I"l-gf ,!lp *nlgcement in q snow leopord- Howard.A.paut,DVM,wirriamL.Bargar,MD,and Ron Leininge4 DVM, Orthopaed'ic Research Laboratories, T'B 150, Uniuersity of Catifornia, Dau'is, CA gs6l6, andSacramento Animal Medical Group, Carmichaet, CA g560g

collagen and capable ofproducingonly acid mucopolysaccharides, iiunclear.G Colonic and urethralobstruction and the associatedclinical manifestations resultedfrom intramural expansile tumorgrowth. Local infiltration into thevaginal wall was not observed.Considering the wel l -c ircum-scribed nature ofthe myxoma, sur-gical excision was the treatment of

IN .rur,y 1983, bilateral coxo-femoral dysplasia was diagnosedradiographically in an 8-year-old,4,6.6-kg, male snow leopard (pan-thera. uncia). Bilateral flatteningand surface irregularities of thefemoral heads were seen on pelvicradiographs (Fig 1). Osteophyteswere seen on both femoral necksand around the acetabular rims.Coxofemoral joint spaces were ir-regular in width, and bone frag-ments were visible within the leftcoxofemoral joint space. The leop-ard had persistent lameness in theleft hind limb and refused tobreed.

Because the intractabilitv andaggressiveness of the animal de-manded an approach that mini-mized postoperative confinement.and because the snow leopard's hipbot! hyperflexes and hyperex-tends, we felt that a total liip ar-throplasty would be superiof to afemoral head ostectomy by per-mitting immediate mobility andbetter accommodating the ani-mal's range of motion. Radio-graphic examination of museumspecimens of snow leopards indi-cated that these animals have athicker femoral cortex and asmaller acetabulum than do dogsof similar size. So, even thoughthis was a large animal, the nir-row femoral canal and small ace-tabulum permitted placement ofonly a medium-sized canine pros-thesis. The hypermobility of theanimal's hip, the small size of theacetabulum, and the leopard,shabits of running, climbing, and

1262

choice. Investigators disagree onthe rate of recurrence of mvxomaafter close excision of the trimor.u,'In the tiger of the present_report,evidence of tumor regrowth wasnot seen for at least 8 months aftersurgery.

l. Wallach JD, Boever WJ. Diseases ofexotic animals-rnedical and surgicalmanagement. Philadelphia: WB SaundersCo, 1983:349-350.

- 2. N-Multistix-Ames Division,Laboratories Inc, Elkhart. Ind.___3_. Tlibri.ssen 24Vo Injection,Wellcome Co, Kansas Citv, Uo.

4. Tlibrissen 960 Tablets.Wellcome Co, Kansas City, Mo.

mals.2nd ed. Berkley, Calif: UCalifornia hess. 1978.

6. MacKenzie DH, The myxoid nsomatic soft tissue. Am J Swg

5. Moulton JE. Tltmors in

L98L:5:443448.

. 7. Sansusi ID. Subungual uArch D ermatol 1982t1 18:6f2-6l,t

against infection, and wasparenterally (1 g) at theanesthesia, t hour afterand every 6 hours for LL:after surgery.

A craniolateral approanhh ip was used, w i t t r u

leaping indicated that consider-able stress would be placed on theacetabulum. Therefore, to preventloosening, L00Vo coverage of theacetabular component was consid-ered essential, even though indogs 90vo coverage is acceptLble.'

tion by pulsating lavage aing, use of a cement plq

following procedures usedthat included cement bed r

femoral canal, andment with an Oh-Harrissyringe.2,3 Approxima2-mm holes were burred isubchondral bone of thelum to ensure stronging. Bony coverage ofthelar component was 100%.

Joint capsule and fasiclosed using O-vicryl in apattern. A sc andsure was done usingsuture in a simplebern. Skin sutures were

Aftbr surgery, thewas radiographed and rhewas returned to the zoo rwas allowed to recoverin a restrictive cage.morning the animal wasinto his night enclosuremobility. He appearedalert, and therefore wasaccess to his outside

tenotomy of the deep glcle. The prosthesis was

Mobi l i t y was imprslightly 24 hours afterhe still favored the left

II D'

!l

llhr

rflln, w

Fig l .-Preoperotive rodiogroph indicoi-Ing degenerotive joint diseose in the hipor o snow leooord.

Because the snow leopard's hipmust hyperflex and hyperextend,exact normoversion was consid-ered the optimal alignment for theacetabular component.

The leopard was anesthetizedwith 400 mg of ketamine HCI ad-ministered rrvr via a blow dart:anesthesia was maintained, usingl. \Vo halothane, 2 L/min of oxy gen-,and 0.7 L/min of nitrous oxide.Cephalosporin was mixed with thebone cement as a prophylaxis

JAVIM, Vol

Ftrid

tntr Nl t l

h

n!aEen

r-- a" *rnf.nd

One month afterleopard was moving freely

187, No. ll, December I,

,fim

inrp. and was again climbingand rocks, jumping, running,rccasional ly stalking his=rs. One year after surgery

-erpard continued to have nor-

1. Olmstead ML, Hohn RB, T\rrner TM.Tbchnique for canine total hip replacement.J Vet Surg 1981;10:44.

2. Oh L Harris WH. A cement fixation

3. Paul HA, Bargar WL. Histologicalchanges in the dog femur following totalhip replacement with current cementingtechniques. TYo.ns Ortho .Res Soc 1985;I0:t47.

mal limb movements and was able system for total hip arthroplasty. Clinto breed successfullv. ortho 1982;164:22t'

lL*tr

D4!6u.T

r .fl{

Ech

F i g 2 - M o r p h o l o g i c f e o t u r e s o f o nomostigote of on oordwolf. Str ioted pe-riplost (P), bor-shoped kinetoplost (K), nu-cleus (N), bosol body (B), ond f logel lum (F)ore seen. Uronyl ocetote ond leod citrotes to in ; X 8 ,750.

I cqrdiomyopqthy cqused by Trypanosomo tuzi in qn qqrdwolf-'. C . Fletcher, DVM, and Gene B . Hubbard, DVM, MS, San Antonio Zoological Gardens and Aquarium, San Antonio, TX:rd US Arrny, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78212

1'".fur.jT FEMALE 7.3-kg A,ARD-t Proteles cristatud was ex-

because of ataxia, gener-i muscular weakness. and

r ! n e a . K e t a m i n e h y d r o -:'le (30 mg rM) was given to:"ate the examination. While

u:rdwolf was in dorsal recum-1 for external jugular veni-tr,ire, about 50 ml of bloody:uddenly filled the oral cav-

r:d the animal died imme-.';

l w,:ropsy results indicated ay dilated heart, with a

led apex. The epicardium onr*n side was diffusely pale tan:::e, and abundant epicardial

tissue was seen. The left::ular wall was flaccid andis:.mately one half the antici-l normal thickness. Lungs:roist, glistening, and brightlracheobronchial airways-.]re nasal and oral cavities:lled with bloody froth. Thewas dark red, moist, and

minimally. Both kidneys:ale tan to white and wererith irregular pitting of the

'[[me;:es collected immediatelv

ieath were fixed in bufferediirmalin, embedded in paraf-

at 5 pm, and stained-ernatoxvlin and eosin. For-

"frxed myocardial tissue wasI in 0.2 Msodium cacodvlate- I for 3 hours. fixed in l7o

tetroxide in0.2 M sodiumriate (pH 7.1), embedded in,,' sectioned, using a glassrnd stained with uranvl ac-

;:d lead citrate.2r : r o s c o p i c a l l y , s e v e r e - t o -

necrotizing myocarditis,een in the left ventricle.

infiltrate was com-of macrophages, lympho-

Fig 1-Aggregote of omostigotes of lry-ponosomo cruzi (orrows) in o myofiber ofon oordwolf. H&E stoin; x 457.5,

cytes, and plasma cells. Amas-tigotes of Tlypanosoma cruzi oft enwere seen within the inflam-matory ce l l s . Aggregates o famastigotes generally were seenwithin macrophages (Fig 1). Myo-fibers often were necrotic. Sar-coplasms had variable eosino-philia, loss of cross striations,fragmentation, and nuclear de-generation. Necrotic myofibersfrequently were replaced by gran-ulation tissue. The muscularis ex-terna of the stomach and smallintestine had multifocal collec-tions of macrophages, lympho-cytes, and plasma cells. Moderate

lymphoid hyperplasia was seen inlymph nodes and colonic lymphoidtissue. Granulomatous myositis ofs k e l e t a l m u s c l e , n e p h r i t i s ,nephrosclerosis, and vaginitis wasseen.

Ultrastructurally, aggregates ofT cruzi were in myofibers betweenmyofibrils. Distinguishing mor-phologic structures of T cruziamastigotes were the horseshoeovid or column-shaped kineto-plast,s 'a basal body, per iplast,flagellum, and nucleus (Fig 2).

Trypanosoma cruzi infection(Chagas' disease) is considered en-demic in Tbxas. The causative or-ganism has been isolated re-peatedly from infected Tliatomaspp (the blood-sucking vector andintermediate host of T cruzil.'In a7-year study,' 33.3Vo of 859 spec-imens of Tliatoma sp were infectednaturally with 7 cruzi. Tliatomas a n g u i s u g a a n d , T r i a t o m agerstaeckeri, both capable of beinginfected with 7 cruzi, harre beenfound in the San Antonio area.6'?Although Tliatoma have not beenfound in the aardwolfs'rock enclo-sure, numerous cracks and crev-ices afford an ideal habitat to theintermediate host, An effectivecontrol program would have beendifficult because the intermediatehost is able to fly. Also, the largenondomestic mammal reservoir.known to be infected?-e compli-cates control of the disease. Theaardwolfofthe present report hadextensive involvement of the leftventricular myocardium, whichwas unusual because in naturallyoccurring Chagas' disease in thedog,5 and in experimental T cruziinfections in mice,lo gross enlarge-ment of only the right cardiacventricle has been reported. T\vo

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1985 1263