Download - Intelligent Use of LAPS
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Intelligent Use of LAPS
By Ed Szoke andSteve Albers
16 December 1999
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LAPSA system designed to:
• Exploit all available data sources• Create analyzed and forecast grids• Build products for specific forecast applications• Use advanced display technology
…All within the local weather office
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Why do analysis in the local office?
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“THE CONCEPT OF THE LOCAL DATA BASE IS CENTRAL TO FUTURE OPERATIONS…THE MOST COMPLETE DATA SETS WILL ONLY BE AVAILABLE TO THE LOCAL WFO. THE NEW OBSERVING SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE INTEGRATED 3-D DEPICTIONS OF THE RAPIDLY CHANGING STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.”
-Strategic plan for the modernization and associated restructuring of the National Weather Service
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Data Acquisition and Quality Control
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Local Data Local Data may be defined as that data not entering into the
National Database• Sources
– Highway Departments• Many States with full or partial networks
– Agricultural Networks• State run, sometimes private
– Universities• Experimental observations
– Private Industry• Environmental monitoring
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Problems with Local Data
• Poor Maintenance
• Poor Communications
• Poor Calibration
Result ----------------> Inaccurate, Irregular,Observations
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Quality Control Methods• Gross Error Checks
Rough Climatological Estimates
• Statistical Models
Buddy Checking
• Dynamical Models
Use of meso-beta models
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Requirements for QC Scheme
• Runnable in weather offices on small workstations
• Adaptable to ongoing model improvement
• Adaptable to daily variations in model skill
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SOLUTION: The KALMAN FILTER• Adaptable to small workstations• Accommodates models of varying
complexity• Model error is a dynamic quantity within
the filter, thus the scheme adjusts as model skill varies
Requirements for QC Scheme (cont.)
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LAPS Overview
• LAPS Grid
– Horizontal Resolution = 10 km– Vertical Resolution = 50 mb– Size: 61 x 61 x 21
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LAPS Analysis Software
• Analysis package has been in each version of WFO-Advanced delivered to PRC and NWS
• LAPS in current build (AWIPS 4.2) is primitive
• Awaiting requirements for build 5.0, such as resizeability, relocatability, advanced quality control techniques, etc.
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Sources of LAPS Information
• The LAPS homepage http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov provides access to many links including:
• What is in AWIPS LAPS?http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/LAPS/AWIPS_WFO_page.htm
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Initially (Version 4.0) NOT MUCH!AWIPS SURFACE SATELLITE RADAR SOUNDING PROFILER BACKGROUND MODEL
4.1 METARS 8bit IR Only None Inactive Network RUC (Can use Eta)
4.2 LDAD** Same Low-level Inactive Network RUC (Can use Eta) Z, Level 3 RPG, No V
Full All Derived Mulitple RAOBS RASS Other ModelsLAPS Soundings Radars Boundary 10bit IR All levels Layer & VIS Z and V Profilers
** if Available
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Quote from the Field
"...for the hourly LAPS soundings, you can go to interactive skew-T, and loop the editable soundings from one hour to the next, and get a more accurate idea of how various parameters are changing on an hourly basis...nice. We continue to find considerable use of the LAPS data (including soundings) for short-term convective forecasting."
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There are 3 main components1) Temperature
(http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/albers/laps/talks/temp/sld001.htm)
2) Moisture (http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/albers/laps/talks/cloud/sld001.htm)
3) Wind (http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/albers/laps/talks/wind/sld001.htm)
See Steve Albers discussion at:http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/presentations/presentations.html
The Component of LAPS
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3D Temperature• Interpolate from model (RUC)• Insert sonde and RASS if available
– normally radius of influence not used unless more than one sounding
• Insert surface temperature and blend upward – depending on stability and elevation
• Surface temperature analysis depends on– METARS and LDAD– Gradients adjusted by IR temperature
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3D Moisture
• Preliminary analysis from vertical “soundings” derived from METARS and PIREPS
• IR used to determine cloud top (using temperature field)
• Radar data inserted (3-D if available)• Visible satellite used
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Products Derived from Wind Analysis
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Case Study Example
An example of the use of LAPS in convective event
13-14 May 1999
Location: DEN-BOU WFO
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• Late on the 13th we see moisture returning in far eastern CO on “screaming” southerly flow. A Severe Thunderstorm Watch was issued at 4 PM (2200 UTC) for portions of northeast CO and nearby areas.
• Note the change in the moisture near LBF
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LAPS surface CAPE with CIN and METARS
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LAPS sounding near LBF
2300 UTC
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LAPS sounding near LBF
0000 UTC
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LAPS sounding near LBF
0100 UTC
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• On the next day, 14 May the moisture is in place. A line of storms develops along the foothills around noon LT (1800 UTC) and moves east. LAPS used to diagnose potential for severe development. A Tornado Watch issued by ~1900 UTC for portions of eastern CO and nearby areas.
• A brief tornado did form in far eastern CO west of GLD around 0000 UTC the 15th. Other tornadoes occurred later near GLD.
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NOWRAD and METARS with LAPS surface CAPE
2100 UTC
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NOWRAD and METARS with LAPS surface CIN
2100 UTC
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Dewpoint max appears near CAPE max, but between METARS
2100 UTC
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Examine soundings near CAPE max at points B, E and F
2100 UTC
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Soundings near CAPE max at B, E and F
2100 UTC
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RUC also has dewpoint max near point E
2100 UTC
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LAPS & RUC sounding comparison at point E (CAPE Max)
2100 UTC
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CAPE Maximum persists in same area
2200 UTC
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CIN minimum in area of CAPE max
2200 UTC
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Point E, CAPE has increased to 2674 J/kg
2200 UTC
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Convergence and Equivalent Potential Temperature are co-located
2100 UTC
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How does LAPS sfc divergence compare to that of the RUC?
Similar over the plains.
2100 UTC
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LAPS winds every 10 km, RUC winds every 80 km
2100 UTC
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• The next images show a series of LAPS soundings from near LBF illustrating some dramatic changes in the moisture aloft. Why does this occur?
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LAPS sounding near LBF
1600 UTC
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LAPS sounding near LBF
1700 UTC
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LAPS sounding near LBF
1800 UTC
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LAPS sounding near LBF
2100 UTC
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• Now we will examine some LAPS cross-sections to investigate the changes in moisture, interspersed with a sequence of satellite images showing the location of the cross-section, C-C` (from WSW to ENE across DEN)
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Visible image with LAPS 700 mb temp and wind and METARS
1500 UTC
Note the strong thermal gradient aloft from NW-S (snowing in southern WY) and the LL moisture gradient across eastern CO.
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LAPS Analysis at 1500 UTC, Generated with Volume Browser
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Visible image
1600 UTC
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Visible image
1700 UTC
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LAPS cross-section
1700 UTC
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LAPS cross-section
1800 UTC
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LAPS cross-section
1900 UTC
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• The cross-sections show some fairly substantial changes in mid-level RH. Some of this is related to LAPS diagnosis of clouds, but the other changes must be caused by the satellite moisture analysis between cloudy areas. It is not clear how believable some of these are in this case.
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• Another field that can be monitored with LAPS is helicity. A description of LAPS helicity is at
http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/frd/laps/LAPB/AWIPS_WFO_page.htm
• A storm motion is derived from the mean wind (sfc-300 mb) with an off mean wind motion determined by a vector addition of 0.15 x Shear vector, set to perpendicular to the mean storm motion
• Next we’ll examine some helicity images for this case. Combining CAPE and minimum CIN with helicity agreed with the path of the supercell storm that produced the CO tornado.
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NOWRAD with METARS and LAPS surface helicity
1900 UTC
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NOWRAD with METARS and LAPS surface helicity
2000 UTC
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NOWRAD with METARS and LAPS surface helicity
2100 UTC
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NOWRAD with METARS and LAPS surface helicity
2200 UTC
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NOWRAD with METARS and LAPS surface helicity
2300 UTC
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Case Study Example (cont.)
• Now we’ll show some other LAPS fields that might be useful (and some that might not…)
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Divergence compares favorably with the RUC
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The omega field has considerable detail (which is highly influenced by topography
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LAPS Topography
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Vorticity is a smooth field in LAPS
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Comparison with the Eta does show some differences.
Are they real?
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Stay Away from DivQ at 10 km
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Why Run Models in the Weather Office?
• Diagnose local weather features to enhance conceptual models– sea/mountain breezes– modulation of synoptic scale features
• Take advantage of high resolution terrain data to downscale national model forecasts– orography is a data source!
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• Take advantage of unique local data– radar– surface mesonets
• Have an NWP tool under local control for scheduled and special support
• Take advantage of powerful/cheap computers
Why Run Models in the Weather Office? (cont.)
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• Much of what LAPS generates makes it ideal for initializing a local scale model- even if some of the products may not be particularly useful in the WFO (like the cloud analysis, etc.)
LAPS Philosophy
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Modeling Approaches
• Diagnostic Mode
• Basic Operational “Downscaling” Mode
• Data Assimilation and Forecast Mode
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SFM forecast showing details of the orographic precipitation, as well as capturing the Longmont anticyclone flow on the plains
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• You can see more about our local modeling efforts at
http://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/szoke/lapsreview/start.html• What else in the future? (besides hopefully a more
complete input data stream to AWIPS LAPS...)• Learn more about a different kind of visualization,
D3D, athttp://laps.fsl.noaa.gov/d3d/ams99/rtII/start.html
LAPS Summary
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D3D Example
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Example of Powerful Sounding Tool in D3D
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