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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Diploma in Islamic Revealed Knowledge
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIRK
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Department of General Studies
Dr. Hikmatullah Babu Sahib B.A., M.A. (Peshawar)
Ph.D. (Edinburgh)Post. Doc. Fellow (Yale)
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
الدكتـور حكـمة الله بـابو صاحـبالدكتـور حكـمة الله بـابو صاحـب
DIRK
E-mail Contact:[email protected]@[email protected]
Department of General Studies IRK, IIUM
03-2056 5584 (Office)
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIRK
Assignment Topic
• Why Madhhab?
• Is the Door of Ijtihad Closed?
Date of Submission: 2 weeks after the last lecture.
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Lecture 1DIRK
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IRKHS
THINKING
ALOUD
IIUMIIUM WhyWhen
Who Where
FiqhFiqhHow
What
Why
When
Who
Where
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
Why man is created by Allah?
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
Allah says in the Noble Qur’an:
الجن خلقت وماليعبدون إال واإلنس
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
What Allah has done for us?
• Create
• Nourish
• Sustain
• Guide
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
نبتليه خلقناإنا أمشاج نطفة من اإلنسانبصيرا ) سميعا (76:2فجعلناه
البيان )خلق علمه (55:3اإلنسان
و ربكم من بينة جاءكم (6:157ورحمة )هدىفقد
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
ثم خلقنولقد اكم(7:11صورناكم )
وأبقى رب ورزق خير ك(20:131)
ونصيرا هاديا بربك وكفى(25:31)
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Purpose of CreationIntroductory Remarks I
صورته علي آدم الله خلق
بطن في زكريا بن يحيى الله خلقوخلق مؤمنا أمه
كافرا أمه بطن في فرعون
Hadith
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Man’s Need for LawIntroductory Remarks I
Why man needs a Law?
•To guide man in his multifarious activities
•To prevent him from committing crimes against his self, family, society, nation and the world
•To protect the interests of oneself and others
•To understand and respect the rights and obligations
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Divine Law vs. Man-made LawIntroductory Remarks I
Divine Law Man-Made Law
Source Allah Man
Knowledge Immediate Mediate
Status Perpetual Temporary
Sacred Non-SacredNature
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Divine Law vs. Man-made LawIntroductory Remarks I
Divine Law Man-Made Law
Extent Universal Particular
Role Guide / Enlighten Prevent aggression
Uniform DifferManner
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Literally defined as:
يقصد ( الذي الماء مورد أي الماء وشرعةللشرب )
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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المستقيمة والطريقة المذهب______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lecture 1
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Technically defined as:
األحكام( الدين من لعباده الله شرع ماالمختلفة)
These rules (األحكام) were called as because of its straightness and شريعةits resemblance to water spot as there in it life for the soul and intellect just as there is life for the body from the
water spot.
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The course towards the water spot
A B
CD
water
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The course towards the water spot
A B
CD
Qur’anSunnah
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Specialities of Shari‘ah
•Divine Origin
•The shara‘i reward and punishment are both this worldly and the hereafter
•Universal and everlasting
•All embracive
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
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•Religious Beliefs•Economic System•Political System•Social System•Ethical System
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Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs
• IDOL WORSHIPPER• ATHEIST• FOLLOWERS OF CHRISTIAN & JEWISH TEACHING• BELIEVERS IN ONE SUPREME GOD )ALLAH(
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•Feared of the Hereafter•Praised forefathers at the conclusion of pilgrimage•Acknowledged the Messengership of earlier Prophets•Performed Hajj•Respected the Holy months
Religious BeliefsReligious Beliefs
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Ibn Hisham saysIbn Hisham says:
the beginning of stone worship among the sons of Isma‘il was when Makkah became too small for them
and they wanted more room in the country. Everyone who left the town took with him a stone from the
Sacred area to do honour to it. When they settled they set it up and walked around it as they went around the
Ka‘bah. This led them to worship what stones they pleased and those which made impression on them .
Thus as generation passed they forgot their primitive faith and adopted another religion for that of
Ibrahim and Isma‘il.
“
”
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Economic SystemEconomic System
•tied to tribal loyalty & hierarchy•labor despised•slavery common•transactions based on traditions & customs•no distinction between self-acquired & inherited properties•absolute power of disposal for owner •tribal-based economic specialization
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Political SystemPolitical System
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Social SystemSocial System
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Ethical SystemEthical System
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Qur’an and Sunnah
Al-Shari‘at al-Muhammadiyyah
Al-Shari‘at al-Kubra
Musa ‘Isa
NuhIsma‘il
Ibrahim
B ?K ?
C ?
Lut
Ishaq
Ya‘qub Yahya
Dawud
Ilyas
Qur’an and Sunnah
Al-Shari‘at al-Muhammadiyyah
Al-Shari‘at al-Kubra
Musa ‘Isa
NuhIsma‘il
Ibrahim
B ?K ?
C ?
Lut
Ishaq
Ya‘qub Yahya
Dawud
Ilyas
DIRK
Selection based on retention and
abrogation
Lecture 3
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IslamShari‘ah
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FiqhShari‘ah
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Shari‘ah Fiqh
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Shari‘ah = Fiqh
?
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يكادون ال القوم هؤآلء فمالحديثا فقهي ون
[What has come to these people that they have failed to understand (even) a single
fact] (4:78)
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ي ال قلوب بها فقهلهم ون
[They have hearts wherewith they understand not] (7:179)
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Shari‘ahShari‘ahFiqhFiqh
Rules which the
MujtahidMujtahidsucceeds in
which there arethe Rules of
Allah
Rules which the
MujtahidMujtahidfails inwhich
there arethe Rules of
Allah
Aspects of
beliefs,ethicsand
narrationsaboutpast
nations
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LiterallyLiterally:
وما مالها النفس وما معرفة مالها النفس معرفة) عمال ) (عليها عمال ) عليها
[Person’s knowledge of his rights and obligations (with
respect to his acts)]
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This definition includes three things:
•Knowledge of the tenets of faith ( ‘ilm al-Kalam )
•Knowledge of ethics and mysticism ( Tasawwuf )
•Knowledge pertaining to acts ( Fiqh )
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TechnicallyTechnically:
شرعيةشرعيةال ال أحكامأحكامبال بال علمعلمالالمن من مكتسبةمكتسبةال ال عمليةعمليةالال
التفصيلية التفصيلية أدلتها أدلتها
[The knowledge of the legal rules pertaining to conduct, that have been
derived from their specific evidences].
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العلمالعلم
أحكامأحكام
الشرعيالشرعيةة
العمليةالعملية
المكتسبةالمكتسبة
أدلتهاأدلتهاالتفصيليةالتفصيلية
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(Belief)
عقائد(Action)
عمل
(‘Ilm al-Kalam)
إيمان(Islah al-Zahir)
إسالم(Tasawwuf)
إحسان
تهذيب األخالق( عبادات(
تدبيرالمنزل( معامالت(
سياسة المدن
( معامالت(
Shari‘ahShari‘ah
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Sh
ara‘
i Val
ues
Sh
ara‘
i Val
ues
Values connectedwith belief
( اإلعتقادية (األحكام[ الكالم[ علم
Values connectedwith ethics
( األخالقية (األحكام[ التصوف[ ظ األخالق علم
Values connectedwith the sayings and
actions of man in respect of his relation with others
( العملية (األحكام[ الفقه[ علم
العباداتaim: to regulate an individual’s
relations with his Lord
المعامالتaim: to regulate relations
between individuals
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المعامالتTransactions
Family LawCivil Law
Procedural Law
Private International
Law
International Law
Constitutional Law
Financial Law
Criminal Law
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Man’s relation with himself
Man’s relation with his fellow Man
Man’s relation with God
Man’s relation with society
Man’s relation with the universe
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آخر إلى أمر إسنادسلبا أو إيجابا
[Predicating a thing to another either affirmatively or negatively]
:literally means (Value) حكم
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فى الشيء وضعموضعه
[to place a thing in its proper place]
:literally means (Value) حكم
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تعالى الله حكم عن عبارةبأفعال المتعـلق
المكلفين
[an expression about the rule of Allah, the self-elevated, which is connected to the
actions of the mukallafs )those on whom the obligation is effected(]
Technically defined as:Technically defined as:
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المتعـلق تعالى الله خطاببأفعال
التخيير أو باإلقتضاء المكلفينالوضع أو
[a communication from Allah, the self-elevated, which is connected to the acts of the
mukallafs through a demand or option or through a declaration].
Technically defined as:Technically defined as:
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Every Hukum must have the following three essential components to make an individual
responsible for:
Pillars of Shara‘i ValuesPillars of Shara‘i Values
HAKIMHAKIM
MAHKUM FIHIMAHKUM FIHIMAHKUM ‘ALAIHMAHKUM ‘ALAIH
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LawgiverLawgiver
Subject MatterSubject MatterAudienceAudience
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الحالحكمكم
الوضالوضعيعي
التكليالتكليفيفي
PrimarySecondary
InjunctiveStipulatory
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Obligatory Recommended Permitted Discouraged Forbidden
PRIMARY VALUES
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فرضFard واجب
Wajib
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WhatWhat is is
Fard Fard )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?
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ال قطعي بدليل ثبت ماجاحده ويكفر فيه شبهة
تاركه ويعذب
[that which is established through a clear proof in which there is no doubt and
anyone denying it is considered an infidel and one who does not perform it is
punished]
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What What isis
Wajib Wajib )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?
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شبهة فيه بدليل وجوبه ثبت مايثاب ما وهو الواحد، كخبر العدملو عقوبة بتركه ويستحق بفعله
جاحده يضلل حتي العذر البه ويكفر
[that the obligation of which is established through an undoubtful proof like the Singular tradition and it is that which rewards the doer make rightful the punishment for abstaining from it without any excuse such that its denier
is considered to have gone astray and is an infidel due to it]
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What is the What is the difference betweendifference between
Fard & Wajib Fard & Wajib )Obligatory( ?)Obligatory( ?
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Divisions of Fard / Wajib:Divisions of Fard / Wajib:
)1( ‘ayni )individual( / kafa’i )collective(
)2( muwaqqat )contingent( / mutlaq )absolute(
)3( muhaddad )quantified( / ghayr muhaddad )unquantified(
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that which is addressed to every individual and
cannot, in principle, be performed for or on behalf
of another person
‘‘Ayni )Individual Obligation( is defined as:Ayni )Individual Obligation( is defined as:
e.g.: Salat
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Kafa’i )Collective Obligation( is defined as:Kafa’i )Collective Obligation( is defined as:
that which is addressed to the community as a whole, such
that if any one member of the community perform it, the law is fulfilled and the rest of the community is absolved of it.
e.g.: Salat al-Janazah
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When will a Kafa’i becomes an ‘Ayni ?When will a Kafa’i becomes an ‘Ayni ?
•Jihad
•Ijtihad
•Expertise
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Muwaqqat )Contingent Obligation( is defined as:Muwaqqat )Contingent Obligation( is defined as:
that which is contingent on a time-limit
e.g.: Sawm )fasting(
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Mutlaq )Absolute Obligation( is defined as:Mutlaq )Absolute Obligation( is defined as:
that which is free
of time-limit.
e.g.: Kaffarah )expiation(DIS
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Muhaddad )Quantified Obligation( is defined as:Muhaddad )Quantified Obligation( is defined as:
that which results in
personal liability.
e.g.: Zakat DIS
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Ghayr Muhaddad )Unquantified Obligation(Ghayr Muhaddad )Unquantified Obligation(is defined as:is defined as:
that which does not result in
personal liability.
e.g.: Mahr )dowry(DIS
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Note………….Note………….
Any excessive performance of wajib becomes either part of
wajib or mandub
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سنةSunnah
نـفـلNafl
تطوعTatawwu‘
مستحبMustahabb
مندوبMandub
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الله صلي النبي واظب مامع عليها وسلم عليه
أحيانا الترك
[that which the Prophet, on whom be the regard and salutation of Allah, used to
practice regularly with intermittent abstinence]
DIS
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الله صلي النبي واظب ماوسلم بال عليه عليه
وجوب
[that which the Prophet, on whom be the regard and salutation of Allah, used to
practice regularly without being an obligation]
DIS
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ولم الشارع فيه رغب مايوجبه
[that which the Law Giver prefers without making it an obligation]
Mustahabb )Desirable Act(:Mustahabb )Desirable Act(:
DIS
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علي راجحا يكون الذي الفعلويكون الشارع نظر في تركه
جائزا تاركه
[the act that the abstinence of which is preferred in the opinion of the Law Giver and
one who abstains from it is rewarded]
Mandub )Recommended Act(:Mandub )Recommended Act(:
DIS
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الفرائض علي زيادة شرع ماوالواجبات
[that which is legislated over and above the obligatory rules]
Nafl:Nafl:
DIS
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Is a binding demand of the Lawgiver in respect of
abandoning something.
Haram )Forbidden(Haram )Forbidden(
DIS
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Committing the haram is punishable and omitting is
rewarded
Haram )Forbidden(Haram )Forbidden(
DIS
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Forms of Haram in the Qur’an:
•the word haram itself occurring (حرمت) [5:3]
•other prohibitory terms [5:90]
(ال)
DIS
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Forms of Haram in the Qur’an:
•command to avoid certain behavior [5:90]
(فإجتنبوا)
•expressions like [4:19] ( لكم يحل (ال
DIS
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TypesTypes:
•Haram li dhatihi:(that which is prohibited for its own sake)
•Haram li-Ghayrihi: (that which is prohibited due to something else)
DIS
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A demand of the Lawgiver which requires the mukallaf to avoid something, but not in strictly
prohibitory terms. Thus omitting something which is makruh is preferable to committing it.
Makruh )Abominable(Makruh )Abominable(
DIS
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•Makruh Tahrimi:(that which is closer to haram)
•Makruh Tanzizhi: (that which is closer to mubah)
Type:Type:
DIS
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Communication from the Lawgiver concerning the conduct of the mukallaf
which gives him the option to do or not to do something
Mubah )Permissible(Mubah )Permissible(
DIS
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سبسببب
(Cause)
SECONDARY VALUES
شرطشرط(Condition)
مانعمانع(Obstacle)
DIS
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SababSabab::
LiterallyLiterally::
المقصود إلي به يتوصل لما إسم
[the means through which the goal is reached]
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SababSabab::
TechnicallyTechnically:
[What the Lawgiver has determined to be the identifier of a legal rule so that its existence
means the presence of the rule, while its absence means the absence of the rule]
DIS
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TypesTypes::
•That which neither depends on the act of the subject nor is it within his power to
bring about (Ghayr al-Tam)
e.g.: the arrival of the month of Ramadan is the cause for fasting
DIS
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TypesTypes::
•That which depends on the act of the subject and is within his power to bring
about (Tam)
e.g.: like journey for the permissibility of not fasting
DIS
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LiterallyLiterally:
األول وجد إذا بحيث بشيء الشيء تعليقالثاني وجد
[the connection of a thing with another such that if the first is present the
second is also present]
ShartShart::
DIS
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TechnicallyTechnically:
[an evident and constant attribute whose absence necessitates the
absence of the hukum but whose presence does not automatically
bring about its object]
e.g.: Wudu’ - Salat
ShartShart::
DIS
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•Shart Shar‘i (Legal Condition)[by the Lawgiver]
•Shart Ja‘li (Improvised Condition)[by the mukallaf]
TypesTypes::
DIS
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وجود عند الحكم إنعدام عن عبارةالسبب
[an act or an attribute which nullifies the hukum in the presence of a cause]
e.g.: Difference of religionالكافر يرث ال
Mani‘Mani‘::
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•That which affects the Sabab (Cause) due to its presence
e.g.: not paying Zakat due to indebtedness
•That which affects the Hukum (Rule)e.g.: Paternity hinders retaliation
TypesTypes::
DIS
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[Manner of performance]
VOID
VALID
IRREGULAR
DIS
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[Religious Consideration]
رخصة عزيمة
DIS
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[In respect of Performance]
قضاء
أداء
DIS
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Purpose of these classifications:Purpose of these classifications:
•To show that law is not merely the command of the Lawgiver
•To make us understand how these rules interact to create obligations and determinethe operation of law
DIS
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Legislative Period
Dynastic-cum-Republican Period
Scientific Research Period
Research Fixation Period
Transcription Period
Free Will Period
Republican Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Age of Renaissance ?
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Underlying features of the period
• different aspects of the shari‘ah were outlined by the Qur’anic revelation and sunnaic practices
• Legislations were enacted as solutions to the rising problems
• Prophet was the point of reference for all matters
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Makkan PeriodMakkan Period
Madinan PeriodMadinan Period
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610 A.D. - 622 A.D.610 A.D. - 622 A.D.
623 A.D. - 632 A.D.623 A.D. - 632 A.D.
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Those relating to Belief
Those dealing with human
conducts in the form of Awamir & Nawahih
Those which deal withmoral principles
Kinds of Qur’anic versesKinds of Qur’anic verses
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•Tawhid•Umam al-Madiyah•Salah•Akhirah
•Ahkam•Akhlaq
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Qur’anic Revelations came due to:
(1) Circumstances necessitating the reform of the Muslim Society
مشركة من خير مؤمنة وألمة يؤمن حتي المشركت تنكحوا والمؤمن ولعبد يؤمنوا حتي المشركين تنكحوا وال ، أعجبتكم ولو
أعجبكم ولو مشرك من خيرS.2:A.221
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(2) Reply to questions put by Muslims and Non-Muslims alike
فيه قتال الحرام الشهر عن كبير يسئلونك فيه قتال قلS.2:A.217
والميسر الخمر عن للناس يسئلونك ومنفع كبير إثم فيهمآ قلنفعهما من أكبر وإثمهما
S.2:A.219
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The Prophet was concerned with the preservation of religion and political
leadership of the world. In his capacity as religious leader, he was to convey to the
people their responsibilities imposed by the Shari‘ah and make them act in accordance with the sacred principles. As a political
leader he acted as a person in charge of the interests of human civilization.
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The Qur’anic and Sunnaic texts serve as Maxims which are applicable to a variety of problems and points of conflict. A number of principles of law and rules can be easily
built upon them
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Qur’anQur’an: (S.42:A.38)
شورى شورى وأمرهم وأمرهمبينهمبينهم
[And they (conduct their) affairs by mutual consultation]is a basis for
“representative or democratic government”
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SunnahSunnah
[A word of justice uttered before an unjust ruler is
the greatest of jihad]is a basis for
“establishing a people’s government which requires a rightful and honest or
just administration”
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Underlying features of the period
• Strict adherence to the Qur’an and the Sunnah
•Ijma‘ al-Ummah became the third source of the Law
• Qiyas became the forth source of the law
•From the time Abu Bakr was elected as the Khalifah of the Prophet till the assassination of the fourth Khalifah ‘Ali b Abi Talib
•The Khalifah was assassinated in 40 hijri. The Muslim community came to be divided into Jumhur (majority), Shi‘i and Khawarij. This division had influenced the later legal development of the Jurisprudence.
•With the expansive social system, the Khalifah discuss new ideas with the companions through the process of Mushawarah.
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•Even the Prophet himself used to consult his companions not only on matters on which the revelation was silent, but also on questions as to the application of the revelation themselves.
•This process of consultation became a third source of Islamic Law during the Khilafat of ‘Umar. This came to be known as: Ijma‘ al-Ijma‘ al- UmmahUmmah
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•A way of solution to a difficult legal problem, whereby the Khalifah would convoke an assembly of the Muslims in order to settle it by unanimity
•The assembly had to decide the points with reference to the spirit in which certain traditions were handed down by the Prophet and with reference to the necessity of the moment and the interests of Islam. [e.g.: the election of Khalifah Abu Bakr]
•The assembly had to determine what modifications, if at all, would be introduced. The result of their deliberations on the solution of the problems submitted to them found a valuable addition to the fundamental provision of law.
Unlawful intercourse with the opposite sex - (S.27:A.2) 100 stripes + exile (Prophet) - Ibn Sar during ‘Umar
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Search the Qur’an
Search the Sunnah
Mushawarah withthe Sahabah
Takes the position of the majority
Exercises his own Ijtihad
?
?
?
?
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Mu‘adh to exercise Ijtihad / Intoxication
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Legislative Period
Dynastic-cum-Republican Period
Scientific Research Period
Research Fixation Period
Transcription Period
Free Will Period
Republican Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Age of Renaissance ?
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Underlying features of the period
• Rise of sectarian sentiments
• Concoction of traditions on sectarian basis
• Islamic scholars spread all over the Islamic world
• Fiqh was divided into ‘Ilm and ‘Usul
• Active participation of non-Arabs in the development of the law
• Istihsan, Istislah, etc. were introduced as sub-sources of the law
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•Division between the Khawarij and the Shi‘i deepens
•Justification of views lead to narration of many traditions purported to have been from the Prophet which were not accepted by the Jumhur
•People from various cities came to seek solutions to new problems arising on account of change in circumstances and conditions
•The Prophetic companions issued opinions based on a tradition
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MadinahMadinahMakkahMakkah
FustatFustatBasrahBasrah
KufahKufah
‘Ali IbnAbi TalibAnas
Bin MalikIbn ‘AbbasLady
‘A’ishah
‘AmrIbn al-‘As
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•Each of these companions used his or her own collections of traditions for issuing legal opinions
•This lead to differences in opinions among the jurists and learned men
•To compound this the adherents to sectarian sentiments issued separate views based on their group feeling.
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The purpose of these false and cooked-up traditions isThe purpose of these false and cooked-up traditions is:
• to downcast and dishonor the faith
• out of good intention
• to boost self-importance
• to fortify sectarian views
• to justify one’s own worldly actions
• to confuse the Muslim public
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•Scholars categorized as ahl al-hadith (men of traditions) and ahl al-ra’i (men of opinion)
•Further division in the Shi‘i sect: Kisaniyyah, Imamiyyah and Zaidiyyah
•The contribution of the non-Arabs to Islamic legal development is greater than the Arabs
•‘Umar Ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz campaigned to report genuine traditions
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Underlying features of the period
• Increase in industrial and trade activities •Translation of Greek and Persian Philosophical works
• Compilation and edition of traditions •“Founding of Islamic Legal Schools”
• Systematization and fixation of legal principles
• Increased role of Qiyas in Islamic Legal activities
• Development of different methods for the systematization of Usul
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•The development made in the Islamic Law received firm foundation through scientific research
•Abbasids took over the Khilafah and a Umayyad Prince escaped to Spain and founded the Umayyad Dynasty there
•Fatimid rule was established in Egypt and North Africa (Isma‘ilis)
• Further division of Shi‘is
•Trade increased extensively with the growing civilization and business institutions and centers of trade and commerce gave rise to new circumstances which needed an expansive rule of conduct
•The translation of Greek philosophical works under state patronage led to the ignition of human thought
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•The coming of non-Arab initiated systematic research on large scale
•This gave rise to intensive intellectual, expert and religious activities in every phase of life
• Scholars introduced the concept of rationalism in the shari‘ah evidences and researches
•The science of tradition was fully developed
•The separation of Prophetic tradition from the sayings of the companions was successfully done
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•The division of the schools was not a drawback. It shows the
genius of the law and the lawyers of the shari‘ah. It proves the
great juristic development and its fine capability in human
civilization. Under the structure provided by the shari‘ah, many
students of one Imam migrated to other provinces and studied
under other Imams and their disciples and further the process of
law or copied out the other views. This rise of school was a
demand of the time and it provided unity in Islam and its
institutions. It was a check against individual deviation and
misrepresentations.
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•The Imams never claimed finality in their views. It all depended on the qualities of later jurists to avail of the flexibility of the law in accordance with the requirement of time and situation
NOTE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Underlying features of the period
• Consolidation of earlier legal efforts
•Strict and blind adherence to earlier schools
• Curtailment of Ijtihad
•Veracity of scholarly opinions studied through legal reasoning
•Rise in inter-madhahib jealousy and academic debates • Streamlining and simplification of the complexities of the law
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•In areas where the earlier jurists did not fully elaborate the scholars of this period completed the task by explanations and illustrations, and issued principles for new legal problems
•Confining to the bases of fiqh, the jurists of the individual schools culled out principles established by the earlier jurists and by a process of analysis and reasoning, re-established legal rules to meet new situation. Here the exercised ijtihad and in cases not fully covered by their predecessors they worked out solutions without violating the spirit of law
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Legislative Period
Dynastic-cum-Republican Period
Scientific Research Period
Research Fixation Period
Transcription Period
Free Will Period
Republican Period
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Age of Renaissance ?
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Underlying features of the period
• Lethargic in opening the door of Ijtihad
•Writing of commentaries / glosses and compendia
•Codification of Islamic Law began (Sulaiman Qanuni)
•From the establishment of the Khilafah ‘Uthmaniyyah in the west and the permanent conquest of India by Muhammad b Ghuri to the British control of Muslims in India and the signing of the Gulhane Charter by the Ottomans in 1880.
•Arabs lost their control over the affairs of Government
•Royal authority shifted to the Turks and Berbers
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TurkeyTurkey
IndiaIndia
SpainSpain (1538-1610)
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Period of Hanafi Jurisprudential
excellence
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Emergence of
Religious Reformers
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Underlying features of the period
• Introduction of western concepts in Islamic law with the intention of weakening it.
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1471 - Portuguese Mariners outflanked the Arabs1511 - Landed in Calicut1600-1799- Dutch colonized Java (First Muslim Territory)1699 - Austria conquered Hungary & Translyvania 1757-60 - British colonized Bengal1768-1812- Russia defeated the Turks1811 - Britain colonized Malacca 1830 - Greece fell off from Turkey & Britain took Cyprus1840 - Britain took control of Aden1845 - France colonized Algeria1858 - Britain took control of India1881 - France usurped Tunisia1882 - Britain took control of Egypt1898 - Britain took control of Sudan1911 - Italy took control of Libya1912 - France colonized Morocco1914-18 - Britain took control of Iraq, Jordan, Palestine and the Gulf1920 - France took control of Syria and Lebanon
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William Bentinck )1835(
The great object of British Government ought to be the promotion of European literature and science among the natives
of India; and that all the funds appropriated for the purposes of education would be best
employed on English education alone
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Auckland
•A class of persons Indian in blood and color but English in tastes, in opinions, in
morals and intellect
•to direct the Muslims away from their traditional manners, cultures and laws
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•The beginning of the decline in the Shari‘ah Law
•Start of the expansion of European colonialism or political expansion and mental transplantation
•The free law movement gained momentum with the imposition of alien legal system
•The shari‘ah law was molded to be localized in territorial boundaries of individual countries
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After the World War II
•Muslim countries became independent
•These countries were ruled by Muslims with Western taste
•International aid programs provided by the Western powers corrupted the Oriental set-up making a great impact on Muslim thinking
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•The policy of the Colonial Europe was to minimize the Islamic Legal institutions and even to substitute them by European techniques in keeping with the dignity of conquering powers
•Islamic Law was replaced with Common Law and Code Napoleon
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Underlying features of the period
• Critical re-examination of existing laws in the light of Islam (Islamization of disciplines)
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PrimaryPrimary SecondarySecondary SubsidiarySubsidiary
Qur’an Sunnah
Ijma‘ Qiyas
Istihsan Istishab
‘Urf
Sadd al-dhari‘ah
Istislah Istidlal
Qawlal-sahabi
maslahamursalah
Sources of Islamic Law
TransmittedAgreed uponDefinitive
RationalDisputedProbable
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Definitions
Divisions
Manner of revelation and compilation
StructureStyleContentsWordsInterpretations
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Literal:
Technical:
The book containing the Speech of Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic and transmitted to us by
continuous testimony, or tawatur
Qa – Ra – ’a
He recited, He read
DefinitionsDefinitions
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Revelation from the Lord of the Universe
Revealed through the trusted spirit (Jibril)
In the heart of the Prophet
As a warning
In a clear Arabic language
وإنه لتنزيل رب العلمين نزل به الروح األمين
على قلبكلتكون من المنذرينبلسان عربى مبين
Al-Qur’an, 26:192-5
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Various factors of choice for perfect expressions, explanations and forms
A scientific language with wealth of roots and derivative forms each expressing some particular modification of the root idea, of which each is susceptible
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Is it a must that the Qur’an be in Arabic?
What about Translations?
Are they not Qur’an in Essence?
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Huruf 338,606
Kalimah 79,087
Ayah 6,235
Surah 114
Rubu‘ 128
Juz’ 30
Manzil 7
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Kufah - 6239 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib
Basrah - 6204 ‘Asim b. Hajjaj
Sham - 6225 Ibn ‘Umar
Makkah - 6219
Madinah - 6211 - 6666 Lady ‘A’ishah
AyahAyah
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Legal Rules
Disputation
Divine Favour
Important EventsRemembrance
of Death
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140 – ‘Ibadat matters
70 – Munakahat matters
70 – Mu‘amalat matters
30 – Jinayat matters
30 – ‘Uqubat matters
10 – Iqtisad matters
350 Verses
on Legal Rules
=
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•Phraseology of command / prohibition
•Mentioning good reward for the doer
•Mentioning punishment for the transgressors
•Mentioning of love and praise for the doer
•Mentioning of hate and displeasure for the transgressor
Style of the Qur’an in explaining the Ahkam
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•During the Prophet time
•During Abu Bakr time
•During ‘Uthman time
Stages in the compilation of the Qur’anStages in the compilation of the Qur’an
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Definitions
Relations between Qur’an and Sunnah
Hujjiyyat of Sunnah
Stages in the compilation of Sunnah
Divisions
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Literal:
Technical:
All that is narrated from the ProphetHis acts, his saying, tacit approvals,
physical descriptions, character and attributes
SunnahSunnah
Clear Path, Normative Practice
DefinitionsDefinitions
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What isthe relation between Qur’an and Sunnah
?
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Matn (text), isnad (chain of reporters), and taraf (the part, or the beginning sentence, of the text which refers to the sayings, actions or characteristics
of the Prophet (), or his concurrence with others action). The authenticity of the hadith depends on the reliability of its
reporters, and the linkage among them
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According to the reference to a particular authority Four types of hadith can be identified.
•Qudsi - Divine; a revelation from Allah (SWT); relayed with the words of the Prophet ().
•Marfu - elevated; a narration from the Prophet (), e.g. I heard the Prophet () saying ...
•Mauquf- stopped: a narration from a companion only, e.g., we were commanded to ...
•Maqtu' - severed: a narration from a successor.
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According to the links of Isnad - interrupted or uninterrupted
Six categories can be identified.
•Musnad - supported: a hadith which is reported by a traditionalist, based on what he learned from his teacher at a time of life suitable for learning; similarly - in turn - for each teacher until the isnad reaches a well known companion, who in turn, reports from the Prophet (). •Mutassil - continuous: a hadith with an uninterrupted isnad which goes back only to a companion or successor. •Mursal - hurried: if the link between the successor and the Prophet (PBUH) is missing, e.g. when a successor says "The Prophet said...". •Munqati - broken: is a hadith whose link anywhere before the successor (i.e., closer to the traditionalist recording the hadith) is missing. •Mu'adal - perplexing: is a hadith whose reporter omits two or more consecutive reporters in the isnad. •Mu'allaq - hanging: is a hadith whose reporter omits the whole isnad and quotes the Prophet () directly (i.e., the link is missing at the beginning).
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
According to the number of reporters involved in each stage of Isnad
Five categories of hadith can be identified:
•Mutawatir - Consecutive: is a hadith which is reported by such a large number of people that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together. •Ahad - isolated: is a hadith which is narrated by people whose number does not reach that of the mutawatir. It is further classified into: •Mash'hur - famous: hadith reported by more than two reporters. •Aziz - rare, strong: at any stage in the isnad, only two reporters are found to narrate the hadith. •Gharib - strange: At some stage of the Isnad, only one reporter is found relating it.
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
According to the nature of the text and isnad
• Munkar - denounced: is a hadith which is reported by a weak narrator, and whose narration goes against another authentic hadith.
• Mudraj - interpolated: an addition by a reporter to the text of the hadith being narrated.
According to the reliability and memory of the reporters
This provides the final verdict on a hadith - four categories can be identified:
• Sahih - sound. Imam Al-shafi‘i states the following requirements for a hadith, which is not mutawatir, to be acceptable "each reporter should be trustworthy in his religion; he should be known to be truthful in his narrating, to understand what he narrates, to know how a different expression can alter the meaning, and to report the wording of the hadith verbatim, not only its meaning".
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Hasan - good: is the one where its source is known and its reporters are unambiguous.
•Da'if - weak: a hadith which fails to reach the status of hasan. Usually, the weakness is: a) one of discontinuity in the isnad, in which case the hadith could be - according to the nature of the discontinuity - munqati (broken), mu'allaq (hanging), mu'dal (perplexing), or mursal (hurried), or b) one of the reporters having a disparaged character, such as due to his telling lies, excessive mistakes, opposition to the narration of more reliable sources, involvement in innovation, or ambiguity surrounding his person. •Maudu' - fabricated or forged: is a hadith whose text goes against the established norms of the Prophet's sayings, or its reporters include a liar. Fabricated hadith are also recognized by external evidence related to a discrepancy found in the dates or times of a particular incident.
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Definitions
Essential Requirements
Hujjiyyat of Ijma‘
Divisions
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Literal:
Technical:
Agreement of all people who belong to the community of Muhammad [], in a certain period of time,
on a rule about a certain incidence
Ja – ma – ‘a Ja – ma – ‘a
He gathered, He agreed
DefinitionsDefinitions
Agreement of all those who are legally responsible and who belong to the community of Muhammad [],
in a certain period of time, on a rule about a certain incidence
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Agreement
•People with legal responsibility
•Members of the Prophet’s community
•Period of time
•Moot question
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•A number of mujtahids exist at a particular time
•All mujtahids of the time or period agree on the ruling
•Each mujtahid presents his own opinion explicitly, by reference to legal decision or giving formal opinion
•All scholars agree on the ruling
Essential RequirementsEssential Requirements
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Al-Ijma‘ al-SarihAl-Ijma‘ al-SukutiIn which every mujtahid expresses his
opinion either verbally or by an action In which some of the mujtahid of a particular age or place give an
expressed opinion concerning an incident while the rest remain silent
Types of Ijma‘
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Definitions
Constituents & Subject Matter
Hujjiyyat of Qiyas
Divisions
Limitations
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Literal:
Technical:
A process of deduction by which the law of a text is applied tocases which, though not covered by the language, or
governed by the reason of the text
Qa – Ya – Sa Qa – Ya – Sa
He measured, He estimated
DefinitionsDefinitions
A process of extending the shara‘i value from the original case (asl) over the subsidiary or (far‘), by reason of an effective cause
(‘illah) which is common to both cases and cannot be understood from the expression concerning the
original case alone
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Din
ValuesMal
‘Ird
‘Aql
Nafs
A B C D E F
Key
1 Halal2 Mustahabb
3 Mubah4 Makruh
5 HaramA IstidlalB IstihsanC IstislabD HajahE MaslahF Darurah
etc.etc.
1
2
34
5
DIS Lecture 5
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
‘‘IbadahIbadah
Munakahat Munakahat Mu‘amalat Mu‘amalat
Jinayat Jinayat ‘‘Uqubat Uqubat
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Fiqh al-Jinayah
Definition
Classification
Hudud Qisas Ta’zir
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Definition
المنع - الحد
فال الله حدود هاتقربو تلك
فال الله حدود هاتعتدوتلك
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
تعالى لله حقا واجبة مقدرة عقوبة
غيرمقدرة
للعباد
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
الزنا
الطريق قطعالشرب
القذف
الحرابةالسرقة
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Fiqh al-Usrah
Nikah
Talaq
Definition & Purpose
Ruling
Selection
Requirements
Polygamy
Unlawful Forms
Definition
Purpose
Forms
Ruling
Procedure
Khul‘Li‘an
ZiharIla
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Fiqh al-Usrah
‘Iddah
Nafaqah
Definition
Purpose
Rulings
Kinds
Akhlaq
Remarriage
Definition
Rada’
Conditions
Hadanah
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
The Nature of Madhahib
Argument for / against Madhhab
Definition
Classification of Madhahib
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
He went, He treaded, He opined
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
2424
1818
44
11
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Yes
No
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Prophet is the only Imam
•Causes disunity & disagreement
•Prophet is infallible as opposed to Imams
•Goes against the Qur’anic injunction of obedience
•Elevating the status of the ‘ulama’ to that of the Prophet
•It is a bid‘ah (innovation)
No
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Extinct
Existing
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Zahiri•Awza‘i•Thawri•Tabari•Laythi
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Existing Madhahib
Ahl al-Sunnah
Non-Ahl al-Sunnah
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Khawarijites Shi‘ites Mu‘tazilites
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
HanafitesHanafites
MalikitesMalikites
Shafi‘itesShafi‘ites
HambalitesHambalites
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Oldest legal school with Largest following
•Distinguished for its application of the rules of shari‘ah to practical matters of human life, making use of reason and logic through the process of Qiyas and Istihsan
•‘Umar sent ‘Abd Allah ibn Mas‘ud as Qadi to Kufah
•Systematically developed by Abu Hanifah
•First to formulate the technique of legal evolution in order to codify the law
•Most workable school of law in commerce and trade
•Biased towards case-law
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Qur’an
•Sunnah
•Ijma‘ al-Sahabah
•Ray al-Sahabah
•Qiyas
•Istihsan
•‘Urf
HanafiHanafi
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Followed by people in Madinah, Spain and North Africa
•Attracted many nomadic people
•Founded in Madinah by Malik b Anas
•Upholding the sunnah of the Prophet – less reliance on qiyas and analytical reasoning
•Nevertheless they give importance to juristic preference and public interest
•Peculiarity : the practice of the Madinan
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Qur’an
•Sunnah
•‘Amal ahl al-Madinah
•Ijma‘ al-Sahabah
•Ray al-Sahabah
•Qiyas
• ‘Urf ahl al-Madinah
•Istislah
•‘Urf
MalikiMaliki
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Named after Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi‘i
•A balance between the traditionalism of the Maliki and the practicality of the Hanafi schools
•Known in the area of law which is fixed and not that developed in the area of law which is changing
•Shafi‘i’s avowed aim was to reconcile between fiqh and hadith
•He is the originator of the scientific principles in the legal theory of Islam
•Followers are found in Yemen, India and South East Asia
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Qur’an
•Sunnah
•Ijma‘
•Ray al-Sahabah
•Qiyas
•Istishab
Shafi‘iShafi‘i
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Named after Ahmad b. Hanbal (d. 855 A.D.)
•A muhaddith and not a faqih
•A reaction against unfettered rationalism
•Sunnah as the source of juridical decisions
•The later imams are great achievers like Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim
•Followers are found in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Gulf
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
•Qur’an
•Sunnah
•Ijma‘ al-Sahabah
•Ray al-Sahabah
•Hadith Da‘if
• Qiyas
HambaliHambali
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The course towards the water spot
A B
CD
water
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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The course towards the water spot
A B
CD
Qur’anSunnah
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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ALLAH
MUHAMMAD
Ibn ‘Abbas
Hammad
MalikShafi‘i
JIBRIL
‘Ali‘A’isha‘Umar
A. Hanifah
Ja‘far
Hanbal
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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المشمس - Water kept underالماءthe sun
Shafi ‘i - Makruh
Hanifah, Malik & Ahmad - Not Makruh
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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المسخن - Boiled Waterالماء
All - Not Makruh
Mujahid - Makruh
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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المستعمل - Used Waterالماء
Hanifah, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad - Pure but does not purify
Malik - Purifies
Abu Yusuf - Impure
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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المتغير - Water that has changedالماء
byبالزعفران - Saffron
by keeping forبالمكث - long
Malik, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad)not used for purification(
All - Pure
Ibn Sirin - not used for purification
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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Brushing the teethالسواك -
All - Sunnah
Dawud - Wajib
Ishaq - If one willfully leaves it his salat is invalid
DIS Week 4
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Circumcisionالختان -
Malik, Shafi ‘i & Ahmad - Wajib
Hanifah - Mustahabb
DIS Week 4
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- Impurities )Liquid Intoxicantالنجاسات - cologne(
Shafi ‘ite & majority Hanafites - Pure
Others - Not Pure
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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عة - الجمأ Congregational Prayerصالة)Women(
Hanifa, Malik - Not required
Others? -
IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 4
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
Conflict of Evidence
Conciliation
Preference Abrogation Reconciliation Specification
الترجيحالنسخالجمعالتخصيص
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS Week 7
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
Week 5DIRK
General Discussion
•Organ Donation / Transplantation•Euthanasia•Surrogate Parenthood•Cloning or Clowning
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IIUMIIUM IRKHS
DIS