Insect Biological Control in China: Insect Biological Control in China:
Progress and PerspectiveProgress and Perspective
FangFang--HaoHao Wan, Wan, GuiGui--Fen ZhangFen Zhang, , JianJian--Ying Ying GuoGuo, , WanWan--XueXue Liu, Liu, NianNian--Wan Yang Wan Yang
Institute of Plant ProtectionInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
I Bio‐control HistoryI I BioBio‐‐control Historycontrol History
Earliest Records 1
Introduction of Southern FloraIntroduction of Southern FloraIntroduction of Southern Flora •The earliest record of biological control application was documented in “Introduction of Southern Flora” in Jin Dynasty (AD 304)
•The predatory ants were used to control the citrus pests in Tang Dynasty (AD 877) and Ming Dynasty (AD 1401)
••The earliest record of The earliest record of biological control application biological control application was documented in was documented in ““Introduction of Southern Introduction of Southern FloraFlora”” in Jin Dynasty (AD in Jin Dynasty (AD 304)304)
••The predatory ants were The predatory ants were used to control the citrus used to control the citrus pests in Tang Dynasty (AD pests in Tang Dynasty (AD 877) and Ming Dynasty (AD 877) and Ming Dynasty (AD 1401)1401)
Pioneers and Continuators of BioControl2
PANG XF (1929‐2004)
PU ZL (1912‐1997)QIU SB (1910‐2011) ZHANG GX (1921‐2010)
ZHAO XF (1917 ‐ 2001) ZHAO SH (1914 ‐ 1999)
1950s‐1970s: Early Achievements
Early Introduction of Natural EnemiesEarly Introduction of Natural Enemies3
Trichogramma against sugarcane insect pests
Rodolia cardinalis
Rodolia rufopilosa
Icerya aegyptiaca(Egyptian cottony cushion scale)
Eriosoma lanigerum (Woolly apple aphis)Aphelinus mali
Conservation and Utilization of Conservation and Utilization of Native Natural Enemy Native Natural Enemy
4
• A state wide investigation of natural enemy resources in 1980s;
• More than 350 species in agricultural field: 115 parasitoids, 198 predators, and over 30 predacious mites
• Conservation and utilization of these native natural enemies
1980s‐2000s: Parallel development in both basic scientific research and field application
Mass Rearing and ProductionMass Rearing and Production5
TrichogrammaTrichogramma
T. chilonisIshii T. dendrolimi T. ostriniae T. japonicun
Since 1980s:
• Large‐egg production techniques has been developed for mass production of Trichogramma, year output can have 4 billion to 6 billion individuals;
• Large‐scale application to control maize pests has been reached 1 ‐ 3 million ha per year in northern China.
Aphelinidae
Encarsiaformosa
• 1960s-1980s: Using Aphelinus mali and Aphytis yanonensis to control Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly apple aphids)
• 1980s-2000s: Mass production of Encarsia formosa to control greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum
• 2000s -: Mass rearing technique for producing Encarsia sophiaand Eretmocerus hayati to control Bemisia tabaci
Eretmocerushayati
Aphytisyanonensis
Aphelinusmali
Encarsiasophia
Mass Rearing and ProductionMass Rearing and Production5
Predatory Mites
Phytoseiuluspersimilis
Neoseiuluscucumeris
• 1970s-1980s: Utilization of predatory mites in orchards and greenhouses
• 1990s – at present: Commercial production of P. persimilis
Mass Rearing and ProductionMass Rearing and Production5
Field release
Ladybird beetles
Mass Rearing and ProductionMass Rearing and Production
• 1990s – 2000s: over 35 artificial diets were developed for mass rearing of H. axyridis and P. japonica
• “Make To Order” is commercially producing for mass rearing ladybirds
Harmonia axyridis Propylaea japonica Coccinella septempunctata
5
II Development of mass rearing technology
IIII Development of mass rearing Development of mass rearing technologytechnology
ParasitoidsParasitoids
Large-Egg Production System: Trichogramma1
Alternative host: tussah eggs
Tomato Maize
Orchard
Rice Sugarcane
棉田JasmineChilly Cotton
ParasitoidsParasitoids
Large-Egg Production System: Trichogramma1
ParasitoidsParasitoids
55-- Room Production System: Room Production System: En. En. formosaformosa andand Er. hayati2
Clean seedlings
Whitefly
Whitefly nymphs
Wasp
Develop and separate wasp and whitefly
ParasitoidsParasitoids
Microplitis mediator HalidayAlternative host: armyworm
Diapause Production System: Microplitis mediator3
PredatorPredator
artificial diets
Artificial Diet Rearing System: Ladybird beetles4
Main ProducersMain Producers
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Beijing Academy of A & F Sciences Jilin Agricultural University
Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChinese Academy of
Tropic Agricultural Sciences
Main Products for Non-benefit Use
Main ProductsMain Products
Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing Academy of A & F Sciences
Trichogramma spp. 15 billion (individuals)Predator mites: 1-2 billionAnastatus japonicus : 150 millionEncarsia formosa: 12 millionLacewings: 2 millionLadybird beetles: 8 million
III Large Area ApplicationsIII Large Area ApplicationsIII Large Area Applications
Application in Maize and Forest EcosystemApplication in Maize and Forest Ecosystem
Corn bore worm
Trichogramma dendrolimi
The average parasitism rate reached above 65%. Application area is around 1‐3 million ha/year in China.
Dendrolimus punctatus
Application in Organic Rice Production SystemApplication in Organic Rice Production System
Trichogrammajaponicun
Cnaphalocrocismedinalis
Chilosuppressalis
T. japonicum is used to control rice insect pests for organic rice production in Guangdong and Hunan provinces, and the parasitism rate reached above 70%.
NE-Pool
Organic rice products
Organic rice production base Release of Trichogramma
Leaf roller
FrogFrog
Chilo suppressalis Light trap
leafhopper
giant Amazon snail
Fish
Duck
softshell turtle
Application in Transgenic Cotton + Maize EcosystemApplication in Transgenic Cotton + Maize Ecosystem
Cotton bollwormMicroplitis mediator
The parasitism rate reached above 70%
Transgenic Bt CottonRefuge crop-maize
Application in Application in OrchardOrchard
Aphis Mites scale insect Psyllidae
Combination release of predators and parasitoids to control different insect pests in orchards (apple, pear, orange)
Trichogramma Aphidiidae
Ladybird beetlesPredatory mites
Application in Greenhouses Application in Greenhouses ‐‐ VegetablesVegetables
whiteflies
aphis
Ladybird beetle Lacewings Encarsia sp.
超级害虫
Science 254:1444-1447,1991
Nature 443: 888 - 890, 2006
烟粉虱烟粉虱(B/Q(B/Q型型) ) -- 农业超级害虫农业超级害虫
Specialist enemy
Alien species
Competitor
Generalist enemy
Original region
Specialist enemy
Alien species Competitor
Generalist enemy
Invasion region
Escape from specialist enemy, weak control of local native NE Escape from specialist enemy, weak control of local native NE
♀ ♂
Encarsia sophia Eretmocerus hayati
PakistanSpain♂♀
Introducing specialists, reIntroducing specialists, re--establishing natural ecoestablishing natural eco--balancebalance
Ecological adoption – interference competition – stable population
♂♀Specialist
Banker plant
①③
②
④
Bemisia tabaci
Bio-control + Ecological manipulation
Trapping crop
Repellent crop
Combination release of two wasps plus ecological
manipulation reached good control of Bemisia tabaci.
IIV Opportunities & PerspectivesV Opportunities & Perspectives
SOCIETY DEMANDSSOCIETY DEMANDS
• Market Access System• National Act
Food Safety Systems in China Food Safety Systems in China
• Market orientation• Enterprise behavior• Government promotion
Pollution‐free food
Green food
Organic food
To meet the demands of human healthTo meet the demands of human health
1
To meet the demands of environmentTo meet the demands of environment
Environmental friendlyEnvironmental friendly
SOCIETY DEMANDSSOCIETY DEMANDS1
MODE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONMODE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Great opportunity to inundative release of natural enemies
Agricultural land use pattern shifting
Small farming system Large‐scale farming system
2
Rapid increases of greenhouse productiongreenhouse production
Vegetable production in greenhouses in China (more than 5 million ha) The output value was about $110 billion in 2010.
MODE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONMODE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION2
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE
2005 2020
Reduce 40 ‐ 45 %
CO2em
ission
pe
r GDP
The United Nations Climate Change Conference (2009)
Greenhouse gas emission reduction is an arduous and urgent task
Greenhouse gas emission reduction is Greenhouse gas emission reduction is an arduous and urgent taskan arduous and urgent task
3
Mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosae
pine trees
Scientists examined the beetle’s outbreak and estimated that its net greenhouse
gas impacts over 21 yr (990 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents, CO2e) are comparable
to about 5 yr of emissions from Canada’s transportation sector (200 Mt CO2 e in
2005).
Kurz et al., 2008, Nature
What we can do?
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE3
CO2
control
no‐control
PROFESSIONAL SERVICEPROFESSIONAL SERVICE
• Commercial production of natural enemies
• Professional team
4
GOVERNMENT FUNDSGOVERNMENT FUNDS
Government supportingGovernment supporting
Ministry of Science and Technology, China
Ministry of Agriculture, China
Ministry of Environment , China
National Natural Science Foundation of China
National level: top level design, regional distributionNational level: top level design, regional distribution
5
International CollaborationInternational Collaboration6