Introductionto
Anatomy
(a)
The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thought the heart, not the brain, was the location of intelligence and thought.
The word "brain" appears on an ancient paper-like document (a "papyrus") called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. 1700 BC
Avicenna’s Canon remains the primary source of reference for almost 500 years.
Avicenna (980-1037): …. higher mental functions are stored in the ventricles.
شيخ الرئيس ابوعلي حسين بن عبدالله بن حسن بن علي بن م ( معروف به ابن سينا دركتاب تشريح 908 ـ 1037سينا )
الوجود)تشريح االعضاء، حقايق انسانيه ( به بحث در مورد تشريح سيستم عصبي پرداخته ، در كتاب قانون ، سه فصل در باب
وي بيماريهاي مزاجها و در دو فصل دربارة اخالط آورده استرواني را با بيماريهاي بدن و امور جنسي مرتبط مي دانسته و
مركز اعمال رواني را در مغز و نخاع معرفي كرده است . در كتاب دوم قانون به شرح بيماريهاي اعصاب ، مغز و سر
را براي ناميدن مغز ( Encephalon) پرداخته و واژة انسفالون ابداع كرد . در اين فصل تمامي اعضاء را به خوبي تشريح كرده و
پيدايش آنها را در ارتباط با لزوم هر يك توضيح داده است . وي در اين كتاب براي اولين بار دربارة عصب سه قلو شرح داده و بيماريهاي عصبي از جمله ، صرع ، مرگ كاذب ، فلج ، سردرد ، هذيان ، بيماريهاي ماليخوليايي و درمان آنها را بطور مشروح
مطرح كرده است .
Overview of Anatomy Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and
Latin Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy
Cytology Histology
Developmental anatomy Embryology
Comparative anatomy Scale uses metric system
Structural organization from simplest to most complex
Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and
function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing
specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together
to perform specific function Human organism
Levels of Organization:
Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale)
Organ systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Branches of anatomyGross anatomyMicroscopic anatomy
Cytology Histology
Developmental anatomy Embryology
Comparative anatomy
Gross Anatomy The anatomical position (see
right) Directional and regional terms
Medial v. lateral Proximal v. distal Cephalad v. caudad Interior v. superior Superficial v. deep Ipsilateral v. contralateral Flexion v. extension Ulnar deviation v. radial deviation Dorsiflexion v. plantar flexion Eversion v. inversion Medial rotation v. lateral rotation Abduction v. adduction Supination v. pronation Protraction v. retraction Elevation v. depression Rotation
Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called XS – cross section)
(also called coronal)
Body Planes, Sections and Lines
Sagittal- any longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
Mid-sagittal or median plane- divides the body into equal right and left halves
Coronal- longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
Mid-coronal- divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts
Horizontal or axial plane- transverse plane passing through the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane; divides into superior and inferior portions
Sectional Anatomy
3 sectional planes: transverse ( or cross) section
frontal (or coronal) section
sagittal section (mid- and para-)
Body cavities and membranes Dorsal cavity divided into cranial and vertebral Ventral cavity containing viscera (visceral organs)
divided into two main cavities Thoracic cavity
2 lateral pleural cavities Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa):
Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ
Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints
Body Cavities
Serosa
1.) parietal or visceral
2.) pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal*
Naming of serous membranes (serosa) :
Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavityVisceral serosa covers the visceral organ
*The 2nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
Pericardial: heartPleural: lungsPeritoneal: abdominal
In the clinic: Abdomino-pelvic Regions