Download - Hybrid Media Technology
Hybrid media – new uses for print media 23.8.2012 Berner Fachhochschule
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Department of Media Technology
Espoo, Finland
Hybrid Media Technology 2 Aarne Klemetti
Objectives
To understand the position of hybrid media as a technology
To be able to assess the feasibility and applications of hybrid media in:
Augmented reality
Different coding systems
Printed electronics
Sensor implementations
New business models
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Lecture Structure
1. Introduction
2. Augmented Reality and Hybrid Media
3. Printed Codes
4. Printed Electronics
5. Sensor implementations (RFID)
6. Conclusions
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1. Hybrid Media Technology - Introduction
Combination of digital information delivery with a carrier based on fiber (or other substrate)
Hybrid media technology draws its means from:
Augmented Reality (AR)
Special printed codes: 1D bar codes, 2D codes, watermarks
Attached / embedded devices, i.e. RFID and different sensors
Printed electronics
Applicable sensor technologies
New forms of displays:
Intelligent and functional properties of paper and special inks
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Hybrid Media – Usage Scenarios
Easy to design – easy to produce
Simple constructions
Durability
Power supply
Connectivity
Displays
Mobility
Hybrid Media – Business Scenarios
Augmented reality as a part of all printouts
On-demand printing for programmable intelligence
New forms of printing – also in 3D
Attaching electronics to high volume prints
Intelligent packaging
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What To Do?
Electronics industry don’t know how to print
Printing industry is not interested in printed intelligence
From scenarios we can define the required models for both production and business
Why not to do it then?
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2. Augmented Reality and Hybrid Media
Augmented reality (AR) is a term for a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual computer-generated sensory input. (Wikipedia)
AR is a subset of Mediated reality, which studies the overall modification of reality by using electronic equipment.
AR enhances an individual’s current perception of reality.
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What is Augmented Reality?
A combination of a real scene viewed by a user and a virtual scene generated by a computer that augments the scene with additional information.
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What is the Goal of AR?
To enhance a person’s performance and perception of the world
But, what is the ultimate goal?
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The Ultimate Goal of AR
Create a system such that no user CAN tell the difference between the real world and the virtual augmentation of it.
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Augmented Reality vs. Virtual Reality
Augmented Reality:
System augments the real world scene
User maintains a sense of presence in real world
Needs a mechanism to combine virtual and real worlds
Virtual Reality:
Totally immersive environment
Visual senses are under control of system (sometimes aural and proprioceptive senses too)
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Milgram’s Reality-Virtuality Continuum
Mixed Reality (MR)
Real
Environment
Virtual
Environment
Augmented
Reality (AR) Augmented Virtuality (AV)
Milgram coined the term “Augmented Virtuality” to identify systems which are mostly synthetic with some real world imagery added such as texture mapping video onto virtual objects.
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Milgram’s Taxonomy for Mixed Reality Displays
Reproduction Fidelity – quality of computer generated imagery
Extent of Presence Metaphor – level of immersion of the user within the displayed scene
Extent of World Knowledge – knowledge of relationship between frames of reference for the real world, the camera viewing it, and the user
Reproduction Fidelity
Extent of Presence Metaphor
Extent of World Knowledge
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Combining the Real and Virtual Worlds
We need:
Precise models
Locations and optical properties of the viewer (or camera) and the display
Calibration of all devices
To combine all local coordinate systems centered on the devices and the objects in the scene in a global coordinate system
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Combining the Real and Virtual Worlds (cont)
Register models of all 3D objects of interest with their counterparts in the scene
Track the objects over time when the user moves and interacts with the scene
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Realistic Merging
Requires:
Objects to behave in physically plausible manners when manipulated
Occlusion
Collision detection
Shadows
**All of this requires a very detailed description of the physical scene
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Research Activities
Develop methods to register the two distinct sets of images and keep them registered in real-time
New work in this area has started to use computer vision techniques
Develop new display technologies for merging the two images
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Performance Issues
Augmented Reality systems are expected:
To run in real-time so that the user can move around freely in the environment
Show a properly rendered augmented image
Therefore, two performance criteria are placed on the system:
Update rate for generating the augmenting image
Accuracy of the registration of the real and virtual image
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Limitations for Updating the Generated Images
Must be at 10 times/second
More photorealistic graphics rendering
Current technology does not support fully lit, shaded and ray-traced images of complex scenes
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Failures in Registration
Failures in registration due to:
Noise
Position and pose of camera with respect to the real scene
Fluctuations of values while the system is running
Time delays
In calculating the camera position
In calculating the correct alignment of the graphics camera
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AR Display Technologies
Monitor Based
Head Mounted Displays:
Video see-through
Optical see-through
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Monitor Based Augmented Reality
Simplest available
Little feeling of being immersed in environment
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Video Composition for Video see-through HMD
Chroma-keying
Used for special effects
Background of computer graphics images is set to a specific color
Combining step replaces all colored areas with corresponding parts from video
Depth Information
Combine real and virtual images by a pixel-by-pixel depth comparison
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Advantages of Video see-through HMD
Flexibility in composition strategies
Wide field of view
Real and virtual view delays can be matched
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Advantages of Optical see-through HMD
Simplicity
Resolution
No eye offset
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Applications
Medical
Entertainment
Military Training
Engineering Design
Robotics and Telerobotics
Manufacturing, Maintenance, and Repair
Consumer Design
Hazard Detection
Audio
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3. Printed Codes
Connectivity of both digital and physical worlds:
1D bar codes
2D codes
Digital watermarking
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Codes
1D bar codes (32 different), i.e.:
EAN (European article number)
Code 93
2D codes (47 different), i.e.:
QR Code
Datamatrix
ShotCode
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2D Code Technology Overview
Started in 1992
Ability to store more data than linear barcodes
Ability to read poor or damaged 2D code
More cost efficiency
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Barcode
EAN (European article number)
Codabar
Code 2/5
Code 39
Two dimensional barcodes
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Types of 2D Codes
Data Matrix Maxi Code
RSS
Snowflake Micro
PDF 417
TAG QR
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Data Matrix
For Small Parts Marking
Used By:
Automotive
NASA
Pharmaceutical
Semi-conductors
High degree of redundancy
Resistance to printing defects
Stores from 1 to about 2,000 characters
Ranges from 0.001 inch per side up to 14 inches per side
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Maxi Code
Used by the United Parcel Service
Size is 1.11 x 1.054 inches and contains up to 93 data characters of information
Includes error correction
Encodes two messages
1.) Encodes the postal code, country code and the class of service number.
2.) Encodes address data but it can also encode other types of information.
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Snowflake
Encodes more than 100 numeric digits in a space of only 5mm x 5mm
Used in the pharmaceutical industry
Includes selectable levels of error
correction up to 40%
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RSS
Reduced Space Symbology is a high density 1D bar code
Encodes standard UCC/EAN item numbers - up to 14 digits - in a very small footprint
Several variants of RSS exist, including Stacked, Limited,
and Expanded
RSS Expanded RSS Stacked
Composite
RSS Limited
Composite
RSS-14 limited
RSS-14 Stacked
EAN 13
composite
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Micro PDF 417
A 2D stack code derived from and closely based on PDF417
Stores up to about 1,800 printable ASCII
characters or 1,100 binary character per
symbol
Used by the DoD, electronics,healthcare,
logistics, and manufacturing industries
Common use on drivers' license cards and
for national ID cards globally
Includes fixed levels of error correction
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UPCODE
A 2D stack code derived from and closely based on DataMatrix
A concept containing software for building
and reading UpCodes
The code (2D data matrix, QR-code, 1D
barcode or color code) or other type of tag
(picture, OCR) can be read with UpCode
software
Multiple phone brands are supported
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Cost and Benefits of 2D vs. 1D
Holds more information in limited amount of space
Reads omni-directional
Prints quality and contrast are much less critical than with 1-D bar codes or stacked bar codes
Allows independent database with complete freedom of movement
Has encryption providing additional security
Eliminates time consuming and error prone manual data entry because 2D codes are machine-readable
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2D Code Readers
2 Types:
Fixed--- Fixed or Stationary readers require the 2D code to be in the same field of view from part-to-part.
Hand Held--- Hand Held readers are mobile readers. Available as wireless, battery operated, wedge, RS232, or mobile phone.
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2D Code Readers (Hand Held)
Manufacturers: Welch-Allyn, Symbol, HHP, RVSI Acuity and Code Corp.
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2D Code Readers (Fixed)
Manufacturers: Cognex, DVT, RVSI, Omnitron, Microscan, and SICK
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2D Code Readers (Phone)
Phone acts as a scanner
The code is being detected and processed
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Auto ID technologies
Barcode
Optical Character Recognition
Biometric Voice identification
Iris
Finger print
Contact Smart cards
RFID systems
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Steganography
Steganography is about hiding messages
Steganography means also security through obscurity
Hidden messages are embedded inside other information:
images,
videos,
audio,
articles,
any text,
software,
communication protocol,
the hidden message may be printed with invisible ink between the visible lines of text
The visible messages/files are not intended to draw attention
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Digital Watermarking
Embedding information into digital images:
Not easily detectable
Hard to edit/remove
Tampering should be detected
Hidden information to be detected by specific tools
Security: sender and receiver can read the contents
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Digital watermarking
Embedding information into digital images
Hidden information to be detected
Security
Requires accurate hw/sw
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4. Printed electronics (PE)
The purpose of printed electronics is to create electrically functional devices by using the techniques familiar in printing industry.
Paper is a good candidate substrate, but there are problems with the rough surface and high humidity absorption of paper.
Other materials, like plastic, ceramics and silicon are more stable, thus they are more appropriate for this purpose.
What If ?
A printing press could produce electronic products “on demand”......
PRODUCTION TIME GOES FROM WEEKS TO MINUTES
Integrated circuits were so inexpensive that they could be placed everywhere print media is used today
……PRODUCT COST FALLS FROM DOLLARS TO CENTS
A new electronics industry were created where “Insert Your Company’s Name Here” is the dominant player
......YOU GO FROM FOLLOWER TO LEADER
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PE
Printed electronics is expected to facilitate widespread and very low-cost, low-performance electronics like:
flexible displays,
smart labels,
decorative and animated posters,
and active clothing.
It is not expected to compensate the current high end silicon based digital electronics, instead it can be seen as complementary technology.
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PE
Printed electronics in some contexts can mean organic electronics or plastic electronics, where one or more functional inks are composed of carbon-based compounds referring to the material system.
Printed electronics is the process utilizing any solution-based material:
organic semiconductors
inorganic semiconductors
metallic conductors
nanoparticles
nanotubes
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PE
In printed electronics almost all considerable printing methods are employed, in more or less modified form.
In traditional printing several ink layers are printed on top of each other, while electronic thin-film devices are prepared in printed electronics by printing several functional layers on top of each other.
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PE
The minimum resolution achieved in printing is the human eye perception level which is about 20 µm. That is more than 1000 times thicker than what is applied in silicon based circuit design.
Other problems arise from:
The nature of the substrate
Registration on layer to layer printing
Embossing
Detached dots
Deviating thicknesses
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PE printer solutions – ink jet
The FUJIFILM Dimatix DMP-3000 is a non-contact, fluid deposition system capable of jetting a wide range of functional fluids using multiple FUJIFILM Dimatix fluid deposition printheads interchangeably.
Printable area of 300 x 300 mm and maintains a positional accuracy and repeatability of ± 5 µm and ± 1 µm, respectively.
The DMP-3000 uses a temperature controlled vacuum platen to accurately register, maintain and thermally manage substrates during printing.
Substrates include plastic, glass, ceramics, and silicon, as well as flexible substrates from membranes, gels, and thin films to paper products.
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PE printer solutions – ink jet
The printer includes an integrated drop visualization system that captures droplet formation images dynamically as droplet ejection parameters are adjusted to produce a tuned printhead and fluid combination.
The printhead can be calibrated on a per nozzle basis to compensate for any channel-to-channel variability.
A second camera system allows substrate measurements and alignment, observations of fluid drying behavior, and droplet measurement and placement calculations.
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Dimatix material cartridges
Fluid Module (bag, valve, pressure, system)
Jetting Module (MEMS jetting structure, heater, thermistor, electrical connection, fluid connection)
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Printed electronics inks
The ink carriers are not discussed here – only the key substances
The inks used in printed electronics are based on the conductive and semi-conductive properties.
Nanotechnology is at the leading edge in this context.
There is a lot of research going on in the area:
Nanoparticles on copper, silver, and carbon
Carbon nanotubes
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Intelligent and functional properties of paper and special inks
Conductivity
Semi-conductivity
Accurate printing on width and thickness – no spreading
Tolerances:
Wearing
Bending and shrinking
Low power consumption
Only the update of contents requires power
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Percentage of significant industrial developers (IDTechEx 2005)
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Percentage of organic electronic market by value 2020 (IDTechEx 2005)
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5. Sensor implementations (RFID)
Radio Frequency Identification
Electromagnetic propagating wave
Bandwidth
Far field / near field
Multipath propagation
Polarization types
Antennas / coupling elements
Radar analogy
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What is RFID?
Stands for Radio Frequency Identification
Mostly used for Automatic Identification and for Automating processes
The data carrier is generally called a “Tag” and attached to an item
Tags can have a very large data content, some can be reprogrammed (R/W)
Tags can be passive (battery-less) with reading range ~ 1 meter
Different standardized radio frequencies based on requirements
Information is transmitted both ways at a distance through radio
Tags can also be active (on-board battery) with reading range up to 100 meters
The data gatherer is termed a “Reader” and is most likely linked to a network/server
A chip that includes processor, memory and transmitter…
…is mounted on an antenna
RFID: Tag Formations
… disposable Smart Label
… active reusable
Long Range tags
… Laminated cards
… Adhesive tag
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Example RFID Readers
Electronic Article Surveillance
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RFID System Architecture
Data is read from the tags with fixed or mobile readers
The data is transmitted from the readers to a local site server
Data from site servers is gathered to a Central Server
Data from the Central Server is made available to users through various applications and networks
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RFID Architecture
Reader
antenna
RF
Front
End
Reader
firm
ware
Application
energy
data
Tag
Chip
With
memory
Inductive
coupling
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Tags delivered/application 2007 in Million units
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Sm
artcar
ds/pay
men
t
Sm
art t
icke
ts
Ret
ail p
allle
t
Oth
er
Ret
ail a
ppar
el
Anim
al tr
acking
Boo
ks
Car
imm
obiliz
ers
Air
bagg
age
Pas
spor
ts
Man
ufac
turin
g pa
rts, t
ools
Air
Freigh
t
Milit
ary
Hea
lthca
re
Dru
gs
Doc
umen
t arc
hive
s
Con
sumer
goo
ds
Veh
icles
Pos
tal
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RFID-frequences
Radio
waves Infrared Visible
light
Röntgen UV Gamma
LF HF VLF MF VHF UHF SHF EHF
Animal tracking,
Tags inside metal.. Payment,
Access
Control,…
Location tracking
125 kHz 13,56 MHz 433 MHz
Logistics, item
tracking
865–956 MHz 2,45 GHz
Road tolls
Radio Frequencies
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Features of tags at different frequencies
125-135 kHz (LF) 13,56 MHz (HF) 433MHz • Read range <1m • Slow data transfer (LF)
UHF (868–956 MHz) Micro waves 2,45 GHz • Reflections, liquids problematic • Expensive readers
• Different power levels allowed depending on the continent • Frequency range has also other users (GSM…)
Negative properties stronger Negative properties stronger
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Coupling at different frequency ranges
125 kHz
Inductive coupling Capacitive coupling
(”radar”)
Data
Electro magnetic field
Animal tracking
Access control
Magnetic field
Data
Container tracking
433MHz
Item tracking,
logictics
865–956MHz
2,45GHz
Road tolls,
Vehicle tracking
Data
125 kHz
Payment,
Access control
13,56 MHz 13,56 MHz
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RFID tag
chip
antenna
UHF RFID tag (capacitive coupling)
HF RFID tag (inductive coupling)
Tag
antenna
Tag
chip
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RFID is not new
British bomber identification, World War II
1947-
1952
The Great Seal Bug 1947-1952
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Some milestones in RFID history
First RFID patent 1973 (active re-writable tag)
Late 1980 road toll systems in Norway and US
EAS (electronic article surveillance)
Animal tracking
1999 UCC (uniform code council)
Ticketing 1996 ->
1999 AutoID centers => GS1 EPC global
2004 EPC 2nd generation standard
2004 Felica to mobile phones
2005 first commercial nfc implementation
2008 first consumer nfc implementations
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RFID main flavours
ISO 14443 ISO 15693 ISO 18000-6C…
Main application
payment, ticketing item management item management
(EPC)
Reading
Disctance 1-10 cm 30cm, 1.5m 5cm – 10 m
Frequency 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz
Global: 860 - 960 MHz
FCC: 902 - 928 MHz
ETSI: 868 MHz
Japan: 950 MHz
Trade name MIFARE, Felica, I-code several
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EPC in Brief
Electronic Product Code
Replacement for EAN/UPC bar code?
Usually using UHF
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NFC Will Change the Way Phones Are Used
Touch as use paradigm:
Initiate service
Share content with other users
Phone becomes your wallet, credit card and travel card
Phone is your key to home, office, car etc
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NFC operates in 13.56 MHz
Standardized in ISO 18092
Optimized for short range transactions (<<10 cm)
Fast data rates: between 106-424 kbps
Compatible with the existing payment and ticketing card infrastructure based on ISO 14443 standard (80% of existing infra is ISO14443)
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How NFC works ?
Passive communications mode (smart card/tag emulation)
Active communications mode (reader/writer)
Reading distance is few centimeters only
Environmental limitations
Tag must not be attached directly on metal
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NFC has few centimeters reading distance
Good for applications where short reading distance is good:
Contactless payment
Contactless ticketing
Initiation of services by touching the tag
Sharing pictures, videos, contacts etc.
Most of logistics apps require 1m+ reading distance
=> NFC is not optimal
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Contactless smart card structure
Overlay foil
Antenna foil (inlay)
Stamped out foil
Overlay foil
Antenna
Finkenzeller Klaus, RFID Handbook, 2003, p. 333
Chip module
Filling
Bonding
Surface for printing etc
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Manufacturing tags
Chip supplier Inlay Manufacturer Conversion
Wafer
production
Testing
Id
programming
Water sawing
Affixing in
modules
Coil
manufacturing
Connecting coil
and chip
Testing
Fitting into
housing /
lamination
Initialization
Printing
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Receiver
Sender
Transmitting data over RFID
Data Bit
Coding
Demodulation
Encapsulation Modulation
Decoding Decapsulation Data
New Display Technologies
OLED
Passive matrix
Active matrix
E-paper
Gamma
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What is an OLED?
An OLED is an electronic device made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors. When electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted.
A device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.
Organic Light-Emitting Diode
Emissive organic material, that when supplied with an electrical current, produces a superior full-color flat panel display.
OLED’s can provide brighter, crisper displays on electronic devices and it uses less power than conventional light-emitting diodes or liquid crystal displays.
http://www.crunchgear.com/wp-content/photos/oled_01.jpg
History
First developed in the early 1950’s in France by applying a high-voltage alternating current field to crystalline thin films of acridine orange and quinacrine
The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak in the 1980’s by Dr. Ching Tang and Steven Van Slyke
Today OLED is used in television screens, computer displays, portable system screens, advertising, information and indication
Also used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements
How OLEDs Emit Light
The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED.
An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers.
OLED displays operate on the attraction between positively and negatively charged particles.
At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
An OLED is made by placing a series of organic thin films between two conductors.
As soon as electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted.
How OLED’s are made
Three ways to manufacture:
Vacuum deposition
Organic vapor phase deposition
Inkjet printing (Best)
Today’s Uses
Small electronic screens
Motorola, Samsung, Sony Ericsson
Cameras
Keyboads
TVs and Monitors
PDA’s
The Future for OLED Technology
OLED’s can be printed onto flexible
substrates and this allows for new
innovations such as roll-up displays
and displays embedded in fabrics
Green technology- OLED screens turned “off” will consumer no power at all and show true black while LCD screens can not
Cell phone prototypes by Motorola, Samsung, and Sony Ericsson have used OLED’ s unique characteristics for flexible and bendable screens
The Future for OLED Technology
Recently, the Japanese government proclaimed that it was fully supporting Sony, Toshiba, Sharp, Matsushita Electric and some other companies in joint research of OLED TV Panels
An agency set up for encouraging research, The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, or NEDO, says they are backing some companies development of a 40-inch OLED display to be complete sometime around 2015
Samsung super-thin
31” OLED screen was
launched in 2008
Advantages
OLED substrates can be plastic rather than glass
Easier to produce and can be made into larger sizes
Brighter than LEDs because the organic layers are much thinner and can be multi-layered
Do not require backlighting like LCDs - LCDs work by selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light themselves
Consume much less power than LCDs - This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones
Have large fields of view, about 170 degrees
Disadvantages
• Organic materials have a shorter lifetime than LCD and plasma screens
• Intrusion of water can destroy the organic materials
-Compensated by complex sealing processes
-Complex sealing processes make product less flexible
• Manufacturing processes are EXPENSIVE!
E-paper technologies
Liquid crystal based:
AMLCD, passive STN frequency
Bistable Nematic (various forms)
Cholesteric (CTLC)light
Electrophoretic
Microcapsulese-ink
Microcups
Liquid powderbridgestone
Other
Electrochrome
Bi-chromal spheres
MEMS
P/O-LED
Matsushita Σbook, CTLC
Sony Librie E-reader,
e-ink display Jinke Hanlin e-
book, CTLC
Founder EBOOK-E312,
STN LCD
E-readers using various display technologies
Gemstar, AM-LCD
Franklin eBookman,
STN-LCD
CyBook Opus, e-ink
display Jinke Hanlin e-book,
e-ink display
E-ink characteristics
Mobile
Low power usage
Light weight
Thin
Reading
“close to paper” readability
Read under all circumstances (outdoors)
No flickering
No video
Not yet: full color
Gamma Dynamics
A new type of electronic paper display
Can update the display at a video-level refresh rate and sustain a significantly brighter image than most e-ink displays
Gamma Dynamics has created a new setup that displays static images without using power, like e-ink
Gamma’s "e-paper" screen design sandwiches a network of flat electrodes between a layer of oil on top and pigment underneath
Under an applied voltage, the pigment will flow up to the top surface, and the oil below
Different voltage will send the oil flowing to the top and make the pigment recede, turning it blank again.
The electrodes in the screen are reflective, so the areas not obscured by pigment are bright, almost like an LCD
The e-paper screen can reflect up to 75 percent of ambient light (e-ink reflects 40 percent, and electrowetting displays up to 30). The Gamma e-paper refresh rate is 20 milliseconds, or 50Hz.
Currently works only in grayscale, but the company has had limited success experimenting with color inks using the same setup.
Electrofluidic Display by Gamma
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• In each pixel, a polar pigment
dispersion is placed inside a tiny
reservoir.
• The reservoir comprises <5-10% of the
viewable pixel area and therefore the
pigment is substantially hidden from
Pixel Structureview.
• Voltage is used to pull the pigment out
of the reservoir and spread it as a film
directly behind the viewing substrate.
• The display takes on color and
brightness similar to that of
conventional pigments printed on
paper.
• When voltage is removed liquid surface
tension causes the pigment dispersion
to rapidly recoil into the reservoir.
7. Conclusions
Hybrid media is the hub for bridging the printing and digital technologies
AR research and development extends also the usage of printed matter
Printed electronics will eventually provide the means for achieving more intelligent print products
Dynamic contents can be provided in various means
In printing industry we should research and develop the possibilities of hybrid media – who does and what
The business models are still open to be explored
Hybrid Media Technology 130 Aarne Klemetti
Hybrid Media Technology 131 Aarne Klemetti
Course Lab
To be accomplished in groups of 2-3 students
Report:
3-5 pages
Introduction of the topic, and possible research questions
Scope of the study
Methodologies applied (literature, web, etc.)
Results
Analysis
Conclusions
References
Deliverable:
Each report should be delivered via Google Docs. Invite teacher to your document: [email protected] or [email protected].