Human Anatomy
Major Systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Digestive
• Nervous
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• Excretory• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Immune / Lymphatic
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Skin= main organ of system
• Composed of 4 types of tissue:1. epithelial – outer layer,
covers surfaces2. connective - functions as a
“glue” and holds body together
3. muscle - interacts with hair to respond to stimuli (ex: cold, fright)
4. nervous - detects external stimuli (ex: pain, pressure)
2 layers: epidermis & dermis
epidermis
Hair follicle
Fatty tissuenerve
Sweat gland
dermis
Oil gland
Integumentary layers
Epidermis
Helps protect living cell layers from bacteria, heat, chemicals, etc.
Outer layer contains dead cells that contain protein called keratin
Epidermis
Some contain melanin…colors skin
Inner layer contains living cells that divide to replace dead cells
Epidermis
• Every 4 weeks, all epidermal cells are replaced by new cells
• Epidermal ridges are important for gripping…increase friction
Functions of skin
1. Maintain homeostasis… regulates body temp by blood vessels dilating or constricting
2. Sense organ… nerve cells relay info about pain, pressure, temp, etc to the brain
Functions of skin
3. Skin cells produce Vitamin D when exposed to UV light…helps absorb calcium into bloodstream
4. Protective layer
The cost of today’s proverbial fountain of youth… a whopping $12 billion. This is just the beginning of a long-term trend. Americans are expected to spend $60 billion on 70 million cosmetic procedures from 2005 to 2010.
Skin… it’s a big business
About $25 billion was spent on facial care products. The primary buyers, women aged 35 to 65. This is one of the fastest growing demographics. Between 1990 and 2006 it grew by 30%. More importantly, this trend will continue as Baby Boomers get older.
Skin… it’s a big business
1. Skull
2. Maxilla
3. Mandible
4. Cervical vertebra
5. Clavicle
6. Humerus
7. Sternum
8. Ribs
9. Radius
10. Ulna
11. Pelvis
12. Coccyx
13. Carpals
14. Metacarpals
15. Phalanges
16. Femur
17. Patella
18. Fibula
19. Tibia
20. Tarsals
21. Metatarsals
22. Phalanges
1. Skull
2. Cervical Vertebrae (7)
3. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
4. Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
5. Sacrum
6. Coccyx
•206 bones
•2 main parts
SKELETAL SYSTEM
•206 bones
•2 main parts
Appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
JointsWhere 2 bones meet.Facilitate mvmt of bones.Bone to bone held together by ligaments.In moveable joints, ends of bones covered by cartilage…allows for smooth mvmt.
Some joints (shoulder, knee) have bursae…fluid-filled sacs that decrease friction.Tendons attach muscles to bones.
Compact vs. Spongy bone
• Compact:-running the length = tubular structures called osteon or Haversian systems
-living cells called osteocytes receive oxygen & nutrients from blood vessels w/in osteon system
compact
spongy
Osteon systems
Spongy bone
•Compact bone surrounds less dense bone known as spongy bone…contains holes
Formation of bone• Vertebrate embryo skeleton = cartilage
• By 9th week = bone replaces cartilage
• Blood vessels stimulate cells to become potential bone cells called osteoblasts
• These cells secrete protein called collagen
• Calcium salts & other ions harden new bone cells now called osteocytes
Bone growth
• Growth in length = end of bones in cartilage plates
• Growth in diameter = outer surface of bone
• After growth stops = bone-forming cells are involved in repair & maintenance of bone
Functions of bone
• Provides framework
• Protects internal organs
• Provides attachment points for muscles
• Produce blood cells
Probable Diagnosis???
• What is wrong with the patient? What is the injury?
Fractured tibia, dislocation of the radius…
I’m here to PUMP you
up!
Muscular system
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiac
Three types of muscle
tissue
Smooth
Skeletal
Yea!
Smooth muscle fiber
Cardiac muscle fiber Skeletal muscle fiber
• Function = squeezes the space inside the tube or organ it surrounds in order to move material through it
Smooth muscle
Example – inside of stomach and intestines
Involuntary muscle…not under conscious control
Smooth muscle
This is NOT a muscle!
• Makes up your heart• Function = Generates
& conducts electrical impulses for heart beat.
Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle
• Attached to & moves bones• Most work in opposing pairs (biceps/triceps)
Skeletal muscle
• Made up of muscle fibers…fused muscle cells• Each fiber made up of units called myofibrils
Skeletal muscle
• Voluntary muscle…under conscious control
Skeletal muscle
Muscle strength & exercise
• Muscle strength does NOT depend on the # of fibers in a muscle…but the thickness of the fibers and on how many of them contract at one time
Muscle strength & exercise • Regular exercise stresses
muscle fibers slightly…to compensate the fibers increase in diameter by adding myofibrils
Masseter Zygomaticus Platysma Orbicularis oculi Epicranius frontalis Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius– only top part shown Pectoralis major Deltoid Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum Biceps brachii Triceps brachii External oblique Rectus abdominus Sartorius
Quadriceps group Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis
Gluteus medius Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got the guts?
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
Functions = 1. break down food you eat into molecules so it can be used as ENERGY!!!
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
2. Absorbs the digested food & distributes it to your cells
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM…you got guts?
3. Eliminates undigested materials from the body
Mouth, Teeth, Tongue
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder Stomach
PancreasLarge
intestine
Appendix
AnusRectum
Small intestine
Your mouth…• 1st stop in digestion =
mouth• Chewing = mechanical
digestion, breaking down food into smaller pieces
• Salivary glands in your mouth secrete saliva
• Saliva contains digestive enzyme amylase, which breaks down starch into smaller molecules
Swallowing your food
•Food moves down esophagus (muscular tube connecting your mouth to stomach) by way of peristalsis
A flap of cartilage called epiglottis closes over the opening to the respiratory tract as you swallow…
prevents food from entering
Swallowing your food
Your stomach• Physical & chemical digestion• 3 layers of involuntary muscles
located within the wall of stomach (smooth muscles)
• They work to break down swallowed food & mix them with digestive juices
• Inner lining of stomach contains glands that secrete gastric juice…contains pepsin & hydrochloric acid
stomach
esophagus
small intestine
Stomach to small intestine• Food stays in stomach for
about 2-4 hours
• When it leaves the stomach it’s like tomato soup!! Yuck!!
• Peristaltic waves force liquid into small intestine
Small intestine• Muscular tube about 6m long
• Digestion of meal completed here
• Further mechanical breakdown of food
• Carbs & proteins undergo further chemical digestion
• 1st 25cm = duodenum
Pancreas & Liver
• Pancreas = Soft, flattened gland that secretes digestive enzymes & hormones
• Liver = produces bile…breaks down fats
• Bile = made in the liver & stored in the gallbladder & then can pass into the duodenum
Large intestine• Muscular tube a.k.a. the
colon
• Only 1.5m long but 6.5cm in diameter!
• Appendix = extension off of large intestine & serves no function in digestion
Elimination of wastes• 18-24 hours in large
intestine
• Remaining indigestible material…now called feces…reaches the rectum
rectum
anus
Elimination of wastes• Feces eliminated from
rectum through anus…THE END!
Pathway of your food
Mouth Throat EsophagusStomachDuodenumSmall intestineLarge intestineRectumAnus
Pathway of your food
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Neurons conduct impulses throughout the nervous system.
Neurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEMNeurons – basic unit of NERVOUS SYSTEM
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Axon endings
Cell body
Nucleus
• Neuron = long cell that consists of 3 regions:
1) cell body 2)dendrites 3)axon
• Dendrites = receives impulses and carries them toward the cell body
• Axon = carries impulses away from the cell body and toward other neurons, muscles, or glands
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Receptor in skinMotor neuron
Sensory neuron
Direction of impulse
Muscle contracts
Neurons have 3 categories:
1)sensory neurons - carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord and brain
2) interneurons - found w/in the brain & spinal cord
3) motor neurons - carry the response impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland
• The nervous system sorts and interprets incoming information before directing a response.
Relaying an impulse
CerebrumSkull
Medulla oblongataCerebellum
The Central Nervous System
2 systems work together!
• The peripheral nervous system = all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system
• Together, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) respond to stimuli from the external environment
Brain
Spinal cord
Motor area Sensory area
Language area
Vision area
General interpretation
area
Cerebrum
Speech area
Taste area
Intellect, learning, and personality
Hearing area
Brain stemCerebellum
Balance area
Anatomy of the brainAnatomy of the brain
• Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain
• Medulla oblongata = controls involuntary activities…breathing & heart rate
• Pons & midbrain = pathways connecting various parts of the brain with each other.
MidbrainCerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Anatomy of the brainAnatomy of the brain
Respiratory System
2 kinds:
external respiration = breathing
internal respiration = cellular resp.
Breathing – uses diaphragm, intercostal muscles, lungs
Air exchange Pathway
Job: exchange O2 & CO2Pathway = nose/mouth
pharynx
larynxtrachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Air exchange Pathway
alveoli
bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Tertiary bronchus
primary bronchus
secondary bronchus
Alveoli enlarged
CapillaryAlveolus
Alveoli and gas exchange
Oxygen moving from alveolus into blood cell
Red blood cells
Oxygen moving from alveolus into blood cell
Oxygen moving from alveolus into
Thin capillary and alveoli walls allow for gas exchange
Carbon dioxide moving from blood cells to alveolus
Air in Alveolus
Air enters
Rib cage moves up & out
Lungs expand
Process called Inhalation
Air leaves
Ribcage moves down & in
Lungs get smaller
The Breathing Process
Diaphragm moves down Process called Exhalation
Diaphragm moves up
Circulatory System
(From Body)(To Body)
(From Body)
cava
(To lungs)(To lungs)
(From lungs)(From lungs)
Blood vesselsArterioles & capillary
Venules & capillary
Pathway of circulation
heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Circulatory System - BloodBlood is tissue made of…
1.plasma (fluid)
2. Red Blood Cells – carry O2 to body cells
- made in red bone marrow
- live 120 days
- hemoglobin - the O2 carrying molecule of blood
Did someone say… Blooood?
Blood
White Blood Cells – protect against infection
platelets (cell fragments)
- aid blood clot after injury
- form sticky web over wound w/ fibrin to stop bleeding
WBC
platelets
Excretory system
Kidneys – filter blood and help maintain homeostasis
Excretory system
A healthy kidney preparing for transplant
Aorta
Kidney
Ureters
UrethraUrinary bladder
Renal vein
Renal artery
Vena cava
Excretory system
pathway of urine…
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
Nephron – filtering unit of kidney
- millions
- cleans nitrogenous wastes from blood
- urea & ammonia
- leave body as urine
Excretory system
Hormones… I HATE
hormones!!
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Internal control of the body is directed by 2 systems:
1) nervous system
2) endocrine system
• Endocrine system - made up of a series of glands, called endocrine glands, that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Ovary in female
Testis in male
Important Glands of the Body
• Hypothalamus = portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous systems.
Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Interaction of the nervous system and endocrine system
• When a change in homeostasis is detected, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland
• Pituitary gland - controlled by the hypothalamus, and the two are connected by nerves and blood vessels
• In response to messages received by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases its own chemicals or stimulates other glands to release theirs
• Hormones = chemicals secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream
• Convey information to other cells in your body, giving them instructions regarding your metabolism, growth, development, and behavior.
Endocrine control of the body
• Regulation of the endocrine system is controlled mostly by 1 type of internal feedback mechanism called a negative feedback system
Negative Feedback Control
• Hormones, or their effects, are fed back to inhibit the original signal
• Once homeostasis is reached, the signal is stopped and the hormone is no longer released
Adrenal Hormones and Stress
• The adrenal glands play an important role in preparing your body for stressful situations.
• These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of respiration; increase efficiency of muscle contractions; and increase blood sugar levels.
Adrenal glands
Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones
• Thyroid gland - located in the neck, regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid gland