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Impact of anthropogenic activities on the
emergency and spread of zoonotic diseases in
Tana River County, Kenya
Enoch Ontiri
Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl, Mohammed Y Said, Shem C Kifugo and Fred Otieno
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Ecohealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-15 August 2014
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• Ecosystem dynamics
• Land cover land use changes
• Wildlife Dynamics
• Disease dynamics
• Conclusion
Outline
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• Ecosystems – space/habitats, species and communities
• Constant interaction- relationships, competition,
complementarity
• May improve human wellbeing through furnishing
provisioning and disease regulating services); yet they
can also generate ecosystem ‘disservices’ such as
acting as a reservoir for new ‘emerging’ disease
Background
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Source: DDAC report
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Understanding and responding to the eco-
social, social and economic conditions for
disease emergence and transmission
represents one of the major challenges for humankind today
Background
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Study Site Tana River
Source: KSS, ILRI
!.
!.Bura
Hola
0 10 20 30 405Kilometers
´
Legend
Settlements
Irrigation Schemes
permanent
mixed
temporary
!. Towns
Study Block
Tana River County
Tana River
Other Rivers
Riverrine Forests
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Driver of change
Land cover and land use
Remote Sensing Analysis
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20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers
N
Open shrubs (65-40% crown cover)
Very open shrubs (40-15% crown cover)
Closed herbaceous vegetation on
permanently flooded land
Open to closed herbaceous vegetation
on temporarily flooded
Open to closed herbaceous vegetation
Irrigated land / Cropland
Clouds
Tana River-Waterbodies
Urban and Rural Settements
Open trees on temporarily flooded land
Trees and shrubs savannah
Very open trees (40-15% crown cover)
Open trees (65-40% crown cover)Closed trees
Legenda) 1975 b) 2010
Land cover changes
Source: Said et al. (in prep)
Big plans to increasing irrigation, develop canals
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1975 2010
Area
Change
(%)
Land cover
Area
(km2)
Area
(%)
Area
(km2)
Area
(%)
Closed trees 62 1 0 0 -100
Open trees (65-40% crown cover) 370 7 68 1 -81
Very open trees (40-15% crown cover) 741 13 636 11 -14
Trees and shrubs savannah 744 13 439 8 -41
Open trees on temporarily flooded land 169 3 199 4 18
Open shrubs (65-40% crown cover) 836 15 699 12 -16
Very open shrubs (40-15% crown cover) 1516 27 1604 29 6
Sparse Shrubs 0 0 642 11 11
Open to closed herbaceous vegetation 244 4 0 0 -100
Closed herbaceous vegetation on permanently flooded land 181 3 244 4 35
Open to closed herbaceous vegetation on temporarily flooded 675 12 811 14 20
Cropland//irrigated 14 0 209 4 1359
Tana river-water bodies 50 1 42 1 -18
Urban and associated areas, rural settlements 0 0 9 1 1
Land cover changes statistics
Source: Said et al. (in prep)
Large losses of forests, riverine woodlands, increases in cropland and
irrigated areas and development of urban and rural settlements
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Population and human settlements
Source: Said et al. (in prep)
Urban Settlement
Rural Settlement
Human Population changes 1969 - 2009
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Changes in Biodiversity
1977 - 2013
Large herbivores (livestock and wildlife)
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Trends in livestock and wildlife 1977 - 2013
Source: Ogutu et al. submitted
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Disease Dynamics
Transmission, Exposure, risk
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Disease data collection sites
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48% success rate in trapping
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Serological testing on human blood
samples
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• Rodent population has increased and is a problem to
the community.
• Leptospira is present in the region
• There is a perception of more febrile infections in
people and livestock since the expansion of the
irrigation scheme.
• Policy dialogue between health, environment and
biodiversity sector is necessary.
Conclusion
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Agriculture Associated Diseases
http://aghealth.wordpress.com
This work, Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium, NERC project no. NE-
J001570-1, was funded with support from the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation
(ESPA) programme. The ESPA programme is funded by the Department for International
Development (DFID), the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).