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Innovation for Development
January 7th, 2008At World Bank, Washington DC
Kiyoshi Kurokawa, MD, MACP
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Incunabula
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Nobel Peace Prize
2006 Grameen Bank and Mr Yunus
2007 IPCC and Mr Albert Gore
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Life Expectancy at Birth
1AD, in Roman Empire 25 years1900 in Europe, Japan, US 40-45 years2000 in Japan and elsewhere 80 years
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1AD 200 million 1000AD 300 1500AD 500 1800AD 1 billion
1900AD 1.6 1960 3 1975 4 2000 6 2050 9
Human population
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Medical Sciences and Practice14th Century; Plague in EuropeLate 18th Century: Small pox vaccination by E JennerLate 19th Century and early 20th Century : Identification of many bacteria, Pasteur, Koch and many others1928 : Penicillin by Fleming
Mid-20th Century : Streptomycin, polio vaccine, organ transplantation, cardiac catheterization;
DNA structure, in vitro fertilization, CT, MRA,
etc.
2000 : Decoding human genome; molecular and genetic analysis, and
recombinant technology, innovative new drugs, genetic diagnosis, gene therapy, stem cell research
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1901 Behring: Diphtheria
1902 Ross: Malaria
1905 Koch: Tuberculosis
1907 Laveran: Malaria
1908 Mechnikov, Ehrich: Immunity
1928 Nicolle: Typhus
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey: Penicillin
1952 Waksman: Streptomycin
Medical Sciences in 20th Century -1Infectious DiseaseNobel Laureates
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1923, 1929, 1934, 1937, 1943, 1950,vitamins and hormones
1953 Lipmann and Krebs: TCA Cycle and Intermediary Metabolism
1947 Cori and Cori: Glycogen metabolism1931 Warburg: Cell respiration
1930 Landsteiner: ABO blood type
1910 Kossel: Proteins and nucleic acids
Medical Sciences in 20th Century -2
Principle of Life Nobel Laureates
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20th Century
Global wars
Science and technology and changes in the way of our life
Medical and life sciences and human population
Urbanization; life style, disease pattern, ageing society
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Challenges of the 21th Century
Rapidly Growing Human PopulationUrbanization, ageing, disease
pattern
Energy and Climate ChangeEnvironment and Natural Resources
Water, food, sanitation, pollution
North-South DisparityPoverty, food and hunger (3Fs)
Human Security
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1 : Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Goal 2 : Achieve Universal Primary Education Goal 3 : Promote Gender Equality and Empower
Women Goal 4 : Reduce Child Mortality Goal 5 : Improve Maternal Health Goal 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other
Diseases Goal 7 : Ensure Environmental Sustainability Goal 8 : Develop a Global Partnership for
Development
Eight goals
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Innovation is ‘Change’, thus does not go along with ‘Stability’
Innovation is to create social values-Science, technology and engineering-Social system: regulations and
deregulations-Entrepreneurship
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Scholarly Articles with “Innovation” in the title
1955-2004
year
Source: ISI Web of Knowledge, Social Science Citation Index (SSCI)
Per 10,000 social science articles
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Innovation
Innovation Power almost equals National Competitiveness
-US Initiatives and Policies, eg, Innovate America (2004)-European Initiatives and Policies,
eg, Lisbon Strategy (2000), Aho Report (2006)-Japan Initiatives, eg, Innovation25
-‘Innovation’ is everywhere! --‘Innovation Mantra’ per K Kurokawa,
Science, April 13, 2007
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Three Major Reasons for Innovation ‘Mantra’
-Globalization: The world has become ‘flat’;ie, ICT Revolution
-Sustainable Development or Constraints for Growth
-Disparity between those who have and those who have not
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Constraints for Growth or Challenges of the 21st
Century
Growing human population Climate change/climate crisis
Environment deterioration, pollution Water and foods and other natural
resources
Perception by the general public of wide North-South disparitySense of inequity, frustration, violence,
identity, etc,
---Is Our Society Sustainable?
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Key words in Globalized World
1. PersonalizationCollaborationInnovation
The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007
INSEAD, 2007
2. International vs Global3. Human resource vs Human capital4. Civil society and social entrepreneurship5. Think locally, act globally6. Wikinomics
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Technological Revolution and Techno-Economic Paradigm
C Freeman and C Perez
• First: Industrial Revolution; UK, 1769-1830
• Second: Age of Iron and Railway; UK, 1829-1873
• Third: Age of Steel, Electricity, and Heavy Engineering; UK and US to Euro, 1875-1918
• Fourth: Age of Oil, Automobiles and Mass Production; US to Euro, 1908-1974
• Fifth: Age of Information and Telecommunication; US to Euro and Asia, 1971-20??
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Fourth: Age of Oil, Automobiles and Mass Production:
1908-1974
• Mass production, mass markets, consumerism• Economies of scales (product and market volume)/
horizontal integration• Standardization of products
• Energy intensity (mostly oil-based)• Synthetic materials
• Functional specialization/hierarchical pyramids• Centralization/ metropolitan centers-
suburbanization• National powers, Int’l agreements and
confrontation
-Linear Innovation, Supply-side dictates-National, Bi-lateral, International-Human resource development
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Technological Revolution and Techno-Economic Paradigm
C Freeman and C Perez
• First: Industrial Revolution; UK, 1769-1830
• Second: Age of Iron and Railway; UK, 1829-1873
• Third: Age of Steel, Electricity, and Heavy Engineering; US, UK to Euro, 1875-1918
• Fourth: Age of Oil, Automobiles and Mass Production; US to Euro, 1908-1974
• Fifth: Age of Information and Telecommunication; US to Euro and Asia, 1971-
20??
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Innovators and Innovations
• Computers- connected• Internet: www (92); Netscape, Yahoo, Amazon (all 94);
Windows95; Linux, Google (97)----Wireless, mobile, modular
• email• Mobile phone• iPod to iPhone• Play-station to Wii
-Entrepreneurship-Demand-drive innovation
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Age of Information and Telecommunication
1971-20??
• Information-intensity (microelectronics-based ICT)• Decentralized and integration / network structures
• Knowledge as capital / intangible value added• Heterogeneity, diversity, adaptability
• Segmentation of markets / proliferation of niches/ branding
• Economies of scope and specialization combined with scale
• Globalization/ interaction between the global and the local• Inward and outward cooperation/ power of clusters• Instant contact and actions/ instant global communications
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Innovation in Globalized World
• Invest on Human ‘Capital’ vs Human ‘Resource’• Nurture Entrepreneurship• Heterogeneity, Diversity, Adaptability
• Focus on the Strength and Core competence• Recognize the Weakness- and Collaborate
• Speed is the Essence of the Game• Think locally, Act globally
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Key words in Globalized World
1. PersonalizationCollaborationInnovation
The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2007
INSEAD
2. International vs Global3. Human resource vs Human capital4. Civil society and social entrepreneurship5. Think locally, act globally6. Wikinomics
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Constraints for Growth or Challenges of the 21st
Century
Growing human population Climate change/climate crisis
Environment deterioration, pollution Water and foods and other natural
resources
Perception by the general public of wide North-South disparitySense of inequity, frustration, violence,
identity, etc,
---Is Our Society Sustainable?
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International actions/collaborations
UN agenciesUNESCOWHO
WB, IMF, Global funds
G8 SummitsScience Community –ICSU, IAC, IAMPFoundations
NGO, Civil society and social entrepreneurship
Many collaborations and partnership and media
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Japan and International Collaborations
Year 2008Jan WHO-CSDHFeb Global Health Summit
with WB, Gates and othersMay IVth TICADJuly G8 Summit
and MDG mid-term, COP14,,,,
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Nobel Peace Prize
2006 Grameen Bank and Mr Yunus
2007 IPCC and Mr Albert Gore
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