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HUMANHUMANEMBRYOLOGYEMBRYOLOGY
Department of Histology and EmbryologyDepartment of Histology and EmbryologyJilinJilin UniversityUniversity
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Chapter 2
General Embryology
Twins, multiplets and conjoined twins
Chapter 2 Chapter 2
General EmbryologyGeneral Embryology
Twins, Twins, multipletsmultiplets and conjoined twinsand conjoined twins
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Twins
dizygotic or fraternal twins: Two zygotesDifferent genetic constitutionsSame or different genderRespective amnion, chorion and placenta. Sometime, the chorions and placentas may be fused. (erythrocyte mosaicism)Family hereditary tendency
Monozygotic or identical twins: one zygoteIdentical gender, appearance and genes
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the fused chorions and placentas of dizygotic twins
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Monozygotic twins **
Forming two blastocystrespective placenta, amnion, and chorion. Forming two inner cell mass in one blastocyst
common placenta and chorion, separate amnionForming two primitive streaks and two notochords on one germinal disccommon placenta, amnion, and chorion
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two primitive streaks and two notochords
two inner cell mass
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Multiplets
Monoovular triplets Polyovular quadruplets (four zygotes)
Mixed multiplets(dyzygotic twins and monoovular triplets)
Mixed multiplets(dyzygotic twins and fraternal fetus)
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Conjoined (Siamese) twinsPartial splitting of the primitive node and streakSymmetrical type:
according to the nature and degree of union thoracopagus (pagos, fastened); pygopagus; craniopagus
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In 1811, the most famous pair of conjoined twins with Chinese blood lineage, Chang Bunker and Eng Bunker, were born in Siamese ( Thailand ). They were joined at the abdomen and traveled to England and the United States on exhibitions in the mid-1800s. Finally settling in North Carolina, they farmed and fathered 21 children with their two American wives.
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thoracopagus
craniopagus
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Unsymmetrical type
parasitic fetusfetus in fetu
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Key points
Three reasons of monozygotic/identical twins Reason of conjoined twins