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Integumentary System
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Functions of the integumentarysystem
• Protection from the environment-the skin is the superficial surface of the body
• Thermoregulation-secretions from sweat glands in the skin cool the body down
• Storage of lipids-adipose tissue (fat)• Vitamin D synthesis• Provides sensory info-sensory receptors located
in the skin
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Fig 4.1
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Adipose CT
Fig 4.2
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Layers of the epidermis
Stratum basal (germinativum)-attached to basement membrane, contains stem cells & melanocytes
Stratum spinosum-keratinization begins
Stratum granulosum-process of adding keratin continues
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Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin
Stratum corneum-at surface of skinLayers of dead interlocking keratinocytesContains large amount of keratinMakes a dry water resistant layer
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Epidermis
Fig 4.3
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Thick & thin skin
• Thick skin has 5 layers in the epidermis-includes the stratum lucidum, plantar/palmar
• Thick skin has a thicker stratum corneum
Fig 4.4
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Fingerprints-thick skin
• Epidermis-epidermal ridges
• Dermis-dermal papillae
Fig 4.4
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Dermis
• Composed of connective tissue• Highly vascular• Contain nerves and sensory receptors• Located deep to the epidermis• Has two layers:
– Papillary layer provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermis
– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collage fibers surrounding dermal organs
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Papillary & Reticular layersPapillary layerConsists of areolar CT provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermisTattoo ink is injected into the papillary layer
Reticular layer– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collage fibers
surrounding dermal organs – Wrinkles and stretch marks arise from degradation of
the reticular layer
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Lines of cleavage-clinical aspect
• Collagen & elastic fibers are arranged in parallel bundles in the skin
• Incisions parallel to the lines of cleavage heal faster than incisions at a right angle to the line of cleavage
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Hypodermis
• Loose Ct with adipose cells• Regional distributions of adipose in males
and females
• Stabilizes position of organs• Reduces heat loss• Energy reserve• Cushion
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?’s about the integument
• Text chapter 4
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Accessory structures
• Hair, nails, & glands in the skin (dermis)
• Hair grows everywhere except areas with thick skin and portions of the external genitalia
• Hair is formed in organs called hair follicles
• Hair give added sensory info and protects orifices of the body (nostrils, ears)
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Hair
• Types of hairs on the body:• Vellus hairs-“peach fuzz” over most of the body
• Intermediate hairs-hairs stimulated by hormones-pubic hair, beard, distal appendages
• Terminal hairs-hairs on head, eyebrows, eyelashes
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• Hair is dead keratinized epithelial cells
Fig
4.10Soft keratin
hard keratin
hard keratin
follicle
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Glands in the skin
Fig
4.12
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Sebaceous glands
• Branch off of hair follicles• Release oily secretion on to hair
Fig 4.9
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Sweat glands• Apocrine-in the
axillary, areolae & inguinal regions
• -secrete into hair
• Merocrine (eccrine)-all over the body– Secrete onto skin– Smaller and more
superficial than apocrine glands Fig
4.14
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• Mammary glands-modified apocrineglands that release breast milk
• Cerumious glands-modified merocrineglands that release cerumen (ear wax)
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mechanismof secretion
holocrine merocrine apocrine
Type of gland
Sebaceous glands
merocrine(eccrine) &Apocrineglands
Mammary glands
Fig 3.9
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Nails
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• Protect distal ends of finger & toes• Stratum corneum forms the hyponychium
and eponychium• Blood vessels give the pink color
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Fig 4.15
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Layers of the integument-review
• Epidermis-stratified squamous epithelial tissue – Stratum corneum-thicker in thick skin-palmar/plantar– Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin– Stratum granulosum-contains keratin &
(melanin in people of African decent)
– Stratum spinosum-contains melanin & keratinocytes
– Stratum basal (germinativum)-contain melanocytes-melanin
• Dermis- Papillary layer-areolar CT
deep
superficial
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• Dermis– Papillary layer- areolar CT
• Eccrine sweat glands-watery secretions• Sebaceous glands- oily secertions• Meissners corpuscle-sensory receptors for soft touch
– Reticular layer- dense irregular CT• Apocrine sweat glands- smelly secretions
• Hypodermis– Adipose CT– Pacinian corpuscles-sensory receptors for deep
pressure
deep
superficial
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Adipose CT
Fig 4.2
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Burns to the skinclassification damage Affected organs Appearance and
sensation1st degree burn
Superficial cells of the epidermis are killed. Dermis cells are injured-papillary layer
Hair follicles & glands unaffected
Hair follicles & glands may be affected
Sensory nerves, accessory structure, blood vessels destroyed
Inflamed, tender
2nd degree burn
Injury to dermis-reticular layer
Blister, pain
3rd degree burn
All dermal cells are killed. Injury to the hypodermis
Charred, less pain than 1st and 2nd
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Aging & the Integumentary systemChanges that occurChanges that occur ResultResultEpidermis thins-less germinative cell activity
More prone to injury/infection
Decreased # of Langerhans cells
Reduced immune function
Decreased melanocyte activity
More sensitivity to sun/sunburn
Reduced Vitamin. D synthesis Muscle/bone weaknessDecreased dermal blood supply & sweat/oil gland activity
Reduced ability to regulate temperature, dryer skin
Hair follicles function decreases
Thinner hairs, grey/white hairs, balding
Dermis thins, elastic fiber network shrinks
Weaker sagging wrinkled skin
Skin repairs slowly Recurring infections
FYI
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Lab 5
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Adipose CT
Fig 4.2
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Fig 4.9
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