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http://www.cedre.fr
A review on In Situ Burning
Dr. Ronan JEZEQUEL, Cedre information day
10th March 2015
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Context Deepwater Horizon spill
• 20 April 2010, 80 km off Louisiana shoreline
• 780 000 m3 of Light Louisiana Sweet crude oil
• Dispersion, mechanical recovery and ISB deployed (pre-approved in local emergency plan)
• 40 days of ISB during 2,5 months (28th April – 19 july)
• 35 – 49 000 m3 treated by ISB (≈ 5%)
• 411 oil collection and ignition, 376 significative burns (size, duration)
• Duration of a burning: few min to 12 hours
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Basics of burning
H C
3 basics elements (Fire triangle): 1 – light product which generates flammable vapors 2 – air – vapor mixture at correct concentration 3 – activation energy
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Basics of burning
H C
Most of the heat (97%) is transferred to the atmosphere through radiative processes, 3% of the heat is radiated from the flame back to the surface of the slick and brings the oil to its fire point temperature
3 basics elements (Fire triangle): 1 – light product which generates flammable vapors 2 – air – vapor mixture at correct concentration 3 – activation energy
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In Situ Burning
One additional elements water - spreading / drifting of oil - necessary of a minimal oil thickness to ignite the oil - problem to collect and recover burned residue
H C
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Pre-required conditions for ISB • Flammable oil • Oil thickness
> 2 mm for fresh crude oils 2 – 5 mm for weathered crude oil > 5 mm for HFO
• Emulsification : < 25 – 50 % (according to emulsion stability)
• Weathering : 20 – 35% of evaporation
• Oceanic parameters: waves < 1,5 m wind <10-12 m/s current < 0,5 m/s
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• Fireboom: • Control the slicks during burning (thickness, drifting,
spreading)
• Control the fire
Specific Equipment and Staff required for ISB
Hydrofireboom Pyroboom American 3M
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DWH: Continuous feeding of oil
to ongoing burn From Allen A. A., Jaeger, D., Mabile, N. J. and Costanzo, D. 2011. “The Use of Controlled Burning during the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon MC-252 Oil Spill Response”. IN Proceedings of the 2011 International Oil Spill Conference. Portland USA, vol. 2011, n° 1, pp. 194.
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Performance Factors
Elastec Hydro-
Fire
Elastec American Marine-3M
AFT, Inc. Pyro Oil Stop Kepner
No. of Systems Used 27 37 13 3 2
Longest Continuous
Burn
11 hours, 48 min.
11 hours, 21 min.
3 hours, 13 min. 27 min. 43 min.
Average No. of Barrels Burned
per System 5,061 3,915 1,749 28 295
Fire Boom Summary (Used during Deepwater Horizon Spill – 2010)
From Allen A. A., Jaeger, D., Mabile, N. J. and Costanzo, D. 2011. “The Use of Controlled Burning during the Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon MC-252 Oil Spill Response”. IN Proceedings of the 2011 International Oil Spill Conference. Portland USA, vol. 2011, n° 1, pp. 194.
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• Fireboom: • Control the slicks during burning (thickness, drifting,
spreading)
• Control the fire
Specific Equipment and Staff required for ISB
Hydrofireboom Pyroboom American 3M
From helicopter
Helitorch
From boat • Ignition devices: gelled light refined oil (gasoline, diesel)
Hand held igniter
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1700 igniters used during DWH
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Advantages
Disadvantages • less equipment than mechanical recovery
• less waste collection, storage and treatment
• less contamination of water column compared to dispersion
• low toxicity of residue compared to original oil
• rapid and efficient treatment: - 1 – 4,5 mm/min, - ≈ 80% removed from
seasurface
• fire itself (risk of secondary fires not controlled)
(Allen, 2011)
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• fire itself (risk of secondary fires not controlled)
• smoke plume
Advantages
Disadvantages • less equipment than mechanical recovery
• less waste collection, storage and treatment
• less contamination of water column compared to dispersion
• low toxicity of residue compared to original oil
• rapid and efficient treatment: - 1 – 4,5 mm/min, - ≈ 80% removed from
seasurface
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985 m
(Allen, 2011)
Perring et al., 2011. Characteristics of black carbon aerosol from a surface oil burn during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Geo. Res. Lett. Vol. 38.
Ctotal atm
93,7 % CO2
4,2 % BC (soot)
2,1 % CO
20/04 – 19/07 1350 t
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• Fire itself (risk of secondary fires not controlled)
• Smoke plume
• Fate of residue (floating ? sinking ? composition ? toxicity ? persistence ?)
Advantages
Disadvantages • less equipment than mechanical recovery
• less waste collection, storage and treatment
• less contamination of water column compared to dispersion
• low toxicity of residue compared to original oil
• rapid and efficient treatment: - 1 – 4,5 mm/min, - ≈ 80% removed from
seasurface
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2012: Field trial to test a solution (pumice stone) to improve ISB (Ecopomex)
Cedre activities on ISB
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2013 - 2015: Preparation of an information document on Combustion Plumes and Residues from ISB (for OGP IPIECA JIP5–WP2)
Cedre activities on ISB
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2013: Preparation of an information document on Combustion plumes and Residues from ISB (for OGP IPIECA JIP)
Cedre activities on ISB
Development of a tool dedicated to ISB:
The Burning Bench
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Objectives: according to oil nature and weathering degree (with samples from weathering experiment – polludrome)
The burning bench
• Assess the behavior and composition of residue (viscosity, density, PAHs, SARA, toxicity)
• Assess a potential water contamination after ISB (PAHs transfer to water column)
• Characterization of plume (PM10, PM 2.5, PAHs)
• Ignitability of the oil ? • Efficiency of ISB ?(residue quantification)
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Smoke Exhaust system (with cyclone vaccum for soot recovery)
Smoke hood
The burning bench
Glazed enclosure (safety)
Temperature logger at 4 positions (-1, 4, 8 and 12 cm)
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Magnetic stirrer @ lowest speed
Seawater (5L)
Confinment ring Temperature probes
The burning cell
Necessary to simulate a water movement under the slick as observed in situ when slicks are continuously towed with fire boom. Necessary to avoid any “vigorous phase burning” at the end of the test characterized by an oil ejection and flame temperature increase.
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Magnetic stirrer @ lowest speed
Seawater (5L)
Confinment ring Temperature probes
The burning cell
Necessary to simulate a water movement under the slick as observed in situ when slicks are continuously towed with fire boom. Necessary to avoid any “vigorous phase burning” at the end of the test characterized by an oil ejection and flame temperature increase.
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During the first 48 hours: burning rate decreases with weathering time After 48 hours: not possible to ignite the oil due to evaporation and emulsification (> 60%).
Tests conducted on light crude oil samples collected after different weathering times in Cedre’s flume test.
Example of results Influence of oil weathering
Weathering time (hours) 0 50 100 150 200 250
Perc
enta
ge (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100 Water content
Burning
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PM 2.5 PM 10
Example of results Soot caracterization
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Brut africain Brut russe Fioul lourd
Répa
rtio
n de
s par
ticul
es (%
)
Ø>10 µm10 µm< Ø <2,5 µm1 µm < Ø <2.5 µmØ< 1 µm
0,83 ± 0,07 mg/min 0,55 ± 0,05 mg/min 0,56 ± 0,16 mg/min
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2013: Preparation of an information document on Combustion plumes and Residues from ISB (for OGP IPIECA JIP) (Task 1)
Cedre activities on ISB
Development of a tool dedicated to ISB: The Burning Bench
• 2014 OGP IPIECA project BB development (soot caracterization) ISB experimentation at pilot scale to validate BB results
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2013: Preparation of an information document on Combustion plumes and Residues from ISB (for OGP IPIECA JIP) (Task 1)
Cedre activities on ISB
Development of a tool dedicated to ISB: The Burning Bench
• 2014 OGP IPIECA project BB development (soot caracterization) ISB experimentation at pilot scale to validate BB results
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Simulation of In Situ burning on Kobbe Oil 29/09 – 4 /10 – Verneuil en halatte - France
INERIS facilities
Smoke & gases recovery and on-line analyses
Fire hall (50 x 4 m)
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Simulation of In Situ burning on Kobbe Oil 29/09 – 4 /10 – Verneuil en halatte - France
Tank (2 x 2 x 04 m) with salted water (circulation)
Camera (3+ 1 thermal)
Different temperature probes (oil, water, flame, smoke) Fire intensity measurement
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Simulation of In Situ burning on Kobbe Oil 29/09 – 4 /10 – Verneuil en halatte - France
Confinment ring (1,60 x 0,1 m)
Kobbe Oil (20L = 10 mm thick)
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Simulation of In Situ burning on Kobbe Oil 29/09 – 4 /10 – Verneuil en halatte - France
Around 3 min of burning
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Simulation of In Situ burning on Kobbe Oil 29/09 – 4 /10 – Verneuil en halatte - France
Burn residue recovery and sampling for analyses
Oil quantification Density Viscosity Alcanes, PAHs distribution Water samples (SBSE)
2 / 3L = 85 % burn
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Diamètre de la nappe (cm)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Ren
dem
ent d
e br
ûlag
e (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Comparison between BB and pilot scale results
• Rendement de brûlage augmente avec la taille de nappe
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 (%) = 76,55(1 − 𝑒𝑒−0,15𝐷𝐷) + 10,86(1− 𝑒𝑒−0,01𝐷𝐷)
?
• Influence de la nature de l’hydrocarbure sur les paramètres de l’équation ?
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• 2011-2012: State of the art on ISB (for MEDDE and Total) - summary of development between 1990 to 2010 - DWH feedbacks
• 2013: Preparation of an information document on Combustion plumes and Residues from ISB (for OGP IPIECA JIP) (Task 1)
Cedre activities on ISB
Development of a tool dedicated to ISB: The Burning Bench
• 2015 OGP IPIECA project completion report on BB development “artic project”: analyses of burned residues after few months in ice condition
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