Download - HXR 2016: FAST TRACK: Prove It: The role of Evidence and Insights in Health Intervention Design
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PREPARED BY
Prove it: the role of evidence and insights in health intervention design
HxRefactored Olga Elizarova, DDS, MPH
Behavior Change Analyst
Mad*Pow
April 5th, 2016
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“With regard to healing the sick, I will devise and order for them the best diet, according to my judgment and means; and I will take care that they suffer no hurt or damage.”
Hippocratic Oath, late 5th century BC
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Changing something requires understanding it first.
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Executive Summary
By using evidence & insights in your health intervention design you:
• Don’t put people at risk
• Increase relevance and likelihood of acceptance
• Differentiate and build trust
• Improve the project’s cost-effectiveness4
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Introduction
Developing messages/materials/activities
Influencing behavior &/or environmental factors
Promoting improvement in health &/or reduction of risk
Health Intervention Design
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Introduction
Developing messages/materials/activities
Influencing behavior &/or environmental factors
Promoting improvement in health &/or reduction of risk
Health Intervention Design
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Should the intervention be a digital app at all ?!?
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Introduction
Developing messages/materials/activities
Influencing behavior &/or environmental factors
Promoting improvement in health &/or reduction of risk
Health Intervention Design
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How strongly are these factors linked to the health outcomes we want to improve?
Are these factors modifiable?
What should people do differently?
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Introduction
Developing messages/materials/activities
Influencing behavior &/or environmental factors
Promoting improvement in health &/or reduction of risk
Health Intervention Design
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Are the targeted behaviors linked to illness, disability, other bad health outcome ?
Can the desired improvement be specified and measured?
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Introduction
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EVIDENCE & INSIGHTS
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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What constitutes evidence?
(External clinical) evidence, means clinically relevant research, often from the basic sciences of medicine, but especially from patient-centered clinical research into the accuracy and precision of diagnostic tests, the power of prognostic markers, and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic, rehabilitative, and preventive regimens.
David Sackett
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
Secondary Healthcare Data Sources Raw datasets • BRFSS, NHANES, NHIS, Census
Interactive tools (federal, state level)• RWJF Data Hub , Kaiser State facts
Literature Review
• IOM, WHO, NIH, CDC, NCQA reports
• NICE, Cochrane, USPSTF, National Guideline Clearinghouse guidelines, PCORI
• Meta-analyses of behavior change interventions
• Experimental studies (RCT, factorial design)
• Pubmed, Medline, ERIC
Existing Health Records • Health insurance claims data, EMR/EHR/PHI
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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RWJF National DataHub : Unemployment rate (addressing social determinants of health), 2014
http://www.rwjf.org/en/how-we-work/rel/research-features/rwjf-datahub.html
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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Kaiser State Facts: Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population (% of uninsured) , 2014
http://kff.org/statedata/
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
Primary Healthcare Data Sources Qualitative & Quantitative research• Observation (ethnographic research)
• Surveys with the target population & stakeholders
• Interviews with target population & stakeholders
• Collaborative workshops with target population &stakeholders
Experimental studies • Pilot projects
• Randomized control trials
• Simulation studies
Evaluations• Process evaluation
• Impact evaluation
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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.
1 2
3
The overall temporal tweet frequency distribution (by day) and key news events that influenced it.
Non-healthcare Data Sources Ebola and Twitter. Why is social media important for public health
Vorovchenko T. #Ebola and Twitter: lessons learned. University of Oxford; 2016
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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.
1 2
3
The overall temporal tweet frequency distribution (by day) and key news events that influenced it.
Non-healthcare Data Sources Ebola and Twitter. Why is social media important for public health
22 March 2014, Guinean health officials received confirmation that the mysterious haemorrhagic fever was caused by Ebola virus
25 July 2014, Nigerian health officials announced that the first Ebola virus disease case was diagnosed in Lagos, Nigeria.
30 September 2014, U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention announced the first diagnosed Ebola virus disease case tested in the USA
Vorovchenko T. #Ebola and Twitter: lessons learned. University of Oxford; 2016
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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Non-healthcare Data Sources Healthy Lifestyle and Google trends Why exploring the popularity of search terms within the population you are designing for is important, USA , 2004-2015
1
2 3time4&5
interest
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Introduction: Evidence & Insights
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Non-healthcare Data Sources Healthy Lifestyle and Google trends Why exploring the popularity of search terms within the population you are designing for is important, USA , 2004-2015
1
2 3
“diet”
“weight loss”
“gluten free”“healthy weight” & “healthy eating” 4&5 time
interest
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Pre-intervention Intervention
DesignPost-
intervention
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Phases of Health Intervention Design
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PRE-INTERVENTION
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Pre-intervention : Role of evidence & Insights
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Health problem Desired goal Groups at-risk
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Pre-intervention : Behavioral analysis
Modifiable risk factors: behaviors, social and environmental factors
Non-modifiable risk factors : genetics, age, gender etc.
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Wrong is wrong even if everyone is doing it
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Pre-intervention : Health Problem
Personal Determinants:
Knowledge,Attitude,
Self-efficacy
ExternalDeterminants:Social Support
Self-managementbehaviors
Social Isolation
Pain
FunctionalLimitations
Fatigue
Qualityof Life
Loneliness, depression, physical
disability due to chronic pain, job loss
Nadrian, Haidar, Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad, and Kaveh Bahmanpour. "Development of a Rheumatoid Arthritis Education Program using the PRECEDE_PROCEED model." Health Promotion 1.2 (2011): 118-129.
Genetics
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Rheumatoid ArthritisGender Other
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Pre-intervention : Choosing Target population for the intervention
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Total Population Population with RA*
Population with RA
diagnosis
Population diagnosed
with moderate or severe RA
* RA-Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Pre-intervention : Desired goalRight is right even if you are the only one who is doing it
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Low disease activity or
remission1,2,3,4
Patient Education
Occupational therapy
Physiotherapy
Physical Activity 5
Medicationadherence
Emotional wellbeing 7,8
1. Singh, Jasvinder A., et al. "2012 Update of the 2008 American College of Rheumatology recommendations for the use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis." Arthritis care & research 64.5 (2012): 625-639.‐2. Smolen, Josef S., et al. "EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update." Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2013): annrheumdis-2013.3. Smolen, Josef S., et al. "Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force." Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2015): annrheumdis-2015.4. Watts, Richard A. "Rheumatoid Arthritis National Clinical Guideline."Rheumatology (2009): kep311.5. Cooney, Jennifer K., et al. "Benefits of exercise in rheumatoid arthritis." Journal of aging research 2011 (2011).6. Weight Loss in Obese Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients Improves Disease Activity without Modifying RA Treatment, Elisa Gremese , Maria Rita Gigante , Barbara Tolusso, Anna Laura Fedele, Silvia Canestri et al.7. Bradley LA, Young LD, Anderson KO, Turner RA, Agudelo CA, McDaniel LK, et al. Effects of psychological therapy on pain behavior of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Treatment outcome and sixmonth follow-up. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1987;30(10):1105–1114. 8. Psychological interventions for arthritis pain management in adults: A meta-analysis. Dixon, Kim E.; Keefe, Francis J.; Scipio, Cindy D.; Perri, LisaCaitlin M.; Abernethy, Amy P. Health Psychology, Vol 26(3), May 2007, 241-250
Diet and weight
management6
Sleep
Rheumatoid Arthritis
PainFatigue
Joint Inflammation
Depression
Weather
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Pre-intervention : Summary
Using evidence and insights during the pre-intervention phase will allow you to:
Define the health problem and modifiable risk
Identify who currently has and who is at-risk for developing
the health problem
Understand and specify the desired change in health outcome,
behavior or environmental condition
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INTERVENTION DESIGN
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Intervention design : Role of evidence & Insights
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Understand behavior Effective methods & strategiesLogic of Change
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Intervention design : Understand Behavior
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Change objectives Determinants Performance
Objectives
• Individuals are aware of their own F&V consumption
• Express positive attitude towards increasing the F&V consumption
• Know which F&V they can buy in their supermarket
• Individuals identify barriers to increasing their F&V consumption
• Express confidence in controlling the barriers to F&V consumption
BehavioralOutcome
• Increase vegetable intake ( 5 servings per day)
• Increase fruit intake (3 servings per day)
• Knowledge• Self-efficacy• Attitudes• Self-belief• Motivation• Self-regulatory
capacity• Perceived
behavioral control
• Social norms• Social support
• Create an action plan to begin eating F&V
• Identify barriers preventing them from eating F&V
• Problem solving for the identified barriers
• Create coping plan for eating F&V
• Comply with daily norm for F&V
• Create social support to maintain F&V consumption
Health Outcome
Quality of Life
Improvement
• SF-36• HbA1c (%)• Weight (kg)• Systolic BP• Diastolic BP• Total
Cholesterol
EnvironmentalOutcome
Messages/Materials/Activities
Methods & Strategies
• Mobile-based intervention aiming to increase fruit & vegetable intake among adults with pre-diabetes and diabetes type 2
• Goal-setting for behavior & outcome
• Problem solving• Action planning• Self-monitoring of
behavior & outcome• Feedback on behavior
&outcome• Instruction on how to
perform behavior• Information about
health consequences• Pros and cons• Demonstration of the
behavior • Behavioral Practice• Regulation• Social Support
Pre-diabetes and diabetes type 2 nutrition intervention
Bartholomew, L. Kay, Guy S. Parcel, and Gerjo Kok. "Intervention mapping: a process for developing theory and evidence-based health education programs." Health Education & Behavior 25.5 (1998): 545-563.
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Intervention design : Build a Logic of Change
Change objectives Determinants PerformanceObjectives
• Individuals are aware of their own F&V consumption
• Express positive attitude towards increasing the F&V consumption
• Know which F&V they can buy in their supermarket
• Individuals identify barriers to increasing their F&V consumption
• Express confidence in controlling the barriers to F&V consumption
BehavioralOutcome
• Increase vegetable intake ( 5 servings per day)
• Increase fruit intake (3 servings per day)
• Knowledge• Self-efficacy• Attitudes• Self-belief• Motivation• Self-regulatory
capacity• Perceived
behavioral control• Social norms• Social support
• Create an action plan to begin eating F&V
• Identify barriers preventing them from eating F&V
• Problem solving for the identified barriers
• Create coping plan for eating F&V
• Comply with daily norm for F&V
• Create social support to maintain F&V consumption
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Intervention design : Select effective methods and strategies
Messages / Materials / Activities
Theoretical Methods & Practical Strategies
• Goal-setting for behavior & outcome • Problem solving• Action planning• Self-monitoring of behavior & outcome• Feedback on behavior &outcome• Instruction on how to perform behavior• Information about health consequences• Pros and cons• Demonstration of the behavior • Behavioral Practice• Regulation• Social Support
• Mobile-based intervention aiming to increase fruit & vegetable intake among adults with pre-diabetes and diabetes type 2
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Intervention design : Messages / Materials / Activities for Diabetes Intervention
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USDA Food Access Research Atlas
Low-income census tracts where a significant number of share of residents is more than ½ mile (urban) or 10 miles (rural) from the nearest supermarket
Low-income census tracts where a significant number of households have low vehicle access or a significant number or share of residents are more than 20 miles from the nearest supermarket
http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx
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Intervention Design : Summary
Using evidence and insights during the intervention design phase will allow you to:
Understand the behavior
Identify what can be changed
Build the Logic of change
Choose appropriate methods and strategies
Design effective materials, messages and activities
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POST-INTERVENTION
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Post-intervention: Role of evidence & Insights
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Iteration ProcessImpact
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Post-intervention: Did it work?
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Post-intervention: Impact evaluation
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Change objectives Determinants Performance
Objectives
• Individuals are aware of their own F&V consumption
• Express positive attitude towards increasing the F&V consumption
• Know which F&V they can buy in their supermarket
• Individuals identify barriers to increasing their F&V consumption
• Express confidence in controlling the barriers to F&V consumption
BehavioralOutcome
• Increase vegetable intake ( 5 servings per day)
• Increase fruit intake (3 servings per day)
• Knowledge• Self-efficacy• Attitudes• Self-belief• Motivation• Self-regulatory
capacity• Perceived
behavioral control
• Social norms• Social support
• Monitor F&V consumption• Compare F&V consumption
to the recommendations• Recognize the importance of
increasing F&V • Decide to increase F&V • Set a goal for F&V
consumption• Create an action plan to
begin eating F&V• Action-eat more F&V • Identify barriers preventing
them from eating F&V• Problem solving for the
identified barriers • Evaluate progress • Comply with daily norm for
F&V• Create social support to
maintain F&V consumption
Health Outcome
Quality of Life
Improvement
• SF-36• HbA1c (%)• Weight (kg)• Systolic BP• Diastolic BP• Total
Cholesterol
EnvironmentalOutcome
Messages/Materials/Activities
Theoretical Methods & Practical Strategies
6-24 months 6-48 months
• Reduced number of hospitalizations
• Lowered medical costs• Fewer ER visits
2-10 years
• Goal-setting for behavior & outcome
• Problem solving• Action planning• Self-monitoring of
behavior & outcome
• Feedback on behavior &outcome
• Instruction on how to perform behavior
• Information about health consequences
• Pros and cons• Demonstration of
the behavior • Behavioral Practice• Regulation• Social Support
• Mobile-based intervention targeting increase in fruit & vegetable consumption
Pre-diabetes and diabetes type 2 nutrition intervention
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Post-intervention: Impact evaluation
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Post-intervention: Process Evaluation
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Post-intervention : Summary
Using evidence and insights during the post-intervention phase will allow you to
Evaluate the results of your investment
Understand which methods work and which do not
Analyze why the intervention work or did not work
Identify the parts of the intervention that need iteration
Seek more funding and support
Contribute to the evidence-base of behavior change science
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KEY TAKEAWAYS
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Key Takeaways
Pitfalls:
1. Define the problem before assessment of the problem space
2. Ignore limitations of existing or new evidence
3. Don’t build a logic model or a causal diagram
4. Overestimate the opportunities & capabilities of your target population
5. Skip evaluation
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Key Takeaways
Must-haves:
1. Reduce uncertainty
2. Establish a trustworthy relationships
3. Provide a choice
4. Provide value
5. Integrate relapse prevention strategies
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Key Takeaways
Design for people
1. Solve for the unmet needs
2. Set realistic expectations
3. Design solutions that are relevant
4. Take responsibility
5. Evaluate & Iterate
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or
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THANK YOU!
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RESOURCES
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Frameworks, theories, evidence
• NIH http://www.nih.gov• Kaiser State Facts http://kff.org/statedata/• The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute PCORI http://www.pcori.org• NICE UK https://www.nice.org.uk• Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)http://www.rwjf.org/en/how-we-work/rel/research-features/rwjf-datahub.html• CONSORT Guidelines: http://www.consort-statement.org/ • The Community Guide: http://www.thecommunityguide.org/ • USPSTF: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ • Cochrane Collaboration: http://www.cochrane.org/ • National Guideline Clearinghouse: http://www.guideline.gov/• Morbidity & Mortality Weekly: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ • National Prevention Strategy: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/initiatives/prevention/strategy/ • Healthy People 2020: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx • NCI “Theory at a Glance”; http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/theory.pdf• Community Tool Box, Univ. of Kansas: Developing a logic model or theory of change.
http://ctb.ku.edu/en/tablecontents/sub_section_main_1877.aspx • BCT – UCL London http://www.ucl.ac.uk/behaviour-change-techniques• Intervention Mapping http://interventionmapping.net
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Intervention design : Logic Model
Bartholomew, L. Kay, Guy S. Parcel, and Gerjo Kok. "Intervention mapping: a process for developing theory and evidence-based health education programs." Health Education & Behavior 25.5 (1998): 545-563.
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