20
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AFLEET TOOL 2017 UPDATES – GREET UPDATES
Added feature to well-to-pump
(upstream) & vehicle cycle
emissions from GREET– Added SOx emissions
Included renewable diesel
Updated feedstock options for
biodiesel, ethanol, RNG
21
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AFLEET SUMMARY
AFLEET Tool estimates NOx as well as other economic and
environmental costs and benefits of AFVs– Updated based on latest research
AFLEET 2017 updates include:– Diesel in-use NOx
– NGV low-NOx engines
– Idle reduction calculator
– GREET updates
• Upstream & vehicle cycle emissions
• Renewable diesel
• New biofuel and RNG feedstocks
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www.anl.gov
THANK YOU!!!
Argonne National Laboratory’s work is supported by the U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy
This work has been supported and assisted by:
Linda Bluestein: U.S. Department of Energy
Dennis Smith: U.S. Department of Energy
Marcy Rood: Argonne
Michael Wang: Argonne
Hao Cai: Argonne
Josh Lin, Oscar Hermina-Tosado, Emelia Gold, Stephanie Taylor