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IQ
How Psychology Hijacked Intelligence
(Wiley/Duckworth 2007)
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3 Main Historical Arguments
• IQ test structure and content come from historical circumstance, not science or theory.
• IQ structure and content unchanged over past century.
• IQ tests used to improve institutional efficiency, not to understand individual’s mental abilities.
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IQ Abuses
• Wrongful execution/Murder
• Coercive sexual sterilization
• Wrongful Institutionalization
• Immigration abuses
• Specious Links of low IQ to Social Problems
• Educational abuses
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Founding Theoreticians
• Francis Galton – Eugenics
• Alfred Binet – Testing Methods
• Charles Spearman – General Intelligence
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Alfred Binet
• Tested language, abstract thought, attention
Test Question Examples:
• Differentiate between chocolate and wood
• Follow a lighted match
• Define words like “Horse” and “Fork”
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Importance of Spearman’s g
• One kind of intelligence
• Fixed
• It’s testable
• People can be ranked according to it
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G Remains Unproven
• “The evidence for a general factor in intelligence was pervasive but circumstantial, based on statistical analysis rather than direct observation. Its reality was, and remains, arguable.” -- Herrnstein and Murray, The Bell Curve
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3 Theoreticians’ Ideas Combined
• Americans discover Alfred Binet’s methods
• Use Binet’s tests in Galtonian, eugenic manner
• Predicated on Spearman’s idea of one testable, rank-able, inherited general intelligence
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Eugenics and IQ
• Nazis sexually sterilized about 200,000 people based on IQ
• Nazis murdered unknown hundreds of thousands based on IQ
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German IQ Questions
• Who was Bismark?
• What does Christmas Signify?
• How much do 300 Reichmarks grow at 3% over 3 years?
• Form Sentence: Soldier-War-Fatherland
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US Coercive Sterilization
• More than 60,000 Sterilized
• About 22,000 in CA alone
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Early 20th Century US Sorting Requirements
• Schools: Universal education laws and urbanization increases school populations
• WWI. From 120,000 men to over 3 million
• Immigration. Up to 5,000 a day to Ellis Island
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Early 20th Century IQ Structure Established
• VERBAL: Common knowledge questions, vocabulary and math questions.
• NON-VERBAL: puzzles, blocks, household items
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3 Main Historical Arguments
• IQ test structure and content born of historical circumstance, not science or theory.
• IQ structure and content unchanged over past century.
• IQ tests used to improve institutional efficiency, not to understand individual’s mental abilities.
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Army Response to IQ Tests
Psychologists were as helpful as “a board of art critics to advise me which of my men were the most handsome, or a board of prelates to designate the true Christians.”
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First Known Multiple Choice Question
“Below are given the names of four animals. Draw a line around the name of each animal that is useful on the farm: cow tiger rat wolf.” – The Kansas Silent Reading Test (1915)
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WWI Multiple Choice Question
The Armadillo is a kind of:
• Ornamental shrub
• Animal
• Musical instrument
• Dagger
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SATs are Used as a Screen
“The decision to include SAT scores in the [UC’s] Eligibility Index was based not on an analysis of the SAT’s predictive power but on its ability to serve as a screen that would reduce the pool of eligible students.” -- Former UC President Richard Atkinson
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IQ Tests Part of Intelligence
“Intelligence was this, and yet something more.” – David Wechsler
“Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted.” – Albert Einstein
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Army Alpha Question
Freezing water bursts pipes because:
• Cold water makes the pipes weaker
• Water expands when it freezes
• The ice stops the flow of water
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WAIS Comprehension Question
• “What is the thing to do if a water pipe breaks in your house?”
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11+ Ravens-type Question
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11+ Analogies Question
“Dirty is to soiled as stained is to (sparse, tarnished, several)
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3 Main Historical Arguments
• IQ test structure and content born of historical circumstance, not science or theory.
• IQ structure and content unchanged over past century.
• IQ tests used to improve institutional efficiency, not to understand individual’s mental abilities.
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IQ and g now have Competition
• Robert Sternberg’s Successful Intelligence
• Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
• Cognitive Processing model
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IQ History Conclusions
• IQ tests aren’t based on theory,
• are too vague to tell us much about individuals
• have been abused in the past
• Can sometimes help institutions be more efficient
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Six Lessons From IQ History
• LESSON ONE: BALANCE OF INTEREST TESTS: INSTITUTION VERSUS INDIVIDUAL
• LESSON TWO: STUDENTS ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN SCHOOL EFFICIENCY
• LESSON THREE: BE A BORED AGNOSTIC
• LESSON FOUR: IGNORE INTELLIGENCE EXPERTS
• LESSON FIVE: THE NATURE/NUTURE DEBATE HAS NO BEARING ON REALITY.
• LESSON SIX: IQ TESTS ARE ACHIEVEMENT TESTS.
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Chris Brand
• “Academic studies … suggest that non-violent pedophilia with a consenting partner over age 12 does no harm so long as the pedophiles and their partners are of above-average IQ and educational level.”