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HYDROGEN ON TRACK
Andreas Hoffrichter
Doctoral ResearcherUniversity of Birmingham 4th of July 2012
Supervisors: Dr. Stuart Hillmansen, Prof. Clive Roberts
Funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
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Outline
Brief overview of hydrail prototype development Railways and Energy Future direction of research to PhD completion
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Vehicle Projects Inc developed and built the first hydrogen-powered railway vehicle in 2002: A mining locomotive.
PEM-FCmetal hydride storagenon-hybrid
Superior to the battery vehicle in power, range, recharge time
Vehicle Projects Inc Vehicles-1
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2009: Hydrogen-Hybrid Switcher. 240 kW PEM-FCs, 70 kg hydrogen storage, compressed gas 350 bar, 700 kWh lead-acid battery, 1.5 MW maximum power. 2012: Road SwitcherCurrently the switcher is being upgraded to a road switcher, to be finished in September 2012.500 kW net PEM-FCs, 70 kg hydrogen storage is upgraded to 400 kg by adding 21 cylinders and storing at 10 000 psi (685 bar), 168 kWh lithium-ion battery, 1.5 MW maximum power for 5-10 minutes duration.
Vehicle Projects Inc Vehicles-2video
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2012: 5 Hydrogen-Hybrid Mining Locomotives.First series of hydrogen powered rail vehicles rather than a single prototype.Each locomotive has: 17 kW PEM-FC; 3.5 kg hydrogen storage; metal hydride tank, 10 -20 min refuelling;8.8 kWh lithium-ion battery; 1.5 MW maximum power.
Thank you to Vehicle Projects Inc for providing: photos, the video, and information about their hydrogen-powered vehicles.
Vehicle Projects Inc Vehicles-3
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Hydrail Vehicles in Japan
2006: JR East New Energy Train
2006/2008: Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) railcars
www.jreast.co.jp
•410 litres hydrogen,350 bar •130 kW PEM FC •Lithium-ion battery 19 kWh
•18 kg hydrogen, 350 bar•100 kW PEM FC•Lithium-ion battery 19 kWh
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Hydrail Vehicles in Europe
2011: FEVE Tram 2012: University of Birmingham
More information on this vehicle is given later – also see the demonstration
• PEMFC• Li-ion batteries• Super capacitors• 600 l hydrogen,
compressed at 200 bar
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Railways and Energy Main energy sources today: diesel and electricity Require large amounts of energy; often the largest single energy user of a
country Whole energy supply chain has to be considered to make environmental
assessment and give a meaningful efficiency figure
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Definition:
Analysis of net efficiency or emissions from a primary energy to traction work of a
vehicle
Hypothetical Example:
Compare net efficiency from a common primary energy:
Electric loco: petroleum in ground → refinery → diesel fuel → engine → alternator →
transformer x 2 → transmission x 2 → traction motors → wheel
Diesel loco: petroleum in ground → refinery → diesel fuel → engine → alternator →
traction motors → wheel
Well-to-wheel analysis
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The difference is in the physical state of water in the reaction:
H2 + ½ O2 H2O (gas), ∆H = 142 MJ/kg Low Heating Value (LHV)
H2 + ½ O2 H2O (liquid), ∆H = 120 MJ/kg High Heating Value (HHV)
Low- and High Heating Value
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Hoffrichter, A., Miller, A., R., Hillmansen, S., & Roberts, C. (2012). Well-to-Wheel Analysis for Electric, Diesel and Hydrogen Traction for Railways. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(1), 28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.002
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Well-to-wheel analysis - renewables
Hoffrichter, A., Miller, A., R., Hillmansen, S., & Roberts, C. (2012). Well-to-Wheel Analysis for Electric, Diesel and Hydrogen Traction for Railways. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(1), 28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.002
*The solar case includes long distance transport of 3000 km
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1. Hydrogen as a power carrier has been demonstrated in several rail applications
2. All projects concluded that hydrogen is a feasible power carrier for railway applications
3. Hydrail can have lower CO2 emissions4. Well-to-wheel efficiency similar to existing systems
Summary and Conclusion of Work Completed
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/K_Tower_Amtrak_2008b.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/F59PHI_458_at_Solana_Beach.JPG
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To be done:Performance comparison between diesel
and hydrogen locomotive
Autumn 2012. Together with Vehicle Projects and a Railway OperatorEstablish:
Vehicle EfficienciesFuel consumptionOther performance characteristics
Will allow determination of operational cost benefits
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Acknowledgements
Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) for financial support
Vehicle Projects for providing information, photos, and a video, as well as enabling a research trip to Los Angeles
RTRI for information and a photo
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THANK YOU!
Further Information at:http://postgrad.eee.bham.ac.uk/AXH955/website/index.htm