HISTORY OF
SOUTH ASIA
Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BC) – War Of Independence(1857)
THE SOCIETY OF SOUTH ASIA BEFORE THE ADVENT OF ISLAM
The Ancient Civilization of the Indus valley
Indus Civilization Is About 5000 Years Old
•Moen-jo-Daro Means “MOUND OF DEAD “
•The biggest trade market of south asia at the time
•Modern city of its time
•People may originated from Balochistan area like Sumeria’s
•Inhabitant were Dravidians
•Politically organized by a unit or empire or not
•Occupationally framers, craftsman and traders
•Worshipped Mother goddess figurines but also male gods
Moen-jo-Daro and Harappa
Down Fall
Floods : moen-jo-daro was destroyed seven times by floods
River Shift its bed
By 1990 BC trade b/w Sumeria’s and Indus valley had
come to an end
Attacked by invaders specially Aryans
•Around 2000 BC they were leaving their homeland ‘Central Asia’
•Between 1800- 1000 BC they were migrating into pakistan area
•They were rough people and fighters
•Professionally Farmers, carpenters, blacksmith and mainly traders
•Worshiped different forces of nature but after came into Indus valley they start
worship mainly male gods
•Aryans cast division: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras and
Chandalas
•Rig Veda sacred book of Hindus
Aryans In South Asia
The social conditions of Aryans
Aryan’s Migrations
Rig Veda original manuscript
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•Gautama buddha real name “siddhartha” son of ruler of kapal vastu
and lived around 500 BC
• Preaching: ‘nirvana’, no living must be killed, don’t tell lie, avoid
drinking, give up
•Success: He was flawless and belonged to Rajas family
• Hindus VS buddhism : About 2300 years ago “Ashok” was first
emperor of buddist
•Influence of buddhism on hindism: They kept their door open to all
Buddhism
Expansion of Buddism
Religion in Asia
The condition of south asia at the arrival of the muslims : •After Ashoka buddism remain in north of S.Asia due to weak emperors•Hindus staged back but after ‘Harsha’ last great king the region divided into small kingdoms•The time of Muslims attack ‘Raja Dahir’ was the ruler of ‘Daibal’ to ‘Multan’
The causes of the muslim invasion of sindh : •Pirates looted Arab fleet at Daibal•Ships carried gifts from the ruler of Sirlanka•Pirates also prisoners Muslim men , women and children•Raja Dahir refused to help or taking any responsibility
THE ARRIVAL OF MUSLIMS IN SOUTH ASIA
•Muhammad Bin Qasim : Son in law of Hajjaj bin Yousuf (governor of Iraq under
Abbasids Caliph Walid I) attacked Sindh in 711 AD
•The Conquest Of Daibal
•The Conquest Of Multan : In 713 AD the region of Daibal to Multan came under
Muslim rule
•Muhammad Bin Qasim’s Treatment Of The Local Population
•The Result Of The Conquest Of Sindh
Land And Sea Route Used By Muhammad Bin Qasim
THE MUSLIM RULE IN SOUTH ASIA
Salateen-e-delhi :
•After 300 Years Subaktagin Attacked S.Asia
•Between 1002-1026 Mahmud Ghaznavi Attacked Seventeen Times
•After 150 Years Muhammad Ghauri Attacked S.Asia
Temple Of Somnath
•In 1206 AD Deputy Of Muhammad Ghauri, Qutubuddin Aibak Laid First Stable Islamic
Empire In Delhi And The Most Famous Successors Are Altutmish And Balban
•After This Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Came. Greatest Emperor Was Allauddin Khilji
•Tughlaq Dynasty : Muhammd Tughlaq And Feroz Shah Tughlaq
•In 1398 Ad Taimur Lang Attacked Delhi
•Lodhi Dynasty
Feroz Shah Tughlaq
The Mughal Empire
•In 1526 AD Babar Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi
•Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur 1526–1530 Founder of the Mughal Dynasty.
•Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1530–1540
•Sher Shah Suri 1540–1545
•Islam Shah Suri 1545–1554
•Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun 1555–1556
•Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar 1556–1605 Lahore Fort.
•Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir 1605–1627 relations with the British East India Company
•Shahaabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan 1627–1658 the Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Red Fort,
Jahangir mausoleum, and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Deposed and imprisoned by his son
Aurangzeb
•Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir 1658–1707
•Bahadur Shah I 1707–1712
•Jahandar Shah 1712–1713
•Furrukhsiyar 1713–1719 In 1717 he granted a firman to the English East India Company
granting them duty free trading rights for Bengal and confirmed their position in India
•Rafi Ul-Darjat 1719
•Rafi Ud-Daulat a.k.a Shah Jahan II 1719
•Nikusiyar 1719
•Muhammad Ibrahim 1720
•Muhammad Shah 1719–1748
•Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748–54
•Alamgir II 1754–1759
•Shah Jahan III In 1759 consolidation of the "Nizam" of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, during the
Battle of Buxar. Hyder Ali becomes Nawab of Mysore in 1761
•Shah Alam II 1759–1806 Ahmed-Shah-Abdali in 1761 defeated the Marathas during the Third
Battle of Panipat; The fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799
•Akbar Shah II 1806–1837
•Bahadur Shah Zafar 1837–1857 The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British and exiled
to Burma following the Great Mutiny.
Taj Mahal Red Fort in Delhi
Lalbagh Fort, Dhaka Lahore Fort
THE REASONS FOR THE DOWNFALL OF MUSLIMS IN SOUTH ASIA
•Civil Wars Against Muslim Governors
•Absence Of Spirit Of Jihad
•Addicted to comfort and luxury
•British Invasion
Timeline (1400 AD -1857 AD)
1492 Slave traders expend to America1498 Vasco da gama descovered sea route to S.Asia
1600 East India Company in S.Asia1615 Sir Thomas Roe got trade privilages
Vasco da gama
1756 Ali Vardi Khan died and he was succeeded by Siraj-ud-Daula
•English refused to dismantled fortification
•He conquered Calcutta but Commander Manik Chand Conspired
1757 23rd June Siraj-ud-Daula lost battle of Plassy and killed by his
Commander-in-chief Mir Jaffar
1760 Mir Jaffar replaced by Mir Qasim by English in Bengal
1761 Ahmed Shah Abdali crushed Marathas at Panipat
1764 Battle of Buxar were lost by Mir Qasim co-operated by
(Shujauddaula of Oudh and Mughal emperor Shah Alam II)
1766 Hyder Ali took the government of Mysore
1767 First Mysore War
1782 Hyder Ali died but Second Mysore War was still on
1784 Tipu Sultan returned conquered territories in term
1784 Bihar and Orissa occupied by English
1790 3rd War English and Marathas attacked Mysore
1792 Tipu sued for peace, his half state ceded and two of his sons were
handed over to English as hostages
1799 Tipu was Martyr in 4th War against English and Nizam
1843 Sindh occupied by English
1849 Punjab occupied by English
1856 Law passed that Indian soldier sent anywhere to fight
The War Of Independence Of 1857
1857 Jan new rifles were introduced
1857 May 10 Sunday Indian soldier freed their friends and
marched for Delhi
1857 Sep General Nicholson marched into Delhi with the army
of 55,000
1858 Nov 1 War ended and British Government took over
S.Asia directly
1862 Bahadur Shah Zafar died in prison
Causes •Employment opportunities decreased•Indian industries destroyed due to cheap machinery•English already captured many territories and alarmed others•Christianity by force
Immediate Cause•Cartridge Controversy•Fifty indian soldiers were court martialled and sent to jail•Next day war spread out
Consequences
•Muslims and Hindus both are equally responsible but only
Muslims were accountable for it
•Last Muhgal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar sent to prisoner to
Rangoon
•After war British Government felt that East India Company was
cruel and inefficient and brought S.Asia directly into the control of
British Crown
References:
•A History of people of Pakistan by A.Hussain• ارتقاء کا تہذیب میں حسن پاکستان سبط تحریر•www.wikipedia.org (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire)