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Compensation Committee Report
Integration of Technologies to Treat Eagle Ford Shale Flowback Water
for Discharge or Reuse
Brian J Mastin, Ph.D.Behrang (Ben) Pakzadeh, Ph.D., P.E.
Presented to:
International Petroleum Engineering Conference
Houston, TX
October 13-17, 2014
Behrang (Ben) Pakzadeh, Ph.D., P.E.B. Chatterton, J. Renew, D. Philbrook,
J. Min and A. Chan
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Acknowledgement
Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America for Project FundingFunding
Kent Perry of RPSEA for his support
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Introduction
Objective:
To develop an innovative approach for shale hydraulic fracturing water treatment, to meet site-hydraulic fracturing water treatment, to meet site-specific water quality objectives for:
1. Reuse and/or
2. Discharge: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) quality water
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Project Objectives:
• Perform bench-scale efficacy studies with MBC• Perform bench- and pilot-scale efficacy studies with FMX & RO • Perform solidification and stabilization experiments • Process integration and optimization• Field demonstration experiments • Field demonstration experiments • Risk evaluation and economical analysis of final integration
compared to conventional treatment technologies
This presentation provides preliminary:
Process interpretation dataPreparation for field demonstration
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Process Integration
To Reuse
To Reuse
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Magnetic Ballast Clarification (MBC)
• Clarification using magnetite and polymer
• Fully oxidized form of iron (Fe304)
• Polymer attaches suspended solids to magnetite, • Polymer attaches suspended solids to magnetite, forms a dense magnetic floc, and settles rapidly
• Magnetic floc removed from the water by gravity and magnetically
• Magnetite is cleaned and recycled in-situ
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Magnetic Ballast Clarification (MBC)
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FMX - Technical Background
• Patented Fouling Resistance Membrane Filtration System
• Treatment of high solids, density, & viscosity wastewaters
• Reduces chemical cleaning requirements
• Karman Vortex - strong turbulence with minimum energy
• Foulants on the boundary layers are disrupted and carried away by the feed stream
Vortex Generator System
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Initial Characterization of Water Samples
Parameter Bakken Produced Water - Williston
Eagle Ford Flowback Water -
Galvan
Eagle Ford Flowback Water
- Gonzalez
pH 5.49 4.33 7.58
TDS (mg/L) 357,527 1,493 1,832
TSS (mg/L) 3,134 1,559 479
Chloride (mg/L) 186,755 <100 302
Sodium (mg/L) 97,182 125 231
Calcium (mg/L) 18,520 99 209
Magnesium (mg/L) 1,287 19 31
Potassium (mg/L) 6,957 17 50
Boron (mg/L) 451 1 0.9
Silica (mg/L) 118 23 27
Iron (mg/L) 157 7.6 0.5
Strontium (mg/L) 81 0.06 0.09
Barium (mg/L) 29 0.5 0.34
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Purpose of MBC Clarification
Protect the FMX filter • Remove Suspended Solids • Remove Suspended Solids • Remove Oil and Grease
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Total Suspended Solids
• 3 test waters• Multiple polymer
combinations tested • Most conditions
exceeded 90% TSS removal
• All tests exceeded 80% TSS removal
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Oil and Grease
• 3 test waters• Wide range of
polymer and polymer and coagulant aides
• Feed – 1,800 mg/L oil and grease
• Overflow < 70 mg/L
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MBC Efficacy
Treatability test with polymers/chemicals and magnetite
Flowback Water from Eagle Ford
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Purpose of the FMX Ultra-Filter (UF)
•Remove remainder of TSS•Remove some TDS•Generate a water suitable for reuse in •Generate a water suitable for reuse in additional fracturing operations
•Protect downstream RO filter from TSS
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FMX - TSS Results
Preferred Operating Range
< 500 mg/L
Removal of 80-99% of the remaining TSS that escaped the clarifier in the preferred operating region.
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FMX - TDS Results
Likely Range of TDS Loading at Field Site 1,200-30,000 mg/L
Expect FMX filter to remove 30-60% of the TDS from influent, depending on weave, ion selectivity, as well as flowback water composition
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Eagle Ford – Galvan: Bench-Scale Membrane Trials
NF
Concentrate
Feed
Permeate
Concentrate
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Purpose of the RO Filter
To generate highly purified water that can meet NPDES requirements.
RO Results - TDSRO Results - TDS• Four tests performed using FMX permeate as a feed stock
• Influents: 367 to 769 mg/L TDS• RO Permeates - “non-detect”
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Preliminary Performance Model
• Better understand the data generated, to date• Better understand the entire process and its inter-relationshipsrelationships
• Estimate “forward flows” and “return flows” in regard to solids management design
• Prepare experimental design for field demonstration
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Simple Model Flow-sheet
Feed
MBC
Overflow
FMX
Permeate Finished Water
RO
Answer Simple Questions: How Much of What from Where?
Underflow
ConcentrateConcentrate
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Example Flow Model Results
Assumption: Treat 1,000 liters per day based on data and reasonable engineering estimates from the Eagleford Galvan data sets.from the Eagleford Galvan data sets.
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How much water is produced?
1,000 L of Feedstock generates 615 L of clean water and 385 L of various concentrated sludges/slurries.
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How does the water change during the process?
The RO permeate is likely NPDES quality. The FMX permeate is of high quality and likely good for most reuse applications.
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What type of solids need to be handled?
Each process generates a distinctive waste, MBC generating slurry type materials and RO generating concentrated salts.
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Summary of Bench-scale Results
• Process expectations have been developed based on lab and bench experiments.
• Both the MBC and FMX can treat waters similar to the Eagleford samples.Eagleford samples.
• A single FMX membrane has been selected for field scale.
• A process model is being developed to aide in the transition to the field.
• CONTINUE to evaluate the detailed chemical experimental results for clearer concepts of whether the waters can be REUSED and/or DISCHARGED.
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Future Work
• Detailed analysis of the chemical test results• Better understand the range of chemical characteristics of the waters available at the field test facility.
• Continue to improve the simple process model to • Continue to improve the simple process model to include specific constituent removals.
• Obtain a better understanding of the composition and volumes of waste solids generated.
• Analyze the solids handling data – hydrogel adsorption and solidification/stabilization
• Go to the field.
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Questions??