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INMI Symposium DiscussionINMI Symposium DiscussionICMPC 2012ICMPC 2012
Andrea Halpern
Bucknell UniversityBucknell University
Pennsylvania, USA
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INMI and MemoryINMI and Memory
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Similarities to “Flashbulb Memories”Similarities to “Flashbulb Memories”
� Generate…
� Vivid
� Autobiographical
� Extend in time
� Affective component� Affective component
� Social aspects ◦ Memories include others
◦ Discussed with others
� Compelling memory experience
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DissimilarDissimilar
INMI
� End cues beginning
� Many and variable
◦ Across and within people
Flashbulbs
� Single retrieval
� Limited number
◦ Shared in a culture ◦ Across and within people
� Triggers variable
� By and large pleasant
◦ Shared in a culture
� Distinctive trigger
� Associated with trauma
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Less Well Understood…Less Well Understood…
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Incidence Rate?Incidence Rate?� Most report high incidence� Halpern & Bartlett (2011)◦ 41 diarists over 2 weeks � 780 reports◦ Range = 2-57◦ Median = 1.7 per day
� But do methods select for respondents and � But do methods select for respondents and reports?
� Embed in other tasks to reduce salience and social desirability
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Verification?Verification?
� Difficult to verify
� Voluntary imagery◦ Control stimuli
◦ Objective task� Does third note of Happy Birthday rise or fall?� Does third note of Happy Birthday rise or fall?
� Need correlates with INMI
� Need to induce. How?◦ Idiosyncratic, but…
◦ Exposure
◦ Musical characteristics
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Possible Correlates?Possible Correlates?� Behavioral
◦ Effect on a second task
◦ Continuous measurement
� Physiological
◦◦ Neural or peripheral
◦ Neural correlates of voluntary imagery
◦ Indices of repetition crucial
� Long time spans will be a challenge
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Veridical?Veridical?� Rubin & Talarico (Psychological Sci, 2003)
� FBs no more accurate or durable than other memories◦ Conflicts in memories among participants
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� How to measure veridicality in INMI?
� External pitch or tempo measure
� Consistency over repetitions
� Congruence with recorded version� Congruence with recorded version
◦ Even NMs can match to recordings and be somewhat consistent over time
◦ Production or choose pitch/tempo
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Unique to Music?Unique to Music?� Other temporally extended memories
◦ Verbal or experiential
� H&B (2012)
◦ 9/20 surveyed reported word earworms
� But only a few diary entries
◦ Did not repeat
◦ Sayings, movie quotes, cheer, advertisement
◦ None unpleasant
� Design survey/diary to elicit these
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Relationship to Pathology?Relationship to Pathology?� Hallucinations vs. imagery
� Possible intermediate states◦ Relation to aural and psychological issues
� Important to distinguish wanted from unwanted
For latter, behavioral and pharmacological � For latter, behavioral and pharmacological intervention◦ Yellow Submarine #2: “This song is starting to annoy me and I
think I should memorize more words of it”.
◦ #4: “I like the song but I don't know the lyrics and it keeps appearing in my head.”
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Age and Cohort?Age and Cohort?
� Priming
◦ Can increase with age
◦ Decline of inhibition
◦ So possible increase with age?◦ So possible increase with age?
� Cohort/Generation
◦ Continuous vs. periodic exposure to music
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Thank You!Thank You!