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Functions with default arguments:
#include
#include
void repchar(char=*, int=3);
void main()
{
repchar();
repchar(x,2);
repchar(&,4);
}
void repchar( char c, int n)
{
for(int i=1;i
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Output :
*
*
*
x
x
&
&
&
&
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Classes with objects
#include
class cl
{
int i;
public:
int get_i();
void put_i(int j);
};
int cl::get_i()
{
return i;
}
void cl::put_i(int j)
{
i=j;
}
int main()
{
cl s;
s.put_i(10);
cout
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Output :
10
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Friend Functions
#include
class sample
{
private:
float a,b;
public:
void getdata()
{ cin>>a>>b;
}
friend float mean(sample s)
{ return (s.a+s.b)/2.0;
}
};
void main()
{
sample s1;
cout
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Output :
Enter two float inputs:
15
22
Mean value=18.5
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Constructor with default arguments:
#include
#include
class test
{
private:
float a,b,c;
public:
test(float x=1.1, float y=2.2, float z=3.3)
{a=x;
b=y;
c=z;
}
void display()
{cout
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t3.display();
t4.display();
t5.display();
getch();
}
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Output :
1.1 2.2 3.3
1.1 2.2 3.3
6.6 2.2 3.3
6.6 7.7 3.3
6.6 7.7 8.8
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Copy Constructor:
#include
#include
class test
{
private:
int a,b,c;
public:
test()
{
a=5;
b=10;
c=15;
}
test(int x, int y, int z)
{
a=x;
b=y;
c=z;
}
void display()
{
cout
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void main()
{
clrscr();
test t1;
test t2=t1; // copy constructor
test t3(4,8,12);
test t4(t3); // copy constructor
t1.display();
t2.display();
t3.display();
t4.display();
getch();
}
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Output :
5 10 15
5 10 15
4 8 12
4 8 12
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Assignment Operator Overloading
# include
#include
class sample
{
private:
int x;
float y;
public:
sample(int, float);
void operator = (sample abc);
void display();
};
sample::sample(int one,float two)
{
x=one;
y=two;
}
void sample::operator =(sample abc)
{
x=abc.x;
y=abc.y;
}
void sample::display()
{
cout
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}
void main()
{
clrscr();
sample s1(10,15.5);
sample s2(20,25.5);
s1.display();
s2.display();
s1=s2;
s1.display();
s2.display();
getch();
}
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Output :
10 15.5
20 25.5
20 25.5
20 25.5
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Type Conversion:
#include
#include
void main()
{
int a;
float b,c;
clrscr();
couta;
coutb;
c=float(a)+b;
cout
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Output :
Enter the value of a: 10
Enter the value of b: 12.5
The value of C is: 22.5
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Inheritance using C++:
# include
#include
class base
{
private:
char n[20];
int rno;
public:
void getdata()
{
coutrno;
} void display();};
class deri:public base
{
private:
float ht, wt;
public:
void getdata()
{ base::getdata();
coutwt;
}
void display();
};
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void base::display()
{
cout
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Output :
Enter inputs.
Enter name and roll number
raja
34
Enter height and weight
180
67
------------------------------------
name rolno height weight
------------------------------------
raja 34 180 67
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Function Template :
#include
#include
template
void swap(T &x, T&y)
{
T t;
t=x;
x=y;
y=t;
}
void main()
{
char ch1,ch2;
int a,b;
float c,d;
clrscr();
coutch1>>ch2;
swap(ch1,ch2);
cout
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coutc>>d;
swap(c,d);
cout
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Output :
Enter the character values of ch1 and ch2:
a
z
On swapping ch1 and ch2
z a
Enter the integer values of a and b:
2
3
On swapping a and b
3 2
Enter the real values of c and d:
2.6
7.8
On swapping c and d
7.8 2.6
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Abstract Class:
abstract class one
{
}
class two extends one
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Hai");
}
}
class test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
two t1= new two();
t1.display();
}
}
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Output
C:\javaex>javac test.java
C:\javaex>java test
Hai
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Interface Inheritance
interface int1
{
int i1();
}
interface int2
{double i2();
}
interface int3 extends int1,int2
{boolean i3();
}
class test implements int3
{public int i1()
{
return 100;
}
public double i2()
{return 25.5;
}
public boolean i3()
{
return true;
}
}
class inter
{
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public static void main(String args[])
{
test t= new test();
System.out.println("Interface1\t"+t.i1());
System.out.println("Interface2\t"+t.i2());
System.out.println("Interface3\t"+t.i3());
}
}
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Output
C:\javaex>javac inter.java
C:\javaex>java inter
Interface1 100
Interface2 25.5
Interface3 true
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Exception Handling
class Sample
{
static void Method1()
{
try
{
System.out.printIn("Method1-try");
throw new RuntimeException("Sample");
}
System.out.printIn("Method1-finally");
}
}
static void Method2()
{
try
{
System.out.printIn("Method2-try");
return;
}
finally
{
System.out.printIn("Method2-finally");
}
}
static void Method3()
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{
try
{
System.out.printIn("Method3-try");
}
finally
{
System.out.printIn("Method3-finally");
}
}
public static void main(String s[])
{
Method1();
}
}
catch(Exception e)
{
system.out.printin("Exception caught");
}
Method2();
Method3();
}
}
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Output
Method1-try
Method1-finally
Exception caught
Method2-try
Method2-finally
Method3-try
Method3-finally
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Design of Multi-Threaded Programs in JAVA
Program
class Newthread extends Thread
{
Newthread()
{
super("Demo Thread");
System.out.printIn("Child thread: " + this);
start();
}
public void run()
{try
{
for(int i=5;i>0;i--) {
System.out.printIn("Child Thread: " +i);
Thread.sleep(500);
}
}
Catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.printIn("child interrupted.");}
System.out.printIn("Exiting child thread.");
}
}
class ExtendThread
{
public static void main(string args[])
{
new NewThread();
try
{
for (int i =5; i>0;i--)
{
System.out.printIn("Main Thread: " +i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
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}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.printIn("Main thread interrupted.");
}
System.out.printIn ("Main thread exiting.");
}
}
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Output:
Child thread: Thread (Demo Thread, 5, main)
Main Thread: 5
Child Thread: 5
Child Thread: 4
Main Thread: 4
Child Thread: 3
Child Thread: 2
Main Thread: 3
Child Thread: 1
Exiting child thread.
Main Thread: 2
Main Thread: 1
Main Thread Exiting.