![Page 1: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Learning
Chapter 1
![Page 2: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A Definition of Learning
Learning is:An experiential processResulting in a relatively permanent changeNot explained by temporary states, maturation, or innate response tendencies.
![Page 3: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Three Limits on the Definition
The change that occurs during learning is a potential for behavior that depends on other conditions.Learning is not always a permanent change.
What can be learned can be unlearned.
Changes also occur for other reasons – maturation, motivation.
![Page 4: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Roots of Behavior Theory
Functionalism – behavior promotes survival, study behavior to understand its adaptive function.
Dewey – lower animals have reflexes, humans have a flexible mindJames – people have instinctsBrucke – internal biochemical forces motivate behavior in all species.
![Page 5: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Criticisms of Functionalism
The variety of behavior across cultures is inconsistent with universal human instincts.Infants seem to have few innate instincts (only fear, rage, love?).Labeling everything an instinct doesn’t aid understanding much.
Bernard cataloged 2000+ instincts
![Page 6: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Behaviorism
A search for the laws governing learning.Emphasis on experience.Avoidance of mentalistic concepts.Based on Aristotle’s idea of the association of ideas.
In order for two ideas to become associated, they must be paired together in time (temporally).
![Page 7: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
British Associationists
Locke – thinking consists of:Simple ideas – passive impressions received by the senses.Complex ideas – the combination (association) of simple ideas (a rose).
Hume – associations are based on:Resemblance (similarity)Contiguity in time or placeCause and effect
![Page 8: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8
![Page 9: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
![Page 10: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Learning Curve for Cats in Box
![Page 11: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thorndike’s Laws
Also called S-R learning.Law of effect – A chance act becomes a learned behavior when a connection is formed between a stimulus (S) and a response (R) that is rewarded.Law of exercise – the S-R connection is strengthened by use and weakened with disuse.
![Page 12: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Thorndike’s Laws (Cont.)
Law of readiness – motivation is needed to develop an association or display changed behavior.Associative shifting – a learned behavior (response) can be shifted from one stimulus to another.
Once a behavior is learned, the stimulus is gradually changed.Fish + “stand up”, then “stand up” alone.
![Page 14: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pavlov’s Studies
![Page 15: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pavlov’s Conditioned Reflex
Conditioning -- a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce one.Learning occurs through pairing in time and place of one stimulus with another stimulus that produces a response.This is a kind of associative shifting, but the response is involuntary.
![Page 16: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Terminology of Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)Produces a reflexive response without learning.
Unconditioned response (UR or UCR)
The response that occurs, typically a reflex, involuntary and automatic.
![Page 17: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
More Terminology
Neutral stimulusA stimulus not capable of producing an unconditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to evoke a response.
Conditioned response (CR)The learned response, similar to the UCR, an involuntary reflex.
![Page 18: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Two Examples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOMMy1cmamE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-S2g8CXUAk&feature=related
![Page 19: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Prior to conditioning
Neutral stimulus(tone)
(Orientation to soundbut no response)
UCS(food powder in mouth)
UCR(salivation)
ConditioningNeutral stimulus
CS (tone)
UCS(food powder)
+CR
(salivation)
After conditioningCS
(tone)CR
(salivation)
![Page 20: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conditioning Processes
Stimulus generalization – stimuli like the CS become able to evoke the conditioned response.Extinction – if the UCS and CS are not paired, the CS loses its ability to produce a conditioned response.Spontaneous recovery – an extinguished CS briefly returns but quickly goes away again.
![Page 21: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
![Page 22: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Little Albert
![Page 23: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Watson & Raynor
Human fears can be acquired through Pavlovian conditioning.
Rat paired with loud noiseStimulus generalized to other white objects (white rabbit, white fur coat)
Mary Cover Jones developed counterconditioning -- a technique for eliminating conditioned fears.
Acquisition of fear-inhibiting response
![Page 24: Introduction to Learning - California State Polytechnic ...nalvarado/PSY402 PPTs/PDFs/KleinCh1.pdf · Thorndike’s Puzzle Box. Learning Curve for Cats in Box. Thorndike’s Laws](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022117/5c91287409d3f242278c6e91/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ethics of Learning Research
Animals and humans are now protected by oversight and ethical guidelines.Pain or injury to animals must be weighed against and justified by the knowledge to be gained.Electric shock typically is uncomfortable and upsetting but not physically harmful.