Download - Important Industrial Chemicals
Important Industrial ChemicalsAmmoniaPhosphoric acidSulfuric acid
Ammonia Synthesis: Haber ProcessN2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
Conditions: 300 atm, 500 oC
Hf(NH3) = -46.1 kJ/mol
So(N2) = 191.6 J/Kmol
So(H2) = 130.7 J/Kmol
So(NH3) = 192.5 J/Kmol
Hrxn =
Srxn =
2 Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 SiO2(s) + 10 C(s) 6 CaSiO3(l) + 10 CO(g) + P4(g)
P4(g) + 5 O2(g) P4O10(g)
P4O10 + 6 H2O(l) 4 H3PO4(l)
Phosphoric Acid
Ca5(PO4)3F + 5 H2SO4 + 10 H2O 3 H3PO4 + 5 CaSO42H2O + HF
OR
Phosphate Esters!
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalyst
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Why it’s so popular: H = -436 kJ/mol
Sulfuric Acid: # 1 Chemical
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalystSO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
Where have you seen this chemistry before?
Important Industrial ChemicalsGroup 1A
LiAlH4, LiBH4: reducing agentsLi2CO3: treating schizophreniaNaHCO3: Baking powderNa2CO3: Baking sodaNaOH: detergents, oven cleaner, paperNaCN:NaClO3, KClO3:
Cool things about Group 1A metals
1. When dissolved in ammonia, they give a “solvated electron”
M(s) M+(amm) + e-(amm)
2. Self-contained breathing apparatus
4 KO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) 3 O2(g) + 4 KOH(s)
KOH(s) + CO2(g) KHCO3(s)
Important Industrial Group 2A Chemicals
MgSO47H2O: Epsom salt
CaCO3: limestone (antacid)
CaO: 3rd ranked chemical- steel productionCa(OH)2: “Slaked lime” in cement
CaSO4½H2O: plaster of Paris
CaSO42H2O: Gypsum
CaMg3(SiO3)4: Asbestos
BaCO3: rat posion
Important Industrial Group 3A Chemicals
B2O3: Pyrex
B4C: abrasive
AlOHCl2(s): antiperspirant
GaAs: III-V Semiconductors
Nitric Acid: Ostwald Process
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Phosphorus!
Phosphorus pentoxide: P4O10 dehydrating agent
P4O10 + 6 H2O 4 H3PO4
Hydrochloric Acid
1. Classic Salt-Cake Process:2 NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 HCl
2. Hargreaves Process: 2 NaCl + SO3 + ½ O2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2 HCl
3. Direct Process (only when high purity is needed):H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
4. By-product of organic syntheses: most HCl comes from this