Download - How to read research

Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers

Reading research How to and why its important


After Skim readinghellip

bull Read Criticallybull Never assume that the authors are always

correctbull Do the authors solve the right problembull What hasnrsquot been consideredbull What are the limitations of the solution



bull Do the authors make reasonable assumptions

bull Are there any flaws in their reasoningbull Did they gather data and analyse it in a

reasonable mannerbull What other data would be compelling


Essential Steps

1 Read Creatively2 Identify the good ideas in the paper3 See if the ideas can be generalised further4 Identify improvements


Essential Steps

5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)

6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences

7 Compare to other works (If possible)


Research short exercise

bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of

the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn

bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper

bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact

How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is

ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue

bull Most research involves at least these steps

1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question

What kind of research is there

bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers

systematically gather to answer a question of interest

bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data

bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving

What are clues to identify research studies

bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title

bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry

ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed

datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)

bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data

Why do you need to read research reports

ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing

arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice

ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try

ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate

alternative approaches

Where do you find reports of research

bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies

bull Scholarly journals

bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves

What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies

Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds

bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report

bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter

How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article

What is the front matterndash Title

bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach

ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study

bull Short summary of the research process

What is the introduction section

ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research

questions and hypotheses

What is the method section

ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)

ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data

ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data

What is the results (or findings) section

ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis

What is the conclusion (or discussion) section

bull May do some or all of the following

ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results

confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published

studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study

What is the back matter

ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report

ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors

The General Process of Research

Research Report Major Sections

The Steps of the Research Process

Front Matter

The researcher poses a question Introduction

1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose

The researcher collects data to answer the question Method

4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)

The researcher presents an answer to the question

Results

Conclusion

6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions

Back Matter

Summary Mapping the research process to the research report

The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article

Types of research Studies

What are the different kinds of research studies

bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric

data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and

thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative

and qualitative research to understand a topic

What are quantitative research studies

ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors

(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and

graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased

objective manner

How do you identify quantitative research studies

bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey

bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments

bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant

What are qualitative research studies

ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single

concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)

from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive

mannerbull

How do you identify qualitative research studies

bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory

bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes

bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives

What are combined research studies

ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions

ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and

themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an

overall understanding of the topic

How do you identify combined research studies

bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods

Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies

Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or

organizationsndash The prevalence

representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)

ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes

Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives

experiences and contexts among few individuals

ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena

ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena

ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique

What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem

Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because

little is known about the problem

ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon

ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables

ndash A measurement of trends in a population

in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research

ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study

ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study

ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study

ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)

inhellipspecifying a purpose

Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo

perspectives about a phenomenon

ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable

observable variables

inhellip choosing a research design

Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general

qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design

ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design

inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data

Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals

or sitesndash General emerging

questions to permit the participant to generate responses

ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data

ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points

ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses

ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data

inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research

ndash Text and image analysis procedures

ndash Develop description and themes

ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures

ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends

inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research

ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings

ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies

What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research

Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging

structures and evaluative criteria

ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach

ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria

ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach

Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in

Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in

Qualitative Research

The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a

Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding

The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study

Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and

informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables

Specifying a Purpose

The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon

A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned

Choosing a Research Design

A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned

The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points

Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered

from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends

Analyzing Data and Reporting Results

Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes

The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing

Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning

The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal

Disseminating and Evaluating the Research

The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive

Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process

How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies

Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using

rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using

rigorous standardsIntroduction

+ Explains variables and trends

+ Literature justifies variables

+ Purpose is narrow

+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports

approach + Purpose is broad

Method

+ Experimental or non-experimental

+ Numeric data + Large number of

participants + Used statistical

procedures+ Procedures are ethical

+ General or formal qualitative approach

+ Text or image data + Small number of

participants + Used text analysis


Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings

+ Provides objective statistical information

+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables

+ Interprets information + Describes themes and

conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon

Conclusion

+ Compares results with predictions and past studies

+ Interprets limitations in procedures

+ Suggests implications from results

+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies


+ Suggests implications from findings

Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter

+ Detailed references + Information about the

studyrsquos context


studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous

approach+ Logical coherent rigorous

approach

Identifying why a study is important

What is the purpose of the statement of the problem

ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest

to them

How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study

ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings

bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading

ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is

How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose

ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about

ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved

ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do

Why do researchers study research problems

ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different

participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been

heard ndash To improve current practices

Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies

Quantitative Research Problems Explain

ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups

differndash The trends in a large group

Qualitative Research Problems Explore

ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a

phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo

lives

What are the elements of a statement of the problem

bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is

missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new

knowledge

How do you find the topic

ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including

bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition

How do you identify the research problem

ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved

bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature

How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem

ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature

ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings

ndash Personal experiences which support the importance

bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument

How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing

ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved

How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study

ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section

ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit

ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge

How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study

Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality

Indicators of lower quality

Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear

problem Problem is stated

succinctly

Unclear why there is a problem

Problem is merely implied

Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences

Little evidence is offered to justify its importance

Deficiencies (Gap)

Two or more clear deficiencies are stated

Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge




Audiences Two or more audiences are identified

Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used

Only a general audience is implied

No examples of how the knowledge could be used

Study is warranted

A logical coherent and convincing argument

Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing

Passage is well written

Engaging concise and easy to follow

Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow

The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study

How do you identify the literature review in a research study

ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section

ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature

How do researchers use literature in their studies

ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind

a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected

relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs

about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results

Use of quantitative and qualitative studies

Quantitativebull At beginning of the study

ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain

expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos

purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to

be tested

bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions

Qualitativebull At beginning of the study

ndash Document the importance of the research problem

ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study

ndash Document models for their methods

bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge

from the data

bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past

studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices

What are the steps that you can use to review the literature

ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate

literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality

documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each

selected document

How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review

ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered

ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords

ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic

How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature

ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key

terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to

find the best literature

How do you select literature that is relevant

ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem

How do you select literature that is of good quality

ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not

reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown

sources

How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document

bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study

bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice

How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review

1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the

literature4 Provide conclusions about the review

How do you organize the literature into themes

bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that

summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map

How do you write a summary of the major themes

Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad

themesbull Write a one paragraph

summary for each study within each theme

Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from

the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the

relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)

How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature

bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few

words

bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job

bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources

How do you provide your conclusions about the literature

bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the

literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses

bull Discuss how the literature informs your work

How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study



The review includes the relevant literature

Comprehensive Aligned with studys

topic Important subtopics are

included

Superficial May not relate to the

studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are

missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality

Original research Published in peer-

reviewed journals Recent

Books and secondary sources

Not undergone peer review

No longer current




The literature review is appropriately documented

Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature

The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style

Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations

Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style

The literature is thoughtfully synthesized

Organized into major themes that make sense

Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map

Organization does not make sense

Unclear headings



The literature is critically examined

Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design

Only summarizes No critical commentary

The study has a strong foundation in the literature

Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations

Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study

Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations

The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study



The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach

In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major

variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions

In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the

choice of variables and stated hypotheses

In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers

approach Is examined further as

new findings emerge

In a qualitative study Makes predictions that

limit the researchers openness

Remains static even when new findings emerge



After Skim readinghellip (2)

Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)


How do you identify reports of research






How do you identify the steps of the research process in a rese

What is the front matter















Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research

What are the key differences inhellip identifying a research problem

in hellipreviewing the literature




inhellipanalyzing data and reporting results

inhellipdrawing conclusions

What are the key differences inhellip disseminating and evaluating r

Summary Key Differences in the Research Process


(2)

Slide 42


How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research

How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and






How do you recognize the justification for the importance of th

How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is mi

How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the stu

How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research

How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research (2)

Slide 56





How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the liter

How do you search databases using the key terms to locate liter



How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected docum




How do you document the sources by including citations to the l



How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study (2)

Slide 73

Slide 74



bull Read Criticallybull Never assume that the authors are always

correctbull Do the authors solve the right problembull What hasnrsquot been consideredbull What are the limitations of the solution







Essential Steps



Essential Steps
































































Front Matter






Results

Conclusion


Back Matter













objective manner









mannerbull






























































































+ Purpose is narrow



Method














Conclusion









studyrsquos context




approach




to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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Front Matter






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Conclusion


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objective manner









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+ Purpose is narrow



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studyrsquos context




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Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







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words













included








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new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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Results

Conclusion


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objective manner









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+ Purpose is narrow



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studyrsquos context




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lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







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words













included








No longer current













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new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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Conclusion


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+ Purpose is narrow



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studyrsquos context




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Study is warranted




















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No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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mannerbull






























































































+ Purpose is narrow



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studyrsquos context




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knowledge























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Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















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selected document














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words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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mannerbull






























































































+ Purpose is narrow



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Conclusion









studyrsquos context




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to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














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Slide 73

Slide 74






























































































+ Purpose is narrow



Method














Conclusion









studyrsquos context




approach




to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







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selected document














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words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

Slide 42














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Conclusion









studyrsquos context




approach




to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














Slide 56

















Slide 73

Slide 74



studyrsquos context




approach




to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














Slide 56

















Slide 73

Slide 74




to them




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














Slide 56

















Slide 73

Slide 74




















lives




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














Slide 56

















Slide 73

Slide 74




knowledge























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















be tested







from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

Essential Steps (2)



































(2)

Slide 42














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Slide 74























succinctly





Deficiencies (Gap)










Study is warranted




















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from the data







selected document














sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















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Essential Steps

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(2)

Slide 42














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Slide 74








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from the data







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sources



















words













included








No longer current













Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







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Slide 42














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Slide 73

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new findings emerge







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Slide 73

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selected document














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new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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sources



















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new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

Slide 42














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Slide 73

Slide 74



















words













included








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Unclear headings




















new findings emerge







Essential Steps

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(2)

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included








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(2)

Slide 42














Slide 56

















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Slide 74




















new findings emerge







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Slide 73

Slide 74

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