Download - Introduction to Industrial Hygiene
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Introduction to Industrial Hygiene
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History of Industrial Hygiene
• 370 BC – Hippocrates identifies lead poisoning in miners and metallurgists.
• 50 AD – Pliny the Elder identified use of animal bladders intended to prevent inhalation of dust and lead fume.
• 1556 – Georgius Agricola – describes diseases and accidents associated with mining, smelting,
and refining.• 1567 – Paracelsus – described respiratory diseases
among miners.• 1700 – Bernardino Ramazzini – published “De Morbis
Artificum Diatriba” (Diseases of Workers)
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History of Industrial Hygiene
• 1775 – Percival Pott described scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps in England. Led to Chimney Sweeps Act of 1788.
• 1830 – Charles Thackrah publishes first book on occupational diseases in England.
• 1919 – Alice Hamilton writes “Exploring the Dangerous Trades”.
• 1936 – Walsh Healy Act requires companies supplying the government to maintain a safe and healthy work environment.
• 1939 – AIHA formed.• 1960 – First CIHs (18) recognized by ABIH• 1970 – OSH Act formed OSHA
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Industrial Hygiene
• Recognition, evaluation, and control of environmental factors which may cause sickness or impaired health among workers
• Environmental Factors– Chemical
– Biological
– Physical
– Ergonomic
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Chemical Hazards
• Physical Hazards• Health Hazards• Particulates
– Dusts
– Fumes
– Mists
– Fibers
• Gases• Vapors• Oxygen Deficiency• Combinations of above
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Biological Hazards
• Bacteria– Brucellosis, legionella,
tuberculosis • Viruses
– Hepatitis B– HIV
• Mold• Allergens
– Dander– Latex
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Physical Hazards
• Temperature• Noise• Vibration• Electromagnetic radiation• Ionizing radiation• Non-ionizing radiation
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Ergonomics
• Interaction between people and their work environment
• Adapt the job to fit the person• Primary risk factors
– Lifting– Twisting – Bending– Pushing, pulling– Awkward postures
– Repetitive motions
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Industrial Hygiene
• Recognition
• Evaluation
• Control
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Recognition of Potential Health Hazards
• Visible dust or fume clouds• Odors• Symptoms
– Irritation of skin or eyes– Headache– Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty hearing• Chemical inventory• Knowledge of the industry
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Recognition – Chemical Inventory
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Recognition- Visible
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Recognition - Ergonomics
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Evaluation - Screening
• Screening techniques– Detector tubes & badges– Sound level meters– Particle counters– Radiation survey meters– Area or personal samples
Detector Tubes
Sound Level Meter
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Evaluation – Detector Tubes & Badges
Draeger Gas Detector Tubes Toxic Gas Detector System
MSA Kwik-Draw Pump
3M Organic VaporPassive Air Monitoring Badge
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Evaluation – Full Shift
• Full Shift Instruments– Air sampling pumps (1)– Electronic data loggers (2)– Badge dosimeters (chemical & radiation)(3)– Noise dosimeters (4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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Hierarchy of Controls
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative (work practice) Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment
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Engineering Controls
• Elimination • Substitution• Process modification• Enclosure or containment or operation or worker• Ventilation
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Administrative Controls
• Changes in work procedures to reduce the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations.
• Written safety policies• Rules• Training• Supervision• Job rotation
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Personal Protective Equipment
• Last line of defense• Must be properly selected, used, & maintained• Gloves, safety glasses, respirators, safety shoes, protective clothing
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Summary
Recognition, evaluation, and control of environmental factors which may cause sickness or impaired health among workers.