1.1 The Early History Of Malaysia•Ancient (kuno) history-Paleolithic-Mesolithic-Neolithic-Metal Age
Paleolithic
The characteristics:- Exist 35,000 years ago- Lived in caves- Main activity- collecting product & hunting- Started using stone tools- The tools simple & crude- Area- Tampan Estuary, Badak cave (Perak),
Niah Cave(sarawak) & Tingkayu (sabah).
Mesolithic
The characteristics:- Exist 11,000 years ago- Live in caves, along rivers & lake- Started farming- Used more refined stone tools- Able to make earthenware- Area- Cha cave (Kelantan), Kecil cave
(Pahang), Kepah Cave (Kedah), Jenderam Hilir (Selangor)
Neolithic
• The characteristic:- Exist 5,000 years ago- Used more sophisticated stone tools.- Started rearing livestock- Started communicating with communities in
other places- Started creating object and using accessories- Area- Cha cave(Kelantan), Madai
cave(Sabah), Gamantang cave(Sabah), Tengkorak cave(sarawak)..etc
Metal Age
• The characteristic:- Exist 2,500 years ago- Population grew- Developed residential- Areas in wide open land near rivers- More orderly & sedentary lifestyle- Practices social customs- Area- Lang River(Selangor), Muar river(Johor),- Tembeling River(Pahang), Terengganu River
(Trgnu)
1.2 Protohistory AgeArise on early kingdoms in the Malay
ArchipelagoIt proves by founding of archaeological
evidence & some record from Yunan, Arab, Persians, China & India.
What is Malay Archipelago???• Largest group of islands in the world• located off the southeastern coast of Asia
between the Indian and Pacific oceans• It consists of the more than 13,000 islands of
Indonesia and some 7,000 islands of the Philippines
• Principal islands include the Greater Sunda Islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes), the Lesser Sundas, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Luzon, Mindanao, and the Visayan Islands.
Malay kingdoms in Malay ArchipelagoFunan- located in Kampuchea, influence by
Old Kedah religion. E.g. Pengkalan Bujang Old Kedah- monarchy system, strategic
location, important entreport, influence by Hinduism & Buddhism.
Gangga Negara – port & trade centreLangkasuka, Patani- trade centre, influence
by Hinduism & Buddhism
cont’d…Chih-tu, Kelantan- influence by Buddhism,
strong relationship with ChinaSrivijaya, Sumatera- well-known trade
centre, strong relationship with China & India, centre of Buddhism & Sanskrit language, own several vassal States.
Majapahit, Jawa- Owned several vassal states, trade centre, strong relationship with China, India & the Middle East.
Majapahit..Is the strongest kingdom in 13 century..but..Its GOLDEN ERA ends after the existence of
the Malay Kingdom of Malacca.
The GOLDEN AGE of Malacca.Known as The Venice of The EastSpread of IslamVast territoryStrong trade relations with China & IndiaEmpire of advance civilization
PROSPERITY OF MALACCA EMPIRE•Geographic- strategic location midway
the trade routes between China & India, its port hidden from south-west & north-west monsoon wind, natural deep port.
•Economy- centre of maritime, rich with natural resources, cheap price, low & orderly tax collection, lots of facilities
•Political Administration- centre of the spread of Islam, diplomatic ties with China, efficient administrative system, Malay is lingua franca, strong military
Develop The Early Integration..Existence of plural societyExistence of plurality societyPlurality in nature.. British Colonization- Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’(separation between county & religion)-
Effects of ColonizationBritish Colonization- Existence of concept ‘Pecah Perintah’(separation between country & religion)- Separation of Power ( judiciary, executive &
legislative)- Education – 3M
Fall of the Malacca EmpireFactors decline of Malacca Empire
internal external
Internal Sultan Mahmud Syah was a weak rulerWeak administration & lack of efficient
leaderFight between Malays and Indian-
Muslims.Merchant activities decreasedSea people do not help Malacca
against Portuguese
External Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in south Africa
Bad attitude from outsidersMalacca was taken by Portuguese
Internal conflicts
MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY
Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population
- Chinese and Indian immigrants came to Malaya after the development of the tin ore industry in 1848.
- Chinese comprised merchants who settled in Malacca, Kuala Terengganu and the estuary of the Johor and Pahang rivers, while Indians were labourers in sugar cane and coffee plantations in Penang Island and Province Wellesley.
Ethnic Composition of the Malaysian Population (Cont’d)
According to 1870 statistics, the total population in Malaya was less than half a million
In 1921, the figure increase to 3.3 million.In 1931, the total population of non-Malays
exceeded the total population of Malays; Malays was 44.7%, non-Malays were 53.2% where 39.0% was Chinese.
By the time independence, Malays was 49.8%, Chinese was 37.2%, and Indians was 11.3% and others, 1.8%.
Main inhabitants of Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia Malay BanjarBoyanBugisJawaKamparKerinciMendalingMinangkabauRawaJohor-Riau
ChineseHokkienChuan-ChewChin-ChewEng-HuaEng-ChoonHok-ChewKwantungKantonTeochewHakkaHailam
Main inhabitants of Malaysia (cont’d)IndianMalayaliPunjabiCeyloneseTamilTelegu
IndigenousNegritoSenoiMelayu Asli (each of
the stocks consists of a tribal community)
Sabah & Sarawak SabahBajauDusunMurutBisayaKadayunOrang SungaiOrang LautBrunei
SarawakBidayuhBisayaIbanKayanKedayanKelabitKenyahMelanauMalaysMurutPenanPunan
The Malays
History of the Malays in Malaya
Most of the Malay people in Peninsular Malaya today were the descendants of people who originated from the Indonesian Archipelago.
Javanese
The great migration resulting from the Dutch transmigration policy, that is, the moving of people from the Island of Jawa.
The majority of them consisted of coffee and rubber plantation workers and labourers in newly opened land. It was estimated that i1930, there were 170,000 Jawa people in Singapore.
In Malaya, most of the Jawa people were concentrated in Johor (Muar, Batu Pahat and Pontian), Selangor (Kelang, Kuala Selangor, Kuala Langat) and Perak (Hilir Perak, Krian, Parit Buntar)
Banjar
The Banjar people originated from the district of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan
Most of them were involved in paddy plantingIn 1931, the Banjar population in Malaya
totalled 45,382 peopleMost Banjar people lived along the coast and
in river valleys such as Kerian, Parit Buntar (Perak), Sabak Bernam (Selangor) and Batu Pahat (Johor)
BugisThe Bugis people originated from the
Sulawesi IslandsThey were the business groups and in
Malaya, many of them lived in Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Johor
In Johor, the Bugis people were mostly found in the Benut, Kukup and Rengit (Batu Pahat district) areas, while in Selangor, they were mostly found in the Langat Valley, In Perak, the Bugis people were mainly merchants.
BoyaneseThe Boyan people originated from Boyan
IslandThe majority of them migrated to Singapore,
Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru and Penang Island.
They concentrated in cities because they were experts in horse-rearing.
MinangkabauThe Minangkabau people originated from
SumatraIn Malaya, they were found mainly in Negeri
Sembilan and Malacca, where they were known as followers of Adat Perpatih.
They were mostly involved in business and agriculture.
Economy
Malays were the poorest compared to Chinese and Indians.
Many of the Malays were involved in the agricultural and traditional industries sectors that were said to have low productivity.
Most Malays live in the rural areas where the standard of living is low.
Malays are not exposed to similar opportunities as other communities living in urban areas.
The British policies had ultimately left the Malays in the rural areas and involved in traditional economic activities.
The British denied the Malays an involvement in modern economic activities largely participated by the non-Malays.
Politics
Malays were strong in the political sense but weak economically.
Malay and pro-Malay parties always have the most elected representation in Parliament.
Malay organization – the United Malay National Organization (UMNO).
Sosiocultural
Majority of Malays live in villages which the community has strong ties and strict social control.
The Malays like and have a high regard for consensus and family is the important institution fro social security.
All Malays are Muslims, but not all Muslims are Malays.
The ChineseThe majority of the Chinese in the country
today are descendants of the Chinese immigrants who came in the nineteenth century.
Most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi in South China.
The factors that led the Chinese to migrate to Malaya
Cluster &Population number in 1921
- Hokkien380,656Consist of businessmen and shopkeepers- Cantonese332,307Consist of miners and craftsmen (carpenter,
cobbler and iron smith)-Hakka218,139Consist of miners
Cluster &Population number in 1921(cont’d)-Teochew130,231Consist of shopkeepers and farmers who
started sugar cane plantations in Wellesley Province and Penang Islands, and Gambier plantation and black pepper in Johor
-Hailam68,393Consist of restaurant owners and suppliers of
household needs
Economy
Many of them were involved in business as merchants, businessmen, and craftsmen.
They are based on sub-ethnic groups; the Hokkiens controlled the rubber estates, while the Hainanese concentrated more on the coffee shop business.
PoliticsMCA-the Malayan Chinese Association to
protect their interests and also for self-government.
The poor Chinese began to voice their feelings through Labour Party, the People Progressive Party and the People’s Action Party.
Sociocultural
In Malaysia, most of the Chinese are Buddhists.
They celebrate festivals based on their roots in the history and culture of society in China such as The New Year is celebrated based on the rotation of days related to planting activities.
The IndiansThere was an Indian settlement in Malacca
known as Kampung Kling. The Indians were also recognized as propagators of Islam.
The Indian population in Malaya consisted of those originating from South India (Tamil Nadu).
They Indian labourers migrated to Malaya to work in rubber and sugar cane plantations, constructing building and roads, and as a domestic helper.
The factors that encouraged the migration of Indians to Malaya
Tamil
Originated from Tamil NaduThe largest ethnic group in Malaya (80% of
the whole Indian population in Malaya)Mostly worked in the rubber and oil palm
plantations. Others worked in government offices.
Malayali
Originated from the Malabar Coast. Also known as Malabari.
Formed 7% of the total Indian population in Malaya consisting of the working and middle class.
The working class is mostly found in the plantations and the middle class, in clerical and professional employment, they are also famous for their restaurants.
TeleguOriginated from Andhra PradeshFormed 4% of the total Indian population in
MalayaMostly worked as labourers in plantations
Sikh
Originated from PunjabMostly worked as police and railway station
officers, security guards. Also involved in the rearing of cows. It was said that the Sikh’s bullock cart service was an important form of transport in the tin mines.
Starting from the 1920s, there were many Sikhs involved in business and the professionals fields.
Economy
The Chettiar groups came to Malaysia as loan providers and were not involved in other businesses. However, many of them started businesses like restaurants, hairdressing and cloth stores.
The majority of the Indians in Malaysia had low income, and was involved in low-skilled or unskilled occupations.
Politics
The main Indian political party in Malaysia is the MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress).
The opposition by the citizens of India against the British colonialists greatly influenced the political activities of the Indians in Malaya before World War One.
Sociocultural
Majority of the Indians in Malaysia from South Indian descent speak Tamil.
Every group has its own dialect, societies and religion. Most of the temples in Malaysia are Saivite temples.
The religious festivals celebrated are Thaipusam in Penang and Kuala Lumpur and Sithraparuvam in Teluk Intan and punggal or New Year festival.
INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF SABAH AND SARAWAK
KadazanThe largest community, also known as the
Dusun people.Originally from Kalimantan and most of them
live in the hinterland.Concentrated in the areas of the Ranau and
Tambunan Valley.
BajauThis community was originally from Mindanao and Sulu Island and was known as the sea people and Samal people.
Concentrated in Semporna, Kota Belud and Timbang Island in Sandakan Bay.
MurutLive mostly in the interior such as Tenom,
Rundu, and PensianganA small number among them still live in long
houses and are nomads
SuluOriginally from the Sulu Archipelago and now
concentrated in Sungai Sugut Muslims- BruneiOriginally from Brunei and now settled in
Sabah, in Beaufort, Kimanis and PaparMuslims
Malay Originally from Sumatra, they have been there since the 15th
centuryLive mostly along the coastal areaMuslimsMelanauLive mostly along the Igan, Oya and Mukah rivers.MuslimsAssimilated with the Malays and practice the Malay culture.IbanOriginally from Kalimantan (River Kapuas)Also known as the Sea DayaksThe largest community and live in inland areas such as along
the Sungai Sekrang, Sungai Batang Lupar and Sungai Rejang
PenanMost of them live as nomads in the woods.Kelabit Settled mainly in the area of the rivers Baram and RejangThe most famous of their villages is BarioSome of them still live in long houses
Negrito
-Kensiu , Kintak , Jahai , Lanoh , Mendriq , Bateq
Found in Kedah, Perak, Kelantan and Pahang.
Small body Frame, Dark colored skin, Large nose,Curly hair
Activities: Cultivation and collecting forest products
Live near the edge of the jungle, along the banks of rivers
Senoi
Semai, Temiar, Jahut, Che Wong , Mahmeri, Semoq Beri
Found in Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu
Taller than Negritos, Dark colored skinActivities: Shifting cultivationSettlement areas: Hills, away from the coast.
Melayu Asli
Temuan , Semelai, Jakun, Kanaq People, Kuala People, Seletar People
Found in Selangor, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johore.
Larger and taller than Negritos, Dark colored skin, Straight and black hair
Farming,FishermanSettlements areas: Close to Malay villages
Concepts of Unity and Integration
National unity generally refers to the uniting of various groups that have different social and cultural backgrounds, into one physical entity.
Ethnic Relations in Malaysia
The country is a multi-racial society that has successfully created peace and become a model of a calm and peaceful plural society for other countries.
The Theory of Racial Relations
The relation between races can be seen from the degree of ‘nearness’ beginning with relations that are apart to relations that are close.
The processes portray how minority groups become part of the main stream of a society.
The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)
Segregation – Split the area of the residence, the school system, transportation, public facilities and others among the ethnic groups in a country by law (de jure) or not based on law (de facto).
Accomodation – The ethnic groups aware of each other’s norms and values but they continue to safeguard their own living culture. Each ethnic group sends a representative who represents his own group and sometimes they are mutually dependent on one another.
Acculturation – Known as cultural assimilation. Process of borrowing or accepting the cultural elements of the majority group, without changing the original cultural elements.
The Theory of Racial Relations (Cont’d)
Assimilation – Known as structural assimilation. The concept of assimilation is about the entry into a dominant society through friendship and close connection.
Amalgamation – Happens when culture or race mixes to form types of new culture and race. e.g.: inter-marriage between ethnic groups or races.
History of Ethnic RelationsBefore a society achieves the stage of integration,
it usually goes through five stages of change.- Stage of co-existence:The people in same area rarely communicate and
contact between them is limited to matters of necessity only.
-Stage of frequent external contact:Gradually frequent contact among the
communities occurred, but the contact was still unable to establish an understanding among them.
History of Ethnic Relations- Stage of compromise:Communities’ conscious of their common interest
and usually compromise takes place in the economic and political area.
- Stage of unity:The communities in the society compromise and
cooperate as much as possible, there is the tendency for them to live unite in many ways
- Stage of integration:Cooperation among races and they share the
same values create a sense of belonging and strong ties among them.
National Integration Problems
PrejudicePre-judgment action or attitude towards
other groups or races.CommunalismAttitude of favouring one’s own ethnic
community. Lead to social gaps between ethnic.
EthnocentrismBelief that one’s own culture is superior to
that of others.
Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to IntegrationIgnorance of other ethnic groupsLimited or lack of understanding of the way of
life, the living conditions and the problems of other races.
Socialization only within ethnic groupsProcess of socialization of one ethnic group
cannot be exposing to other cultural elements.Communal PoliticsEach community still has their own racial
political party to voice the feelings and demands of their community.
Causes and Reinforcing Obstacles to Integration( Cont’d)Socio-economic differenceThe socio-economic differences among the
ethnic groups still obvious and led to jealousy and suspicious.
Cultural DifferencesDifferent cultures could spark off feelings of
prejudice, racism, and ethnocentricism.Segregation or Physical SeparationPhysical segregation results in an ethnic
group not knowing another ethnic group.
THE STRIFE TOWARDS UNITY AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Political EffortsActions through the legislative system – laws and
acts are made by Parliament to settle the problem related to unity.
The Constitution contains a number of clauses oriented towards racial equality, such as allocations that provide protection to certain communities.
Political Efforts (Cont’d)
The Seditions Act aimed at preventing an individual from raising sensitive issues in public.
The Internal Security Act (ISA) is aimed at protecting the country’s interests and internal security.
The Alliance, the Barisan Nasional unites all the parties into one bigger multi-racial organization.
Economic Efforts
Government took some measures and recorded in the five-year plan and government development policies to have economic equity among the races and to reduce the identification of race by economic activity.
Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans, license and work contracts.
Economic Efforts (Cont’d)Government encourages the bumiputra
community to buy government shares and property like MARA.
Creating industrial zones to give employment opportunities to the bumiputra community.
Government encourages foreign investors to invest in the country.
Social and Cultural Efforts
The government encourages the sharing of values among the races.
In 1971, the government introduces the concept of National Culture to create a national identity for the plural society of Malaysia.
The Malay language was used as the official language and also the national system of education.
The government sets up agencies and organizations such as KEMAS to develop racial unity.
Methods for Socio-psychological Development
Methods for Socio-economic Development