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Air Products 3 915 103 (36.1)Air Liquide 2 322 437 (21.4)Praxair 2 269 596 (20.9)Linde 1 518 577 (14.0)Hyundai-Wison 301 411 (2.8)Air Liquide-Praxair JV (SCIPIG) 185 000 (1.7)Rest of the companies 343 981 (3.2)

Source: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding the U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office.

Compressed gas hydrogen production capacity by company, Nm3/hr (%):

Total: 10 856 105 (100)

Praxair 60 282 (37.7)Air Products 47 322 (29.6)Iwatani and partners 14 179 (8.9)Kawasaki 11 582 (7.3)Linde 11 109 (7.0)Air Liquide 6022 (3.8)Airgas 4633 (2.9)HydrogenAI 4571 (2.9)


Cryogenic liquid hydrogen production capacity by company, Nm3/hr (%):

Total: 159 700 (100)

US and Canada 6481 (26.1)Other Asia-Pacific 5206 (20.9)Europe 4580 (18.4)China 3499 (14.1)Middle East 2424 (9.7)Latin America 1413 (5.7)Russia and Caspian 863 (3.5)Africa 407 (1.6)

Source: OPEC, World Oil Outlook 2017

World hydrogen capacity at refineries by location, million scf/d (%):

Total: 24 873 (100)

Rest of the world

Linde Group

Praxair

Air Products

Air Liquide

km

Global lengths of hydrogen pipelines by ownership, km:

200 400 600 800 10000

Source: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding from the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office.

1200 14001600 1800 2000

1936

1140

739

244

483

Source: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding from the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office.

Rest of the world

EuropeU.S. and Canada

km

Global lengths of hydrogen pipelines by location, km:

500 1000 1500 2000 25000 3000

2755

1598

190

Merchant hydrogen production capacity by country, Nm3/hr:

> 1 500 000750 000 - 1 500 000300 000 - 750 000150 000 - 300 00050 000 - 150 00010 000 - 50 000< 10 000no data


Sources: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding from the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office; Alternative Fuels Data Center, US Department of Energy.

The growth rate of the number of hydrogen filling stations in the world in 2009-2020:

20 25100

200

300

400

500

year2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

02014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019-2020

num

ber o

f sta

tions

35 52 60 75132

236293

339

448

Source: E4Tech, The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2017

Data shipment by application, region and fuel sell type in 2017, MW:

Shipment by fuel sell type

Shipment by region adoption

Shipment by application

MW100 200 300 400 5000 600 700

Portable Stationary TransportEurope N.America Asia RoWPEMFC DMFC PAFC SOFC MCFC AFC

Hydrogen Energy Infrastructure 2020

Data represents the status of October 2020Sources: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with funding the U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Office; OPEC, World Oil Outlook 2017 et al.

Hydrogen fuel transportation by pipeline

Compressed hydrogen plants (multiple)

H2

Cryogenic liquid hydrogen plants

H2

Compressed hydrogen plants (refinery)

Hydrogen fuel cell plants

Hydrogen gasification from biowaste

Hydrogen gasification from MSW

Hydrogen gasification from coal

Underground hydrogen storage facility

Hydrogen fueling stations with total number of active stations by country as of Sep 2020

000 H2

Hydrogen production plants by electrolysis; using power-to-gas, energy storage and gas into the natural gas grid

Sources: E4Tech, The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2013, The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2017

The cumulative growth rate of shipments by total fuel cell types in the world in 2009-2017, MW:

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

year2009 2010 2011 2012 20130

2014 2015 2016 2017

MW

PEMFC DMFC PAFC SOFC MCFC AFC

3

4

16

17

1

2

12

1

2

3

5

23

24

2

6

7

11 12 13

14

15

16

17

19

20

26

H2

14

H2

16

H2

17

H2

19

H2 1H2

2

H2 3

H2

6

H2

1

H2

3

H2

4

H2

6H2

10

H2

11

H2

12

H2

15

H2

19

H2 21

H2

H2 137

1 34

8 910

10

11

9

8

7

6

54

3

2

1

15

16

17

19

25 27

29

30

H2

11

23

4

H29H217

3

2

1

22

23

24

25

27

46 H2

37 H2

8 H2

3 H2

3 H2

1 H2

1 H2

1 H2

1 H2

1 H2

H2

18

133 H2

H2

10

European Union- The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU);- Hydrogen Europe projects: HyLAW, H2Share, JIVE/JIVE 2, H2SHIPS;- STORE&GO project to integrate Power-to-Gas technology into the future European energy system;- HyUnder project (hydrogen storage).

South KoreaRoadmap for hydrogen economySource: http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/879097.html

Japan- Japan’s ENE-FARM program (the residential fuel cell system);- International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy;- The Low Carbon Model Town (LCMT) Project;- Chiyoda’s SPERA Hydrogen system for storing and transporting hydrogen utilizes the organic chemical hydride (OCH) method.

ChinaChina Hydrogen AllianceSource: http://www.h2cn.org/en/about.html#survey

IndiaNational Hydrogen Energy Road MapSource: https://mnre.gov.in/hydrogen-energy/Brazil

“Science, Technology and Innovation Plan for Renewables and Biofuels”Source: https://www.mctic.gov.br/mctic/export/sites/institucional/tecnologia/tecnologiasSetoriais/Plano-de-Ciencia-Tecnologia-e-Inovacao-Para-Energias-Renovaveis-e-Biocombustiveis.pdf

AustraliaHydrogen Working GroupSource: https://www.environment.gov.au/news/2019/03/01/have-your-say-australia%E2%80%99s-hydrogen-strategy

CanadaHydrogen Fueling Infrastructure ProgramSource: http://www.ehec.info/images/EHEC2018/Plenaries/EHEC2018_Canada_Laperche-Riteau.pdf

United States of America (USA)The US Department of Energy's Hydrogen Fuel and Fuel Cells ProgramSource: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/

Top-6 longest hydrogen pipelines, total km:Texas-Louisiana, United States, 2223Alberta, Canada, 117Netherlands-Belgium-France, 1014Rhine/Ruhr, Germany, 240Leuna/Bitterfield, Germany, 135Ulsan (Deokyang), South Korea, 82

1 2 3 4 5 6

0

List of some hydrogen pipelines, total km:Sarnia, ON, Canada, 31Wilmington-Carson, CA, USA, 23Whiting, IN, USA, 22Lima, OH, USA, 14Ecorse, MI, USA, 9Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 8Ontario, CA, USA, 3Niagara Falls, NY, USA, 2Camacari, Bahia, Brazil, 8Centre East (Feyzin -Roussillon), France, 57South East (Lavera - Fos-sur-Mer), France, 42Teesside, England, UK, 40East (Moselle), France, 37Stenungsund, Sweden, 18Priolo, Sicily, Italy, 6Le Havre, France, 4Monthey-Massongex, Switzerland, 2Porto Marghera, Italy, 2Frankfurt-Hoechst, Germany, 2Jurong island, Singapore, 40Henan province, China, 25Map Ta Phut, Thailand, 13Hasan Abdai, Pakistan, 5Pohang, South Korea, 5Phu My, Vietnam, 3Kitakyushu, Japan, 1Altona, VIC, Australia, 7Hastings, VIC, Australia, 1

7 8 910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334

0

Air Liquide Becancour, QC, Canada, 20.0**Markham Energy Storage, ON, Canada, 2.5Hychico Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, 1.4Nouryon/Gasunie Delfzijl, Netherlands, 20.0**ITM Power/Shell Rhineland refinery, Germany, 10.0**H2Future PEM, Linz, Austria, 6.0Audi Gas Plant, Werlte, Germany, 6.0Hamburg-Neuhof PEM, Germany, 5.0Energiepark Mainz, Germany, 3.8E.ON Falkenhagen Pilot Plant, Germany, 2.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

List of some largest electrolysis plants, power-to-gas, energy storage and gas into the natural gas grid projects, MW:

Windgas Reitbrook, Hamburg, Germany, 1.5Windgas Haßfurt GmbH, Germany, 1.3INGRID Project, Troia, Apulia, Italy, 1.2 Hydrogenics Grapzow, Germany, 1.0Aberdeen Hydrogen Bus Project, Scotland, UK, 1.0Jupiter-1000 Demo, Fos-sur-Mer, France, 1.0HyBalance Project, Hobro, Denmark, 1.0**Prenzlau Hybrid Power Plant, Germany, 0.5CHIC Project, Bolzano, ItalyASKO Midt-Norge Trondheim, Norway

1112 1314151617181920

Utsira Wind Power & Hydrogen Plant, NorwayIllovo Sugar Sezela, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaAsahi Kasei Namie, Fukushima, Japan, 10.0**Hokkaido Pilot Plant, JapanLam Takhong WInd-Hydrogen Hybrid Project, Thailand, 0.3Crystal Brook Energy Park, SA, Australia, 50.0**Port Lincoln, SA, Australia, 30.0**

2122 2324252627

* under construction** announced

0

List of some underground hydrogen storage facility:Air Liquide Beaumont, TX, USAConocoPhillips Clemens, Lake Jackson, TX, USAPraxair Moss Bluff, TX, USAMHPS Millard County, UT, USASABIC Yorkshire (Teesside), England, United KingdomGaz de France Beynes, FranceUnderSunConv Project Pilsbach, AustriaHYPOS Bad Lauchstädt, Germany*Hähnlein, Germany**Uelsen, Germany**Rheden, Germany**Bernsdorf, Germany**Stenlille. Denmark**Skallen, Sweden**Haje, Czech Republic**Norton, OH, USA**Leyden, CO, USA**

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617

* under construction** perspective

0

Source: Assessment of the potential, the actors and relevant business cases for large scale and seasonal storage of renewable electricity by hydrogen underground storage in Europe. 14/08/2013. HyUnder. http://hyunder.eu/

List of some merchant compressed hydrogen plants (refinery), Nm3/hr:

Praxair Texas City, TX, USA, 372 856Praxair, Richmond, CA, USA, 290 247Praxair Porth Arthur, TX, USA, 262 339Air Products Porth Arthur, TX, USA, 240 012Praxair East Chicago, IN, USA, 223 268Air Products Delaware City, DE, USA, 212 104Air Products Wilmington, CA, USA, 178 614Air Products St. Charles, LA, USA, 167 450Praxair Norco, LA, USA, 150 705Air Products Martinez, LA, USA, 137 310Air Products Edmonton, AB, Canada, 196 475Air Products Fort Saskatchewan, AB, Canada, 170 799Air Products Scotford, AB, Canada, 167 450Air Products Sarnia, ON, Canada, 91 540

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 1314

Hyundai-Wison, Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela, 301 411Air Liquide Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, 340 000Air Products Kochi, India, 184 195Air Products Rotterdam/Botlek, Netherlands, 135 000Air Products Chengdu, China, 100 470Praxair Paradip, India, 100 000Air Liquide Singapore, Singapore, 100 000Air Products Tarragona, Spain, 66 980Linde Amuay, Venezuela, 55 817Air Liquide Port Jerome, France, 50 000Air Liquide Puertollano, Spain, 48 697Linde Brisbane, Australia, 40 303Air Liquide La Coruna, Spain, 31 131Air Liquide Priolo Gargallo, Italy, 30 000

15 161718 19202122232425262728

0

List of some merchant cryogenic liquid hydrogen plants, Nm3/hr:

Air Products New Orleans, LA, USA, 29 415Praxair Niagara Falls, NY, USA, 25 118Air Products Sarnia, ON, Canada, 12 838Praxair McIntosh, AL, USA, 12 838Praxair East Chicago, IN, USA, 12 838Praxair Ontario, CA, USA, 9489Linde Magog, Quebec, Canada, 6430Air Liquide Waziers, France, 4864Iwatani Kanagawa, Japan, 4726Iwatani/Kansai Electric/Sakai LNG Sakai, Osaka, Japan, 4726Kawasaki Magadan, Russia, 4633Airgas Calvert City, KY, USA, 4633HydrogenAI Becancour, Quebec, Canada, 4571Linde Leuna, Germany, 2641Air Products Sacramento, CA, USA, 2568Air Products Rotterdam/Rosenberg, Netherlands, 2502Iwatani Ichihara, Chiba, Japan, 2363Iwatani Shunan, Yamaguchi, Japan, 2363Kawasaki Harima, Hyogo, Japan, 2316Linde Ingostadt, Germany, 2038Air Liquide Kourou, French Guiana, 1158

1 2 3 4 56

7 8 910 111213 1415 16 1718192021

H2

0List of some merchant compressed hydrogen plants (multiple), Nm3/hr:

Air Products Baytown, TX, USA, 139 542Praxair Geismar, LA, USA, 106 387Air Products New Orleans, LA, USA, 66 980Deokyang Ulsan, South Korea, 64 000Deokyang Yeosu, South Korea, 39 000Linde Jilin, China, 25 000Air Products Rayong, Thailand, 20 000Praxair Ontario, CA, USA, 13 396Deokyang Seosan, South Korea, 5500Iwatani Sakai (Osaka), Japan, 5400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

Air Products Sasolburg, South Africa, 5200Skeljungur Reykjavik, Iceland, 2875Deokyang Gunsan, South Korea, 2500Industrial Gas Products Sauget, IL, USA, 1675Linde Phu My, Vietnam, 1000Iwatani Karawang, Indonesia, 700General Hydrogen Proctor, WV, USA, 558Air Products San Fu Gas Co. Taipei, TaiwanGeneral Hydrogen Charleston, TN, USA

1112 1314 1516171819

H2 0

OKI Gasification Units, S.Sumatra, Indonesia, 220Vaskiluodon Voima, Finland, 100Rüdersdorf Plant, Germany, 100Amercentrale Plant, Netherlands, 84Tacuarembo CHP Unit, Uruguay, 72Plainfied Renewable Energy, CT, USA, 70Riceland Foods, Stuttgart, AR, USA, 51GoBiGas, Sweden 27New Westminster Gasif.System, BC, Canada, 14Rossano Calabra Plant, Italy, 5

1112 1314151617181920

List of some gasification plants from biomass, MWth:0

Thermoselece Vresova, Czech Republic, 140Lahti Energia, Finland, 112IES UK Oldbury, England, United Kingdom, 75Varkaus Plastics Gasifier, Finland, 50Yorii, Japan, 43Sarpsborg 1, Norway, 36Chiba, Japan, 29Hurum WtE, Norway, 18Nagpur, India, 6PHG Covington WtP, TN, USA, 1

2122 2324252627282930

List of some gasification plants from waste, MWth:0

Yinchuan CTL Plant, China, 9300Sasol Synfuels II (West), South Africa, 7048Shaanxi Future Energy Yulin, China, 2800Xintian Yili SNG Plant, China, 2750Qinghua Yili SNG Plant, China, 1925Great Plains Synfuels Plant, ND, USA, 1900Hexigten SNG Plant, China, 1833Edwardsport IGCC, IN, USA, 1150Amuay Flexicoker, Venezuela, 966Angul 1, India, 738

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

List of some gasification plants from coal, MWth:0

List of some hydrogen fuel cell plants over 3 MW for the United States and South Korea, and over 1 MW for the rest countries, MW:Delmarva Power Newark, DE, USA, 30.0Dominion Bridgeport Park, CT, USA, 14.9Apple iCloud Data Center Maiden, NC, USA, 10.0Pfizer Groton, CT, USA, 5.6Super Micro Computer San Jose, CA, USA, 3.0Gyeonggi Green Energy Hwasung City, South Korea, 58.8Hanwha Energy Seosan, South Korea, 50.0*Kangdong (Seoul), South Korea, 39.6*Busan City, South Korea, 30.8Fuel Cell Energy/POSCO Seoul, South Korea, 20.0Seoincheon, South Korea, 16.2Yulchon 1-3, South Korea, 15.4Daegu Seongseo Industrial Complex, South Korea, 11.2Bundang, South Korea, 9.1KEWP Ilsan 1-3, South Korea, 8.0POSCO Busan, South Korea, 5.6Gwangmyeong, South Korea, 5.0Anyang, South Korea, 4.8O Sung, South Korea, 3.1Enel Fusina, Italy, 16.0AECC Bucksburn, Scotland, United Kingdom, 1.4Nedstack Antwerp-Lillo, Belgium, 1.0Ynnovate Sanzheng Fine Chemicals (Yingkou), China, 2.0Osaka Wholesale Market, Fukushima-ku, Japan, 1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910111213 14151617181920212223 24

* under construction

0

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

27

28

29

South Korea

6

10

6

7

8

9

11

12

13

14

15

16

1718

19

H2

13

H2

4

H2

5

H2

9

43 H2

30

31

32

33

34

5

H2

5

H2

8

H2

2

21

26

H2

7

H2

15

H2

18

26

Sources: DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record/Current Hydrogen Market Size: Domestic and Global/ October 1, 2019; Brown, D. (2016). “US and World Hydrogen Production – 2014.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; R&D Opportunities for Development of Natural Gas Conversion Technologies for Co-Production of Hydrogen and Value-Added Solid Carbon Products/ November 2017/ U.S. Department of Energy/ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory.

Hydrogen production and demandThe range for global hydrogen production 65-100 MMT per year. Growth since 2005 by about 50%. The US share in world hydrogen production is 12-16%. Of these, 95% is produced by steam reforming.

CaptiveByproduct

Oil RefiningAmmoniaCoke/IronMethanolOther

Primary product Hydrogen demand

Merchant

1 H2

1 H2

Europe

10

6

7

8

9

11

12

13

14

15

3

45

33 22

18

22

25

27

H2

12

H2

8

H2

14

H216

H2

20

21

12

1314

18

20

22

23

24

2628

10

5

9

8

6

74 11

12

13

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

21

14

83 H2

18 H2

8 H2

10 H2

18 H2

5 H2

3 H2

5 H2

3 H2

3 H2

4 H2

2 H2

3 H2

1 H2

1 H2

DenmarkDenmark has a program called Hydrogen Valley, which includes several hydrogen projects, such as Power2Met, HyBalance, Power2Hydrogen, HyFlexDrive, Grøn Balancekraft.Source: http://hydrogenvalley.dk/hydrogen-valley-2/

Germany- Power to Gas Strategy Platform of the Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH;- National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology (NIP).Sources: https://www.powertogas.info/die-plattform/ https://www.now-gmbh.de/en/national-innovation-programme/funding-programme

United KingdomThe H21 North of EnglandSource: https://www.northerngasnetworks.co.uk/event/h21-launches-national/

FranceLe plan déploiement de l’hydrogène pour la transition énergétique pour la transition énergétique.Source: https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2018.06.01_dp_plan_deploiement_hydrogene_0.pdf

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

5

28

20

24

1 H2

Source: Brown, D. (2016). “US and World Hydrogen Production – 2014.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Merchant hydrogen production by supplier:Air LiquideAir ProductsLindePraxairOthers

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