Download - Interviews and Surveys
![Page 1: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Interviews and Surveys
![Page 2: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Interviews
Steinar Kvale, Svend Brinkmann, InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing.
![Page 3: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Interview
Interviewer Interviewee
Interview
![Page 4: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Interviews
Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured
![Page 5: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Interviews
Unstructured Interviews Researcher has a small set of self
prompts to investigate research question. One question can lead to a number of followup questions depending on the response. They tend to be more like conversations than interviews.
![Page 6: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Interviews
Semi-Structured Interviews Some interview questions fully decided,
others might not be fixed, and the other of questions in not fixed. The researcher has leeway in asking followup questions.
![Page 7: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Interviews
Structured Interviews Fixed and predetermined questions and
sequence of questions. No new questions added during interview, and questions given to interviewee by interview begins.
![Page 8: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
1. Themazing2. Designing3. Interviewing4. Transcribing5. Analyzing6. Verifying7. Reporting
![Page 9: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
1. Themazing
What is the theme of the interview?
![Page 10: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
2. Designing
How will the intended knowledge be obtained?
![Page 11: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
3. Interviewing
Conduct the interviews carefully
![Page 12: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
4. Transcribing
Converting interview into written text
![Page 13: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
5. Analyzing
Based on the appropriate type of investigation
![Page 14: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
6. Verifying
Checking that validity, reliability, and generalizibility of the findings
![Page 15: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Kvale’s Seven Stages
7. Reporting
Communicate findings in a scientific and ethical manner.
![Page 16: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Interview Questions
Introductory Questions
Warm up questions Followup
Questions Listen for “Red Lights”
Probing Questions Unlimited scope
question Specifying
Questions Exact information
Direct Questions Introducing a new topic
Indirect Questions Projective questions
Structuring Questions
Transitioning to new topics
Interpreting Question
Clarifying questions Silences
![Page 17: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Interviews
Establish a rapport Treat interviewees with respect Think about your appearance Think about body language Maintain firm eye contact Don’t Invade their space
![Page 18: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Interviews
How are you going to record Tape recorder Pen and paper - veratim Video recorder
![Page 19: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Analysing Text
![Page 20: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Analysing Text
Faced with the lack of organisation of data and the sheer amount of rambling can be somewhat overwhelming
With the best will in the world about trying to avoid bias, when there is multiple interpretations of data, selecting the one that best matches your research question becomes very tempting.
![Page 21: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Simple Tabulation
Subject Money Fame Power Social Fulfilment Other
1 15 6 4 0 1 38
2 5 3 6 5 4 27
3 1 0 3 12 21 46
…..
Total
Reasons for Choosing a career
![Page 22: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Choosing categories
Use ones from the literature Blame someone else / comparison
Use categories connected with your research question
Derive categories from data
![Page 23: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Deriving Categories
Verbatim Analysis Knowledge management <> Knowledge engineering <>
Knowledge representation <> Knowledge reasoning “Compatible with Windows” <> “Windows-Compatible”
Gist Analysis “Compatible with Windows” == “Windows-Compatible”
Superordinate Analysis Derive superclasses Windows-Compatible + Linux-Compatible => category of
“Compatibility”
![Page 24: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
How are you going to analyse
Colour Coding
![Page 25: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Analysis of Interviews
![Page 26: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Meaning Analysis
Meaning Coding Adding tags or keywords to text segments
that represent the main themes of the interviews
Meaning Condensation Summarising larger sentences into short,
simple sentences. Meaning Interpretation
Adding more details, background and context to specific parts of the interview
![Page 27: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Language Analysis
Linguistical Analysis Looking at the linguistics and grammar
Conversation Analysis Treating the interview as a conversation
Narrative Analysis Treating the interview as a story
Discourse Analysis Try to evaluate the truth of the responses
Deconstruction Taking the interview apart and putting together again
![Page 28: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Eclectic Analysis
Bricolage Using a collection of techniques as a
collage Theoretical Reading
Creating your own reading on the text
![Page 29: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Interviews FAQ
![Page 30: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What books should I read about interviews?
Anything and everything by Steinar Kvale
“Interpreting Qualitative Data” by David Silverman
“Research Design” by John Creswell
![Page 31: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Do I need to record the interview?
Yes, definitely, you can use Pen-and-paper Audio recording Video recording
But whichever you use, you must do a verbatim recording of the interview, both questions and answers.
![Page 32: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
How do I think of questions for the interview?
There really should be two sources All questions need to come from the
research question of the experiment If you find literature with a sufficiently
similar research topic, you can use or adapt those questions
![Page 33: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
How many people should I interview?
15 ±10 people
is a good rule-of thumb
![Page 34: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Are there situations where I shouldn’t use interviews?
Yes, loads of situations, e.g. electoral voting behaviour, or capturing a person’s attitudes and interactions with their environments.
![Page 35: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
When should I do the interviews?
Typically there are two times to do interviews; As part of the requirements gathering
process As part of the evaluation process
![Page 36: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Are there software packages that can help me ??
Loads ATLAS.ti nVIVO MaxQDA NUD*IST HyperRESEARCH
But, do not underestimate the power of Excel, it’s a brilliant tool when used well
![Page 37: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Further Tips
Decide on an order of questions that easily flows one to the next
Try to use language that is easy to understand and relevant to the interviewee
Avoid Leading questions Try to stop the interviewee using qualifiers Add a few control questions into the interview for
validation Avoid smalltalk during the interview LISTEN, LISTEN, LISTEN
![Page 38: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Questionnaires
A.N. Oppenheim, Questionnaire Design
![Page 39: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Questionnaire
Identify which organisation you work for, or are studying at.
Check your grammar, twice (Rule of Thumb – two proofreads gets rid of 95% of errors).
![Page 40: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Surveys: Questionnaires Think clearly about questions (need to
constrain answers as much as possible)
Make sure results will answer your research question
Can use Internet for conducting surveys if need to cover wide geographic reach
![Page 41: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Surveys: Questionnaires “This survey sets out to ...
Please note if you fill in this questionnaire, your answers will be treated in highly confidential way. Neither I, the Dublin Institute of Technology nor any other third part will identify your name, email address or any other personal details, nor will it be possible to identify you in any way in the report I will publish as part of my MSc dissertation. I would like to personally thank you for your time in taking part in this survey.”
![Page 42: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Questionnaires
Open-ended Close-ended Combination of both
![Page 43: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Questionnaires
Open-ended Close-ended
![Page 44: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Questionnaires
Open-ended Slower to administer Harder to record responses Does not stifle response Answerer can raise new issues Answerer feels they can speak their mind What does a blank answer mean ????
![Page 45: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Questionnaires
Close-ended Faster to administer Easier to record responses Answerer can only give predefined answers Answerer cannot raise new issues Answerer feels constrained More likely to answer all questions (box tick)
![Page 46: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Questionnaires
Self-administered
Interviewer administered
![Page 47: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Questionnaires
![Page 48: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Questionnaires
Keep questions short and simple Avoid questions with “not” Avoid questions with bias Avoid sensitive questions (ask indirectly) Do not ask compound questions, just ask
one question at a time e.g. "Do you know what services are available to
you and how to find out?"
![Page 49: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Questionnaires
Likert scales Poor, Weak, O.K., Good, Excellent Very Low, Low, O.K., High, Very High 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
![Page 50: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Thank them
"Thank you for taking the time to participate in this survey"
![Page 51: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Incentives
Survey research suggests that there is a chance that offering an incentive may add bias to a survey
e.g. Singer, E., Bossarte, R., 2006, “Incentives for Survey Participation: When Are They “Coercive”?, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 31, Issue 5, Pages 411-418
![Page 52: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Other Useful Approaches
![Page 53: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Focus groups
Take time to arrange, so prepare in advance (use an intermediary to help you if you can)
Who will be in your focus group? (e.g. age, gender)
Size of focus group (8-10 is typical) Consider whether or not to have separate
focus groups for different ages or genders (e.g. discussing sex and sexuality)
![Page 54: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Site visits and observation
Site visits involve visiting an organization, community project etc
Consider using a guide Observation is when you visit a location and
observe what is going on, drawing your own conclusions
Both facilitate making your research more relevant and concrete
![Page 55: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Case studies
Method of capturing and presenting concrete details of real or fictional situations in a structured way
Good for comparative analysis
![Page 56: Interviews and Surveys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022052301/54c779164a795968738b4583/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Participatory research
Allows participation of community being researched in research process (e.g. developing research question; choosing methodology; analysing results)
Good way to ensure research does not simply reinforce prejudices and presumptions of researcher
Good for raising awareness in community and developing appropriate action plans