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Immune System:Cell-Mediated Immunity
& Immune System Disorders12d
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In Review• Lymphatic System
– Returns lost fluids to the blood– Responsible for Defense against invaders
• First Line: Barriers– Skin and Mucous Membranes
• Second Line: Non-Specific defenses inside the body
– Inflammatory Response & Fever
• Third Line: Systemic Response– Immune System
» Humoral Immunity (B-Cells & Antibodies)» Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-Cells)
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
How does it work?
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Cell-Mediated Immune Response
• 1) Macrophage Engulfs foreign antigen presenting object or cell
• Virus• Cancer Cell• Foreign Graft
• 2) Macrophage processes antigens and presents foreign antigens on its surface
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Cell-Mediated Immune Response
• 3) Helper T-Cells recognize the antigen on the surface of the Macrophage
• 4) Helper T-Cells stimulate Killer T-Cells to seek out and destroy any cell presenting that specific foreign antigen.
• 5) Killer T-Cells inject perforin into cells presenting foreign antigen. This kills the cell
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Cell-Mediated Immune Response
• 6) Suppressor T-Cells secrete chemicals that stop the immune response once all of the foreign antigens have been eliminated.
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Quick Quiz
• Name one difference between Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity
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Notes about Cell-Mediated Immune Notes about Cell-Mediated Immune ResponseResponse
Slide 12.42
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
T cells must recognize nonself and self antigens (double recognition)
Specific to combat virus infected and cancer cells
In addition to stimulating Killer T-Cells, Helper T-cells stimulate B-cell action and other white blood cells against the antigen
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Notes about Cell-Mediated Immune Notes about Cell-Mediated Immune ResponseResponse
Slide 12.42
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Suppressor T-cells stop both Cell-Mediated AND Humoral immune reactions when it is time.
Memory T-cells are also made to combat secondary attacks by the same antigen
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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response -T Cell ClonesResponse -T Cell Clones
Slide 12.43
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.15
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Summary of the Immune ResponseSummary of the Immune Response
Slide 12.45
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.16
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Humoral vs. Cell-MediatedImmunity
• Humoral Immunity– Defends against extra-cellular (outside of
our own body cells) antigens• Includes bacteria, viruses that have not yet
entered cells, allergens, etc
• Cell-Mediated Immunity– Defends against intracellular (inside of our
own body cells) antigens• Specifically virus infected and cancer cells
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Quick Quiz
• What type of cells in your body do T-Cells combat?
• Explain what is meant by extracellular vs. intracellular antigens.
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Organ Transplants and RejectionOrgan Transplants and Rejection
Slide 12.46a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Major types of grafts
Autografts – tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person
Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin)
Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated person
Xenografts – tissue taken from a different animal species
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Organ Transplants and RejectionOrgan Transplants and Rejection
Slide 12.46b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Autografts and isografts are ideal donors
Xenografts are never successful
Allografts are more successful with a closer tissue match
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Cell-Mediated Worksheet
• Label, Explain, Color Code
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Immune System Disorders
What happens when the immune system isn’t working quite right?
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Disorders of Immunity:Disorders of Immunity:
Allergies (Hypersensitivity)Allergies (Hypersensitivity)
Slide 12.47a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abnormal, vigorous immune responses
Types of allergies
Immediate hypersensitivity
Triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells
Reactions begin within seconds of contact with allergen
Anaphylactic shock – dangerous, systemic response
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Anaphylactic Shock
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Disorders of Immunity: Allergies Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity)(Hypersensitivity)
Slide 12.47b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of allergies (continued)
Delayed hypersensitivity
Triggered by the release of lymphokines from activated helper T cells
Symptoms usually appear 1–3 days after contact with antigen
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Poison Oak RashDelayed Hypersensitivity
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Allergy MechanismsAllergy Mechanisms
Slide 12.48
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.17
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Disorders of Immunity:Disorders of Immunity: ImmunodeficienciesImmunodeficiencies
Slide 12.49
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Abnormal production or function of immune cells or complement
Immune system’s ability to fight off disease is compromised
May be congenital (genetic) or acquired
Includes AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Disorders of Immunity:Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Slide 12.50a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The immune system does not distinguish between self and nonself
The body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues
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Disorders of Immunity: Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Slide 12.50b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Examples of autoimmune diseases Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain
and spinal cord are destroyed
Myasthenia gravis – impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles
Juvenile diabetes – destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin
Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Disorders of Immunity: Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Slide 12.50c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Examples of autoimmune diseases (continued)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – affects kidney, heart, lung and skin
Glomerulonephritis – impairment of renal function
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Quick Quiz
• What does Immunodeficiency mean?
• What gets attacked in Autoimmune Disorders?